Aaron Facka, Jacqui Frair, Thomas Keller, Erica Miller, Lisa Murphy, Julie C. Ellis
Human influences on natural environments are now ubiquitous but manifest in multiple and unique ways depending on local environments and communities. Attempts to control, or mediate, local pests to residences or to agriculture can impart important negative consequences on systems. Secondary exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) can cause numerous adverse effects on wild carnivores including death. No studies have quantified AR prevalence, investigated their pathway of exposure, or associations with specific location types in the northeastern U.S. We hypothesized that ARs would be found in the mesocarnivore community throughout Pennsylvania and have the greatest detection rate in highly urbanized or agricultural landscapes. From 2019 through early 2022 we collected carcasses to obtain liver samples (n=265) from three species of carnivores: bobcats (Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777)), fishers (Pekania pennanti (Erxleben, 1777)), and river otters (Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)). We used generalized linear models to test for differences in AR detection rated among species and spatial scales including the six Pennsylvania Game Commission regions and 23 Wildlife Management Units. We detected ARs in all species (44.2% collectively), but detection rates differed among species. Our study is the first to document ARs within North American river otters.
{"title":"Spatial patterns of anticoagulant rodenticides in three species of medium-sized carnivores in Pennsylvania","authors":"Aaron Facka, Jacqui Frair, Thomas Keller, Erica Miller, Lisa Murphy, Julie C. Ellis","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0131","url":null,"abstract":"Human influences on natural environments are now ubiquitous but manifest in multiple and unique ways depending on local environments and communities. Attempts to control, or mediate, local pests to residences or to agriculture can impart important negative consequences on systems. Secondary exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) can cause numerous adverse effects on wild carnivores including death. No studies have quantified AR prevalence, investigated their pathway of exposure, or associations with specific location types in the northeastern U.S. We hypothesized that ARs would be found in the mesocarnivore community throughout Pennsylvania and have the greatest detection rate in highly urbanized or agricultural landscapes. From 2019 through early 2022 we collected carcasses to obtain liver samples (n=265) from three species of carnivores: bobcats (Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777)), fishers (Pekania pennanti (Erxleben, 1777)), and river otters (Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)). We used generalized linear models to test for differences in AR detection rated among species and spatial scales including the six Pennsylvania Game Commission regions and 23 Wildlife Management Units. We detected ARs in all species (44.2% collectively), but detection rates differed among species. Our study is the first to document ARs within North American river otters.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139210985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clémence Gourtay, Marine Rivolet, Léopold Ghinter, Louis Bernatchez, D. Garant, C. Audet
In the context of climate change, it is crucial to understand whether animals that have been domesticated and/or selected maintain their abilities to adapt to changes in their thermal environment. Here, we tested how selection for absence of early sexual maturation combined with better growth performance may have impacted thermal resistance and gene expression response in the presence of thermal stress in brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814). We performed temperature challenge tests on brook charr 0+ juveniles and studied the expression of genes involved in the response to oxidative stress, in synthesis of heat shock proteins, or involved in regulation of apoptosis, in heart and liver tissues. Juveniles from the selected lineage had a higher thermal resistance than controls and a loss of equilibrium occurred on average 1°C above what was observed for the controls. The relative expressions of catalase and HSP70 were significantly higher in juveniles from the selection program. Overall, thermally sensitive fish were characterized by low mass and length and lower relative expressions of genes associated with stress response. Our results indicate that selection for traits of interests may be indirectly related to the significant lineage effect on growth in early stages of development.
