Abstract Life and civilization in arid regions depend on the availability of freshwater. Arid alpine river basins, where hydrological processes are highly sensitive to rapid warming, act as vital water towers for lowland oases. However, scientific understanding of precipitation variability and related cryosphere-hydrology processes is extremely limited because of the scarcity of in situ observations. The upper Danghe River Basin (UDB, ∼14,000 km2) is an arid and westerly- dominated basin on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and is the water source for the Dunhuang Oasis in China. We have established a comprehensive cryosphere-hydrometeorology observation network in the basin since 2014. At present, the network consists of 21 automatic rain gauges, 22 soil freeze-thaw monitoring stations, 4 automatic weather stations (AWS), and a 50-m gradient meteorological tower with an eddy covariance system. In particular, the 18 sites, located in remote areas without public networks, are equipped with new-generation BeiDou-3 communication terminals that enable the observations to be easily, safely, and reliably read and quality-controlled in near real-time from offices in the city or at home. This integrated observation network over the UDB that facilitates the monitoring of cryosphere- hydrology processes, land-atmosphere interactions, and local weather processes. In addition, the observations are helpful for the objective evaluation, and continual improvement, of hydrological models, satellite-retrieval products, and reanalysis datasets. Finally, the network is expected to promote a better understanding of the status and role of water towers in arid zones and to provide basic data support for the sustainable development of the Dunhuang Oasis and the Belt and Road.
{"title":"Cryosphere-hydrometeorology observations for a water tower unit on the Tibetan Plateau using the BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system","authors":"Ruishun Liu, Lei Wang, Zhongjing Wang, Xiuping Li, Deliang Chen, Jing Zhou, Jia Qi, Yuanwei Wang, Chenhao Chai, Guangpeng Wang, Haibang Xiao","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0001.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0001.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Life and civilization in arid regions depend on the availability of freshwater. Arid alpine river basins, where hydrological processes are highly sensitive to rapid warming, act as vital water towers for lowland oases. However, scientific understanding of precipitation variability and related cryosphere-hydrology processes is extremely limited because of the scarcity of in situ observations. The upper Danghe River Basin (UDB, ∼14,000 km2) is an arid and westerly- dominated basin on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and is the water source for the Dunhuang Oasis in China. We have established a comprehensive cryosphere-hydrometeorology observation network in the basin since 2014. At present, the network consists of 21 automatic rain gauges, 22 soil freeze-thaw monitoring stations, 4 automatic weather stations (AWS), and a 50-m gradient meteorological tower with an eddy covariance system. In particular, the 18 sites, located in remote areas without public networks, are equipped with new-generation BeiDou-3 communication terminals that enable the observations to be easily, safely, and reliably read and quality-controlled in near real-time from offices in the city or at home. This integrated observation network over the UDB that facilitates the monitoring of cryosphere- hydrology processes, land-atmosphere interactions, and local weather processes. In addition, the observations are helpful for the objective evaluation, and continual improvement, of hydrological models, satellite-retrieval products, and reanalysis datasets. Finally, the network is expected to promote a better understanding of the status and role of water towers in arid zones and to provide basic data support for the sustainable development of the Dunhuang Oasis and the Belt and Road.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139589563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-22-0106.1
Lauren Stuart, Mike Hobbins, Emily Niebuhr, Alex C. Ruane, Roger Pulwarty, Andrew Hoell, Wassila Thiaw, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Francisco Muñoz-Arriola, Molly Jahn, Michael Farrar
Abstract Food security is a key pillar of environmental security yet remains one of the world’s greatest challenges. Its obverse, food insecurity, negatively impacts health and well-being, drives mass migration, and undermines both national security and global sustainable development. Ensuring food security is a delicate balance of myriad concerns within the atmospheric and earth sciences, agronomy and agriculture engineering, social sciences, economics, monitoring, and policymaking. A Food Security Presidential Session at the 2022 Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society’s (AMS) 2022 Annual Meeting brought together experts across disciplines to tackle issues at the nexus of weather, climate, and food security. The starkest takeaway was the realization that, despite its importance and clear roles for the atmospheric and climate sciences, food security has not been a focus for the AMS community. The aim of this paper is to build on the perspectives shared by this expert panel and to identify overlapping issues and key points of intersection between food security and AMS communities. We examine (1) the interactions between weather, climate and the food system and how they influence food security; (2) the time and spatial scales of food security decision support that match weather and climate phenomena; (3) the role of both providers and users of information as well as decision makers in improving research to operations for food security; and (4) the opportunities for the AMS community to address food security. We conclude that, moving forward, the AMS community is well-positioned to scale up its engagement across the global food system to address existing scientific needs and technology gaps to improve global food security.
{"title":"Enhancing Global Food Security: Opportunities for the American Meteorological Society","authors":"Lauren Stuart, Mike Hobbins, Emily Niebuhr, Alex C. Ruane, Roger Pulwarty, Andrew Hoell, Wassila Thiaw, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Francisco Muñoz-Arriola, Molly Jahn, Michael Farrar","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-22-0106.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-22-0106.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Food security is a key pillar of environmental security yet remains one of the world’s greatest challenges. Its obverse, food insecurity, negatively impacts health and well-being, drives mass migration, and undermines both national security and global sustainable development. Ensuring food security is a delicate balance of myriad concerns within the atmospheric and earth sciences, agronomy and agriculture engineering, social sciences, economics, monitoring, and policymaking. A Food Security Presidential Session at the 2022 Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society’s (AMS) 2022 Annual Meeting brought together experts across disciplines to tackle issues at the nexus of weather, climate, and food security. The starkest takeaway was the realization that, despite its importance and clear roles for the atmospheric and climate sciences, food security has not been a focus for the AMS community. The aim of this paper is to build on the perspectives shared by this expert panel and to identify overlapping issues and key points of intersection between food security and AMS communities. We examine (1) the interactions between weather, climate and the food system and how they influence food security; (2) the time and spatial scales of food security decision support that match weather and climate phenomena; (3) the role of both providers and users of information as well as decision makers in improving research to operations for food security; and (4) the opportunities for the AMS community to address food security. We conclude that, moving forward, the AMS community is well-positioned to scale up its engagement across the global food system to address existing scientific needs and technology gaps to improve global food security.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"35 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139552804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0177.1
Ali Sarhadi, Raphaël Rousseau-Rizzi, Kyle Mandli, Jeffrey Neal, Michael P. Wiper, Monika Feldmann, Kerry Emanuel
Abstract Efforts to meaningfully quantify the changes in coastal compound surge and rainfall driven flooding hazard associated with tropical cyclones (TCs) and extratropical cyclones (ETCs) in a warming climate have increased in recent years. Despite substantial progress, however, obtaining actionable details such as the spatial distribution and proximal causes of changing flooding hazard in cities remains a persistent challenge. Here, for the first time, physics-based hydrodynamic flood models driven by rainfall and storm surge simultaniously are used to estimate the magnitude and frequency of compound flooding events. We apply this to the particular case of New York City. We find that sea level rise (SLR) alone will increase the TC and ETC compound flooding hazard more significantly than changes in storm climatology as the climate warms. We also project that the return period of destructive Sandy-like compound flooding will increase by up to five times by the end of the century. Our results have strong implications for climate change adaptation in coastal communities.
{"title":"Climate change contributions to increasing compound flooding risk in New York City","authors":"Ali Sarhadi, Raphaël Rousseau-Rizzi, Kyle Mandli, Jeffrey Neal, Michael P. Wiper, Monika Feldmann, Kerry Emanuel","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0177.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0177.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Efforts to meaningfully quantify the changes in coastal compound surge and rainfall driven flooding hazard associated with tropical cyclones (TCs) and extratropical cyclones (ETCs) in a warming climate have increased in recent years. Despite substantial progress, however, obtaining actionable details such as the spatial distribution and proximal causes of changing flooding hazard in cities remains a persistent challenge. Here, for the first time, physics-based hydrodynamic flood models driven by rainfall and storm surge simultaniously are used to estimate the magnitude and frequency of compound flooding events. We apply this to the particular case of New York City. We find that sea level rise (SLR) alone will increase the TC and ETC compound flooding hazard more significantly than changes in storm climatology as the climate warms. We also project that the return period of destructive Sandy-like compound flooding will increase by up to five times by the end of the century. Our results have strong implications for climate change adaptation in coastal communities.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139589562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0196.1
Amy McGovern, Ann Bostrom, Marie McGraw, Randy J. Chase, David John Gagne, Imme Ebert-Uphoff, Kate D. Musgrave, Andrea Schumacher
Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used to improve performance across a wide range of Earth System prediction tasks. As with any application of AI, it is important for AI to be developed in an ethical and responsible manner to minimize bias and other effects. In this work, we extend our previous work demonstrating how AI can go wrong with weather and climate applications by presenting a categorization of bias for AI in the Earth Sciences. This categorization can assist AI developers to identify potential biases that can affect their model throughout the AI development life-cycle. We highlight examples from a variety of Earth System prediction tasks of each category of bias.