{"title":"Selection effects on early life history traits and thermal resistance in brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis","authors":"Clémence Gourtay, Marine Rivolet, Léopold Ghinter, Louis Bernatchez, D. Garant, C. Audet","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0086","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of climate change, it is crucial to understand whether animals that have been domesticated and/or selected maintain their abilities to adapt to changes in their thermal environment. Here, we tested how selection for absence of early sexual maturation combined with better growth performance may have impacted thermal resistance and gene expression response in the presence of thermal stress in brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814). We performed temperature challenge tests on brook charr 0+ juveniles and studied the expression of genes involved in the response to oxidative stress, in synthesis of heat shock proteins, or involved in regulation of apoptosis, in heart and liver tissues. Juveniles from the selected lineage had a higher thermal resistance than controls and a loss of equilibrium occurred on average 1°C above what was observed for the controls. The relative expressions of catalase and HSP70 were significantly higher in juveniles from the selection program. Overall, thermally sensitive fish were characterized by low mass and length and lower relative expressions of genes associated with stress response. Our results indicate that selection for traits of interests may be indirectly related to the significant lineage effect on growth in early stages of development.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139240903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. M. Eye, Jade A. Spruyt, Marcus C.P. Atkins, Christine A. Bishop, Karl W. Larsen
Resource availability plays an important factor in an animal’s life history by affecting growth and reproduction and influencing behaviours such as movement and thermoregulation. Female rattlesnakes in northern climes face shortened active seasons limiting the time available to replenish lost reserves from reproduction. Consequently, this leads to slower growth rates, small litters, and infrequent reproduction in these populations. With these challenges, it has been assumed postpartum rattlesnakes in these regions should return to their hibernacula immediately following parturition. However, our previous study revealed different tactics of postpartum movements by females across several study sites. To examine the relationship between resource availability and these movements, we experimentally supplemented resources (mice or mice injected with water) to free-ranging pregnant Western Rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus, Holbrook 1840) at three sites in British Columbia, Canada, during 2019. We examined body condition and movement of snakes, finding that pregnant rattlesnakes consumed supplemented resources until late parturition and had significantly higher postpartum body condition than controls. Contrary to our expectations, increased access to resources ad libitum did not significantly halt or alter postpartum movements away from hibernacula. These results suggest resource availability influences certain life-history traits such as body condition but not others like postpartum movement.
{"title":"Effect of Resource Supplementation on Female Western Rattlesnake Postpartum Movement","authors":"D. M. Eye, Jade A. Spruyt, Marcus C.P. Atkins, Christine A. Bishop, Karl W. Larsen","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0133","url":null,"abstract":"Resource availability plays an important factor in an animal’s life history by affecting growth and reproduction and influencing behaviours such as movement and thermoregulation. Female rattlesnakes in northern climes face shortened active seasons limiting the time available to replenish lost reserves from reproduction. Consequently, this leads to slower growth rates, small litters, and infrequent reproduction in these populations. With these challenges, it has been assumed postpartum rattlesnakes in these regions should return to their hibernacula immediately following parturition. However, our previous study revealed different tactics of postpartum movements by females across several study sites. To examine the relationship between resource availability and these movements, we experimentally supplemented resources (mice or mice injected with water) to free-ranging pregnant Western Rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus, Holbrook 1840) at three sites in British Columbia, Canada, during 2019. We examined body condition and movement of snakes, finding that pregnant rattlesnakes consumed supplemented resources until late parturition and had significantly higher postpartum body condition than controls. Contrary to our expectations, increased access to resources ad libitum did not significantly halt or alter postpartum movements away from hibernacula. These results suggest resource availability influences certain life-history traits such as body condition but not others like postpartum movement.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139246083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preface to Festschrift honouring the contributions of Professor M. Brock Fenton to the study of bats","authors":"Paul A. Faure, Gary P. Bell, John M. Ratcliffe","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139256409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Lassnig, Sergi Guasch-Martínez, Samuel Pinya Fernández
This study explores the potential of Photo-Identification Methods (PIM) as a viable, noninvasive, and ethical tool for wildlife studies, with a specific focus on anuran species such as Bufotes viridis balearicus (Boettger, 1880). Although the Automatic Photo Identification Suit (APHIS) software was initially designed for lizard identification, our research shows its adaptability for anuran species, achieving a high detection accuracy rate of 95.28%. Thus, obtaining outstanding and higher values comparing to previous studies on this species. Crucially, our findings indicate that the success of PIM and the efficacy of image identification software like APHIS is dependent on the quality and standardization of the images collected. The study also underscores the importance of practical experience and continuous learning for the optimal utilization of software like APHIS. Despite occasional False Rejected Matches (FRM), the overall strong performance metrics with low False Rejection Rate (FRR) demonstrate that these instances do not significantly impact the reliability of the technique. Thus, this research highlights the importance of careful implementation, continuous learning, and image quality control in leveraging the full potential of image identification software in wildlife studies.