{"title":"Identifying and Categorizing Bias in AI/ML for Earth Sciences","authors":"Amy McGovern, Ann Bostrom, Marie McGraw, Randy J. Chase, David John Gagne, Imme Ebert-Uphoff, Kate D. Musgrave, Andrea Schumacher","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0196.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0196.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used to improve performance across a wide range of Earth System prediction tasks. As with any application of AI, it is important for AI to be developed in an ethical and responsible manner to minimize bias and other effects. In this work, we extend our previous work demonstrating how AI can go wrong with weather and climate applications by presenting a categorization of bias for AI in the Earth Sciences. This categorization can assist AI developers to identify potential biases that can affect their model throughout the AI development life-cycle. We highlight examples from a variety of Earth System prediction tasks of each category of bias.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139552785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0230.1
Cyrille Flamant, Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, Julien Delanoë, Marco Gaetani, Cédric Jamet, Christophe Lavaysse, Olivier Bock, Maurus Borne, Quitterie Cazenave, Pierre Coutris, Juan Cuesta, Laurent Menut, Clémantyne Aubry, Angela Benedetti, Pierre Bosser, Sophie Bounissou, Christophe Caudoux, Hélène Collomb, Thomas Donal, Guy Febvre, Thorsten Fehr, Andreas H. Fink, Paola Formenti, Nicolau Gomes Araujo, Peter Knippertz, Eric Lecuyer, Mateus Neves Andrade, Cédric Gacial Ngoungué Langué, Tanguy Jonville, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Azusa Takeishi
Abstract During the boreal summer, mesoscale convective systems generated over West Africa propagate westward and interact with African easterly waves, and dust plumes transported from the Sahel and Sahara by the African Easterly Jet. Once off West Africa, the vortices in the wake of these mesoscale convective systems evolve in a complex environment sometimes leading to the development of tropical storms and hurricanes, especially in September when sea surface temperatures are high. Numerical weather predictions of cyclogenesis downstream of West Africa remains a key challenge due to the incomplete understanding of the clouds-atmospheric dynamics-dust interactions that limit predictability. The primary objective of the Clouds-Atmospheric Dynamics-Dust Interactions in West Africa (CADDIWA) project is to improve our understanding of the relative contributions of the direct, semi-direct and indirect radiative effects of dust on the dynamics of tropical waves as well as the intensification of vortices in the wake of offshore mesoscale convective systems and their evolution into tropical storms over the North Atlantic. Airborne observations relevant to the assessment of such interactions (active remote sensing, in situ microphysics probes, among others) were made from 8 to 21 September 2021 in the tropical environment of Sal Island, Cape Verde. The environments of several tropical cyclones, including tropical storm Rose, were monitored and probed. The airborne measurements also serve the purpose of regional model evaluation and the validation of space-borne wind, aerosol and cloud products pertaining to satellite missions of the European Space Agency and EUMETSAT (including the Aeolus, EarthCARE and IASI missions).
{"title":"Cyclogenesis in the tropical Atlantic: First scientific highlights from the Clouds-Atmospheric Dynamics-Dust Interactions in West Africa (CADDIWA) field campaign","authors":"Cyrille Flamant, Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, Julien Delanoë, Marco Gaetani, Cédric Jamet, Christophe Lavaysse, Olivier Bock, Maurus Borne, Quitterie Cazenave, Pierre Coutris, Juan Cuesta, Laurent Menut, Clémantyne Aubry, Angela Benedetti, Pierre Bosser, Sophie Bounissou, Christophe Caudoux, Hélène Collomb, Thomas Donal, Guy Febvre, Thorsten Fehr, Andreas H. Fink, Paola Formenti, Nicolau Gomes Araujo, Peter Knippertz, Eric Lecuyer, Mateus Neves Andrade, Cédric Gacial Ngoungué Langué, Tanguy Jonville, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Azusa Takeishi","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0230.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0230.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the boreal summer, mesoscale convective systems generated over West Africa propagate westward and interact with African easterly waves, and dust plumes transported from the Sahel and Sahara by the African Easterly Jet. Once off West Africa, the vortices in the wake of these mesoscale convective systems evolve in a complex environment sometimes leading to the development of tropical storms and hurricanes, especially in September when sea surface temperatures are high. Numerical weather predictions of cyclogenesis downstream of West Africa remains a key challenge due to the incomplete understanding of the clouds-atmospheric dynamics-dust interactions that limit predictability. The primary objective of the Clouds-Atmospheric Dynamics-Dust Interactions in West Africa (CADDIWA) project is to improve our understanding of the relative contributions of the direct, semi-direct and indirect radiative effects of dust on the dynamics of tropical waves as well as the intensification of vortices in the wake of offshore mesoscale convective systems and their evolution into tropical storms over the North Atlantic. Airborne observations relevant to the assessment of such interactions (active remote sensing, in situ microphysics probes, among others) were made from 8 to 21 September 2021 in the tropical environment of Sal Island, Cape Verde. The environments of several tropical cyclones, including tropical storm Rose, were monitored and probed. The airborne measurements also serve the purpose of regional model evaluation and the validation of space-borne wind, aerosol and cloud products pertaining to satellite missions of the European Space Agency and EUMETSAT (including the Aeolus, EarthCARE and IASI missions).","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139553140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon (YGC) is an important pathway for water vapor transport from southern Asia to the Tibetan Plateau (TP). This area exhibits one of the highest frequencies of convective activity in China, and precipitation often induces natural disasters in local communities, which can dramatically affect their livelihoods. In addition, the produced precipitation gives rise to vast glaciers and large rivers around the YGC. In 2018, the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program tasked a research team to conduct an “investigation of the precipitation process in the water vapor channel of the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon (INVC)” in the southeastern TP. This team subsequently established a comprehensive observation system of land-air interaction, water vapor, clouds, and rainfall activity in the YGC. This paper introduces the developed observation system and summarizes the preliminary results obtained during the first two years of the project. Using this INVC observation network, herein, we focus on the development of rainfall events on the southeastern TP. This project also helps to monitor geohazards in the key area of the Sichuan- Tibet railway, which traverses the northern YGC. The observation datasets will benefit future research on mountain meteorology.
{"title":"Investigation of precipitation process in the water vapor channel of the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon","authors":"Xuelong Chen, Xiangde Xu, Yaoming Ma, Gaili Wang, Deliang Chen, Dianbin Cao, Xin Xu, Qiang Zhang, Luhan Li, Yajing Liu, Liping Liu, Maoshan Li, Siqiong Luo, Xin Wang, Xie Hu","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0120.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0120.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon (YGC) is an important pathway for water vapor transport from southern Asia to the Tibetan Plateau (TP). This area exhibits one of the highest frequencies of convective activity in China, and precipitation often induces natural disasters in local communities, which can dramatically affect their livelihoods. In addition, the produced precipitation gives rise to vast glaciers and large rivers around the YGC. In 2018, the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program tasked a research team to conduct an “investigation of the precipitation process in the water vapor channel of the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon (INVC)” in the southeastern TP. This team subsequently established a comprehensive observation system of land-air interaction, water vapor, clouds, and rainfall activity in the YGC. This paper introduces the developed observation system and summarizes the preliminary results obtained during the first two years of the project. Using this INVC observation network, herein, we focus on the development of rainfall events on the southeastern TP. This project also helps to monitor geohazards in the key area of the Sichuan- Tibet railway, which traverses the northern YGC. The observation datasets will benefit future research on mountain meteorology.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139552658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-18DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0152.1
Dongqian Wang, Ying Sun, Ting Hu, Hong Yin
Abstract The anthropogenic forcing and anomalous atmospheric circulation have increased the occurrence probability of 2022-like extreme heat by approximately 62.0 and 2.6 times, respectively.