{"title":"The individual color pattern on the back of Bufotes viridis balearicus (Boettger, 1880) allows individual photo identification recognition for population studies.","authors":"N. Lassnig, Sergi Guasch-Martínez, Samuel Pinya Fernández","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0019","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the potential of Photo-Identification Methods (PIM) as a viable, noninvasive, and ethical tool for wildlife studies, with a specific focus on anuran species such as Bufotes viridis balearicus (Boettger, 1880). Although the Automatic Photo Identification Suit (APHIS) software was initially designed for lizard identification, our research shows its adaptability for anuran species, achieving a high detection accuracy rate of 95.28%. Thus, obtaining outstanding and higher values comparing to previous studies on this species. Crucially, our findings indicate that the success of PIM and the efficacy of image identification software like APHIS is dependent on the quality and standardization of the images collected. The study also underscores the importance of practical experience and continuous learning for the optimal utilization of software like APHIS. Despite occasional False Rejected Matches (FRM), the overall strong performance metrics with low False Rejection Rate (FRR) demonstrate that these instances do not significantly impact the reliability of the technique. Thus, this research highlights the importance of careful implementation, continuous learning, and image quality control in leveraging the full potential of image identification software in wildlife studies.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139274490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marie Levet, Dominique G. Roche, S. Killen, Simona Colosio, R. Bshary, Joanna J. Miest, S. Binning
While immune responses can be energetically costly, quantifying these costs is challenging. We tested the metabolic costs of immune activation in damselfish (Pomacentrus amboinensis Bleeker, 1868) following a mass-adjusted injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. Fish were divided into eight treatments: two controls (handling and saline injection) and six LPS groups with concentrations ranging from 3 to 100mg kg-1. We used intermittent flow respirometry to measure differences in oxygen uptake (deltaṀO2) 20h before versus 20h after LPS injection and changes in metabolic traits (lowest, routine and peak metabolic rates) as proxies of the aerobic costs of metabolism. Spleen somatic index (SSI) and gene expression in spleens were measured to assess immune activation. We found no difference in metabolic traits or SSI but observed different non-linear patterns of deltaṀO2 in fish exposed to 50 and 100mg kg-1 LPS compared to lower doses and controls. Fish exposed to high doses of LPS also had lower residual aerobic scope compared to controls and lower LPS doses. Fish exposed to doses of 3, 50, and 100mg kg-1 showed altered gene expression compared to the handling control. Overall, our results suggest that immune activation has measurable effects on metabolic traits that are both dose and time-dependent.
{"title":"Energetic costs of mounting an immune response in a coral reef damselfish (Pomacentrus amboinensis)","authors":"Marie Levet, Dominique G. Roche, S. Killen, Simona Colosio, R. Bshary, Joanna J. Miest, S. Binning","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0033","url":null,"abstract":"While immune responses can be energetically costly, quantifying these costs is challenging. We tested the metabolic costs of immune activation in damselfish (Pomacentrus amboinensis Bleeker, 1868) following a mass-adjusted injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. Fish were divided into eight treatments: two controls (handling and saline injection) and six LPS groups with concentrations ranging from 3 to 100mg kg-1. We used intermittent flow respirometry to measure differences in oxygen uptake (deltaṀO2) 20h before versus 20h after LPS injection and changes in metabolic traits (lowest, routine and peak metabolic rates) as proxies of the aerobic costs of metabolism. Spleen somatic index (SSI) and gene expression in spleens were measured to assess immune activation. We found no difference in metabolic traits or SSI but observed different non-linear patterns of deltaṀO2 in fish exposed to 50 and 100mg kg-1 LPS compared to lower doses and controls. Fish exposed to high doses of LPS also had lower residual aerobic scope compared to controls and lower LPS doses. Fish exposed to doses of 3, 50, and 100mg kg-1 showed altered gene expression compared to the handling control. Overall, our results suggest that immune activation has measurable effects on metabolic traits that are both dose and time-dependent.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139271945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Florencia Miretti, Rodrigo Pol, Lucia Vullo, Ana Laura Cao, Luis Marone, Javier Lopez de Casenave
The study of diet and its relationship with available resources allows us to evaluate how species that differ in their degree of ecological flexibility respond to natural and anthropogenic variations that affect food availability. In the central Monte desert, extensive cattle ranching reduces the abundance of grass seeds, the most consumed and preferred food by the harvester ants Pogonomyrmex inermis Forel, 1914, P. mendozanus (Cuezzo & Claver, 2009), and P. propinqua (Johnson, 2021). We studied the diet of these species in grazed and ungrazed habitats over four years, including a period during which the abundance of grass seeds naturally decreased. We expected that ants would modify their diet in grazed sites and that the response would be different among species depending on their ecological flexibility. The three species presented a mainly granivorous diet in both grazing conditions and during the four years, but showed differences in the breadth of their diet. Pogonomyrmex inermis and P. propinqua always had a narrow diet that consisted mainly of grass seeds, while P. mendozanus modified its diet to include higher proportions of shrub seeds and other items when the abundance of grass seed decreased. In a scenario of scarce resources, this flexibility could represent an advantage over a more strict graminivorous diet.