{"title":"The 2022 Record-Breaking Heat Event over the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River: The Role of Anthropogenic Forcing and Atmospheric Circulation","authors":"Dongqian Wang, Ying Sun, Ting Hu, Hong Yin","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0152.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0152.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The anthropogenic forcing and anomalous atmospheric circulation have increased the occurrence probability of 2022-like extreme heat by approximately 62.0 and 2.6 times, respectively.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139497884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-18DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-22-0171.1
Leila M. V. Carvalho, Gert-Jan Duine, Craig Clements, Stephan F. J. De Wekker, Harindra J. S. Fernando, David R. Fitzjarrald, Robert G. Fovell, Charles Jones, Zhien Wang, Loren White, Anthony Bucholtz, Matthew J. Brewer, William Brown, Matt Burkhart, Edward Creegan, Min Deng, Marian De Orla-Barille, David Emmitt, Steve Greco, Terry Hock, James Kasic, Kiera Malarkey, Griffin Modjeski, Steven Oncley, Alison Rockwell, Daisuke Seto, Callum Thompson, Holger Vӧmel
Abstract Coastal Santa Barbara is among the most exposed communities to wildfire hazards in southern California. Downslope, dry and gusty windstorms are frequently observed on the south-facing slopes of the Santa Ynez Mountains that separates the Pacific Ocean from the Santa Ynez Valley. These winds, known as “Sundowners”, peak after Sunset and are strong throughout the night and early morning. The Sundowner Winds Experiment (SWEX) was a field campaign funded by the National Science Foundation that took place in Santa Barbara, CA, between 1 April and 15 May 2022. It was a collaborative effort of ten institutions to advance understanding and predictability of Sundowners, while providing rich data sets for developing new theories of downslope windstorms in coastal environments with similar geographic and climatic characteristics. Sundowner spatiotemporal characteristics are controlled by complex interactions among atmospheric processes occurring upstream (Santa Ynez Valley), and downstream due to the influence of a cool and stable marine boundary layer. SWEX was designed to enhance spatial measurements to resolve local circulations and vertical structure from the surface to the mid-troposphere, and from the Santa Barbara Channel to the Santa Ynez Valley. This article discusses how SWEX brought cutting-edge science and the strengths of multiple ground-based and mobile instrument platforms to bear on this important problem. Among them are flux towers, mobile and stationary lidars, wind profilers, ceilometers, radiosondes, and an aircraft equipped with three lidars and a dropsonde system. The unique features observed during SWEX using this network of sophisticated instruments are discussed here.
{"title":"The Sundowner Winds Experiment (SWEX) in Santa Barbara, CA: Advancing Understanding and Predictability of Downslope Windstorms in Coastal Environments","authors":"Leila M. V. Carvalho, Gert-Jan Duine, Craig Clements, Stephan F. J. De Wekker, Harindra J. S. Fernando, David R. Fitzjarrald, Robert G. Fovell, Charles Jones, Zhien Wang, Loren White, Anthony Bucholtz, Matthew J. Brewer, William Brown, Matt Burkhart, Edward Creegan, Min Deng, Marian De Orla-Barille, David Emmitt, Steve Greco, Terry Hock, James Kasic, Kiera Malarkey, Griffin Modjeski, Steven Oncley, Alison Rockwell, Daisuke Seto, Callum Thompson, Holger Vӧmel","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-22-0171.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-22-0171.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Coastal Santa Barbara is among the most exposed communities to wildfire hazards in southern California. Downslope, dry and gusty windstorms are frequently observed on the south-facing slopes of the Santa Ynez Mountains that separates the Pacific Ocean from the Santa Ynez Valley. These winds, known as “Sundowners”, peak after Sunset and are strong throughout the night and early morning. The Sundowner Winds Experiment (SWEX) was a field campaign funded by the National Science Foundation that took place in Santa Barbara, CA, between 1 April and 15 May 2022. It was a collaborative effort of ten institutions to advance understanding and predictability of Sundowners, while providing rich data sets for developing new theories of downslope windstorms in coastal environments with similar geographic and climatic characteristics. Sundowner spatiotemporal characteristics are controlled by complex interactions among atmospheric processes occurring upstream (Santa Ynez Valley), and downstream due to the influence of a cool and stable marine boundary layer. SWEX was designed to enhance spatial measurements to resolve local circulations and vertical structure from the surface to the mid-troposphere, and from the Santa Barbara Channel to the Santa Ynez Valley. This article discusses how SWEX brought cutting-edge science and the strengths of multiple ground-based and mobile instrument platforms to bear on this important problem. Among them are flux towers, mobile and stationary lidars, wind profilers, ceilometers, radiosondes, and an aircraft equipped with three lidars and a dropsonde system. The unique features observed during SWEX using this network of sophisticated instruments are discussed here.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139497787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0209.1