{"title":"Diet flexibility in three harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex spp.): effects of grazing and natural variations in the availability of seeds","authors":"Maria Florencia Miretti, Rodrigo Pol, Lucia Vullo, Ana Laura Cao, Luis Marone, Javier Lopez de Casenave","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0145","url":null,"abstract":"The study of diet and its relationship with available resources allows us to evaluate how species that differ in their degree of ecological flexibility respond to natural and anthropogenic variations that affect food availability. In the central Monte desert, extensive cattle ranching reduces the abundance of grass seeds, the most consumed and preferred food by the harvester ants Pogonomyrmex inermis Forel, 1914, P. mendozanus (Cuezzo & Claver, 2009), and P. propinqua (Johnson, 2021). We studied the diet of these species in grazed and ungrazed habitats over four years, including a period during which the abundance of grass seeds naturally decreased. We expected that ants would modify their diet in grazed sites and that the response would be different among species depending on their ecological flexibility. The three species presented a mainly granivorous diet in both grazing conditions and during the four years, but showed differences in the breadth of their diet. Pogonomyrmex inermis and P. propinqua always had a narrow diet that consisted mainly of grass seeds, while P. mendozanus modified its diet to include higher proportions of shrub seeds and other items when the abundance of grass seed decreased. In a scenario of scarce resources, this flexibility could represent an advantage over a more strict graminivorous diet.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135092076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine Nicole McElroy, Ray Hilborn, Curry Cunningham, Thomas P. Quinn
Many foraging models assume “perfect information” and “free movement” when describing predator foraging behavior, although this is rare in nature. Here we quantified predation by brown bears (Ursus arctos, (Linnaeus, 1758)) on adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, (Walbaum, 1792)) in a series of spatially proximate ponds that largely satisfied both assumptions. Salmon abundance varied among years but pond area and depth were fixed, allowing us to examine interactions between prey abundance and habitat features. We applied versions of two models to 25 years of data on the number and proportion of salmon killed by bears, modifying these models to include habitat features and temporal variability. The functional response model with a year effect fit the data well, indicating bears could take almost all salmon in ponds when salmon were scarce, but bears were sated when salmon were abundant. The proportion of salmon killed by bears was similar across habitats after correcting for pond depth and area. Overall, bears foraged across all habitats, but killed higher proportions of salmon in smaller and shallower habitats, consistent with ease of capture.
{"title":"Brown bear (Ursus arctos) foraging in a mosaic of spatially discrete and variable habitats over 25 years of shifting Pacific salmon densities","authors":"Katherine Nicole McElroy, Ray Hilborn, Curry Cunningham, Thomas P. Quinn","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0178","url":null,"abstract":"Many foraging models assume “perfect information” and “free movement” when describing predator foraging behavior, although this is rare in nature. Here we quantified predation by brown bears (Ursus arctos, (Linnaeus, 1758)) on adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, (Walbaum, 1792)) in a series of spatially proximate ponds that largely satisfied both assumptions. Salmon abundance varied among years but pond area and depth were fixed, allowing us to examine interactions between prey abundance and habitat features. We applied versions of two models to 25 years of data on the number and proportion of salmon killed by bears, modifying these models to include habitat features and temporal variability. The functional response model with a year effect fit the data well, indicating bears could take almost all salmon in ponds when salmon were scarce, but bears were sated when salmon were abundant. The proportion of salmon killed by bears was similar across habitats after correcting for pond depth and area. Overall, bears foraged across all habitats, but killed higher proportions of salmon in smaller and shallower habitats, consistent with ease of capture.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135589326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristian Pérez-Granados, Mariano J. Feldman, Marc J. Mazerolle
Passive acoustic monitoring usually generates large datasets that require machine learning algorithms to scan sound files, although the complexity of developing machine learning algorithms can be a barrier. We assessed the ability and speed of two user-friendly machine learning tools, Kaleidoscope Pro and BirdNET, for detecting the American toad (Anaxyrus americanus, (Holbrook, 1836)) in sound recordings. We developed a two-step approach combining both tools to maximize species detection while minimizing the time needed for output verification. When considered separately, Kaleidoscope Pro successfully detected the American toad in 85.9% of recordings in the validation dataset, while BirdNET detected the species in 58.4% of recordings. Combining the two tools in the two-step approach increased the detection rate to 93.3%. We applied the two-step approach to a large acoustic dataset (n = 6,194 recordings). We started by scanning the dataset using Kaleidoscope Pro (species detected in 417 recordings), then we used BirdNET on the remaining recordings without confirmed presence. The two-step approach reduced the scanning time, the time needed for output verification, and added 37 additional species detections in 45 minutes. Our findings highlight that combining machine learning tools can improve species detectability while minimizing time and effort.
{"title":"Combining two user-friendly machine learning tools increases species detection from acoustic recordings","authors":"Cristian Pérez-Granados, Mariano J. Feldman, Marc J. Mazerolle","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0154","url":null,"abstract":"Passive acoustic monitoring usually generates large datasets that require machine learning algorithms to scan sound files, although the complexity of developing machine learning algorithms can be a barrier. We assessed the ability and speed of two user-friendly machine learning tools, Kaleidoscope Pro and BirdNET, for detecting the American toad (Anaxyrus americanus, (Holbrook, 1836)) in sound recordings. We developed a two-step approach combining both tools to maximize species detection while minimizing the time needed for output verification. When considered separately, Kaleidoscope Pro successfully detected the American toad in 85.9% of recordings in the validation dataset, while BirdNET detected the species in 58.4% of recordings. Combining the two tools in the two-step approach increased the detection rate to 93.3%. We applied the two-step approach to a large acoustic dataset (n = 6,194 recordings). We started by scanning the dataset using Kaleidoscope Pro (species detected in 417 recordings), then we used BirdNET on the remaining recordings without confirmed presence. The two-step approach reduced the scanning time, the time needed for output verification, and added 37 additional species detections in 45 minutes. Our findings highlight that combining machine learning tools can improve species detectability while minimizing time and effort.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135589566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brendan Carswell, Sean P Boyle, Ryan K. Brook, Floris M van Beest, Eric Vander Wal
Interactions between sympatric species influence the ecology and behaviour of individuals and species. Invasive species can often alter community dynamics by generating novel pressures that native species are less able to respond to. The scope of these pressures may depend on the ecology and life history of the invasive species. We used remote camera traps to investigate how native mammals spatiotemporal activity patterns were altered by the presence of invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). By analyzing patterns of daily activity and implementing Cox proportional hazard models, our results suggest (a) that temporal partitioning may play a role in ameliorating competition between native mammals and wild pigs and (b) native species may be avoiding wild pigs by prolonging their return times to particular sites. We provide an example for monitoring the ecological changes wild pigs may create within ecosystems as they become more abundant in non-traditional ranges.
{"title":"Variation in spatiotemporal activity may reduce competitive interactions between invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) and native mammal species","authors":"Brendan Carswell, Sean P Boyle, Ryan K. Brook, Floris M van Beest, Eric Vander Wal","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0145","url":null,"abstract":"Interactions between sympatric species influence the ecology and behaviour of individuals and species. Invasive species can often alter community dynamics by generating novel pressures that native species are less able to respond to. The scope of these pressures may depend on the ecology and life history of the invasive species. We used remote camera traps to investigate how native mammals spatiotemporal activity patterns were altered by the presence of invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). By analyzing patterns of daily activity and implementing Cox proportional hazard models, our results suggest (a) that temporal partitioning may play a role in ameliorating competition between native mammals and wild pigs and (b) native species may be avoiding wild pigs by prolonging their return times to particular sites. We provide an example for monitoring the ecological changes wild pigs may create within ecosystems as they become more abundant in non-traditional ranges.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135589270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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