Till Kuhlbrodt, Ranjini Swaminathan, Paulo Ceppi, Thomas Wilder
Abstract In the year 2023, we have seen extraordinary extrema in high sea-surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic and in low sea-ice extent in the Southern Ocean, outside the 4-sigma envelope of the 1982-2011 daily timeseries. Earth’s net global energy imbalance (12 months up to September 2023) amounts to +1.9 W/m2 as part of a remarkably large upward trend, ensuring further heating of the ocean. However, the regional radiation budget over the North Atlantic does not show signs of a suggested significant step increase from less negative aerosol forcing since 2020. While the temperature in the top 100 m of the global ocean has been rising in all basins since about 1980, specifically the Atlantic basin has continued to further heat up since 2016, potentially contributing to the extreme SST. Similarly, salinity in the top 100 m of the ocean has increased in recent years specifically in the Atlantic basin, and in addition in about 2015 a substantial negative trend for sea-ice extent in the Southern Ocean began. Analysing climate and Earth System model simulations of the future, we find that the extreme SST in the North Atlantic and the extreme in Southern Ocean sea-ice extent in 2023 lie at the fringe of the expected mean climate change for a global surface-air temperature warming level (GWL) of 1.5°C, and closer to the average at a 3.0°C GWL. Understanding the regional and global drivers of these extremes is indispensable for assessing frequency and impacts of similar events in the coming years.
{"title":"A glimpse into the future: The 2023 ocean temperature and sea-ice extremes in the context of longer-term climate change","authors":"Till Kuhlbrodt, Ranjini Swaminathan, Paulo Ceppi, Thomas Wilder","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0209.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0209.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the year 2023, we have seen extraordinary extrema in high sea-surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic and in low sea-ice extent in the Southern Ocean, outside the 4-sigma envelope of the 1982-2011 daily timeseries. Earth’s net global energy imbalance (12 months up to September 2023) amounts to +1.9 W/m2 as part of a remarkably large upward trend, ensuring further heating of the ocean. However, the regional radiation budget over the North Atlantic does not show signs of a suggested significant step increase from less negative aerosol forcing since 2020. While the temperature in the top 100 m of the global ocean has been rising in all basins since about 1980, specifically the Atlantic basin has continued to further heat up since 2016, potentially contributing to the extreme SST. Similarly, salinity in the top 100 m of the ocean has increased in recent years specifically in the Atlantic basin, and in addition in about 2015 a substantial negative trend for sea-ice extent in the Southern Ocean began. Analysing climate and Earth System model simulations of the future, we find that the extreme SST in the North Atlantic and the extreme in Southern Ocean sea-ice extent in 2023 lie at the fringe of the expected mean climate change for a global surface-air temperature warming level (GWL) of 1.5°C, and closer to the average at a 3.0°C GWL. Understanding the regional and global drivers of these extremes is indispensable for assessing frequency and impacts of similar events in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139498069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0175.1
Hainan Gong, Kangjie Ma, Zhiyuan Hu, Zizhen Dong, Yuanyuan Ma, Wen Chen, Renguang Wu, Lin Wang
Abstract We estimate that anthropogenic forcing caused half of the observed temperature anomaly during the August 2022 heatwave in southern China. Thermodynamical processes, especially soil moisture–SAT feedback, amplified the heatwave.
{"title":"Attribution of the August 2022 Extreme Heatwave in Southern China: Role of Dynamical and Thermodynamical Processes","authors":"Hainan Gong, Kangjie Ma, Zhiyuan Hu, Zizhen Dong, Yuanyuan Ma, Wen Chen, Renguang Wu, Lin Wang","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0175.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0175.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We estimate that anthropogenic forcing caused half of the observed temperature anomaly during the August 2022 heatwave in southern China. Thermodynamical processes, especially soil moisture–SAT feedback, amplified the heatwave.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139483251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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