Victoria Chicatun, Noemie L. M. Sheppard, Anthony Ricciardi
Non-native species can react to changes to their thermal environment by altering their feeding behaviour, thereby potentially causing shifts in predator-prey dynamics and competitive dominance over native species. In this study, we measured intraspecific variation in the functional response (i.e., predation rate as a function of prey density) of the rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852) at two temperatures (18˚C and 26˚C) in the laboratory. We compared six invasive populations spanning a 2˚ latitudinal gradient in eastern North America, to test the prediction that under warmer conditions individuals from more southerly populations exhibit a higher functional response than those from northern populations. Temperature, latitude, and the interaction between these two variables had significant effects on attack rates and handling times of individual crayfish from the tested populations. Contrary to our prediction, the attack rates of individuals from northern populations were consistently higher than those from southern populations at both temperatures. We propose that these interpopulation differences in functional response could arise, at least in part, from countergradient selection. Our results suggest that climate warming promotes spatiotemporal variation in per capita effects across latitudinally distributed populations of aquatic invasive species.
{"title":"Intraspecific variation in the functional response of an invasive crayfish under different temperatures","authors":"Victoria Chicatun, Noemie L. M. Sheppard, Anthony Ricciardi","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2024-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2024-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Non-native species can react to changes to their thermal environment by altering their feeding behaviour, thereby potentially causing shifts in predator-prey dynamics and competitive dominance over native species. In this study, we measured intraspecific variation in the functional response (i.e., predation rate as a function of prey density) of the rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852) at two temperatures (18˚C and 26˚C) in the laboratory. We compared six invasive populations spanning a 2˚ latitudinal gradient in eastern North America, to test the prediction that under warmer conditions individuals from more southerly populations exhibit a higher functional response than those from northern populations. Temperature, latitude, and the interaction between these two variables had significant effects on attack rates and handling times of individual crayfish from the tested populations. Contrary to our prediction, the attack rates of individuals from northern populations were consistently higher than those from southern populations at both temperatures. We propose that these interpopulation differences in functional response could arise, at least in part, from countergradient selection. Our results suggest that climate warming promotes spatiotemporal variation in per capita effects across latitudinally distributed populations of aquatic invasive species.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140966049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present work was aimed at evaluating whether females of a freshwater shrimp, Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904), allocate differentially to reproduction when reared in the presence of males and in the presence of brothers/non-brothers. Ovarian growth was evaluated in three consecutive maturation cycles. The composition of biochemical reserves was determined in the eggs (i.e., embryos) laid at the end of the first cycle, in 20-day-old juveniles produced at the end of the second cycle, and in the mature ovary of females at the end of the third cycle. When reared in the absence of males, females took longer to mature the ovaries and stored less proteins, triglycerides and cholesterol in the mature ovary. Females reared with brothers took longer to mature the ovaries than females reared with non-brothers, with no differences in the biochemical composition of their mature ovaries. The eggs produced by females mated to brothers showed a lower carotenoid content, higher cholesterol content and a tendency towards lower energy content than those produced by females mated to non-brothers. These results suggest that females are capable of recognizing kin and modulate primary reproductive effort, in terms of ovarian and egg biochemical composition, according to male presence and genetic relatedness.
{"title":"To invest or not to invest, that is the question: Male presence and genetic relatedness as modulators of female reproductive effort in a shrimp","authors":"C. Tropea, Laura Susana López‐Greco","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0214","url":null,"abstract":"The present work was aimed at evaluating whether females of a freshwater shrimp, Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904), allocate differentially to reproduction when reared in the presence of males and in the presence of brothers/non-brothers. Ovarian growth was evaluated in three consecutive maturation cycles. The composition of biochemical reserves was determined in the eggs (i.e., embryos) laid at the end of the first cycle, in 20-day-old juveniles produced at the end of the second cycle, and in the mature ovary of females at the end of the third cycle. When reared in the absence of males, females took longer to mature the ovaries and stored less proteins, triglycerides and cholesterol in the mature ovary. Females reared with brothers took longer to mature the ovaries than females reared with non-brothers, with no differences in the biochemical composition of their mature ovaries. The eggs produced by females mated to brothers showed a lower carotenoid content, higher cholesterol content and a tendency towards lower energy content than those produced by females mated to non-brothers. These results suggest that females are capable of recognizing kin and modulate primary reproductive effort, in terms of ovarian and egg biochemical composition, according to male presence and genetic relatedness.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140970477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew E. Honsey, Katie V. Anweiler, D. Bunnell, Cory O. Brant, Georgia Hoffman, B. O’Malley, Kevin M. Keeler, Chris Olds, Jeremy Kraus, Yu‐Chun Kao, Wendylee Stott
Cisco ( Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818) in the Laurentian Great Lakes declined throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Managers are attempting to restore Great Lakes cisco and other coregonines using multiple approaches, including stocking. A potential obstacle to these efforts is that artificially reared coregonines can display deformities and morphological differences compared to wild fish, but the impacts of artificial rearing on cisco morphology are not well understood. We compared morphologies of wild cisco to their artificially reared offspring, including one family that was exposed to three rearing temperature treatments. We found that artificially reared cisco had smaller eyes, shallower bodies, fewer gill rakers, and longer paired fins than their wild parents. We also found that artificially reared cisco were pugheaded, and this result held for another cisco population and rearing facility. Across the temperature treatments we tested, rearing temperatures did not impact the degree of pugheadedness or other morphological differences. Our results have important implications for coregonine restoration efforts. Future work should evaluate whether morphological differences that arise through artificial rearing affect cisco fitness in the wild.
{"title":"Impacts of artificial rearing on cisco Coregonus artedi morphology, including pugheadedness","authors":"Andrew E. Honsey, Katie V. Anweiler, D. Bunnell, Cory O. Brant, Georgia Hoffman, B. O’Malley, Kevin M. Keeler, Chris Olds, Jeremy Kraus, Yu‐Chun Kao, Wendylee Stott","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0195","url":null,"abstract":"Cisco ( Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818) in the Laurentian Great Lakes declined throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Managers are attempting to restore Great Lakes cisco and other coregonines using multiple approaches, including stocking. A potential obstacle to these efforts is that artificially reared coregonines can display deformities and morphological differences compared to wild fish, but the impacts of artificial rearing on cisco morphology are not well understood. We compared morphologies of wild cisco to their artificially reared offspring, including one family that was exposed to three rearing temperature treatments. We found that artificially reared cisco had smaller eyes, shallower bodies, fewer gill rakers, and longer paired fins than their wild parents. We also found that artificially reared cisco were pugheaded, and this result held for another cisco population and rearing facility. Across the temperature treatments we tested, rearing temperatures did not impact the degree of pugheadedness or other morphological differences. Our results have important implications for coregonine restoration efforts. Future work should evaluate whether morphological differences that arise through artificial rearing affect cisco fitness in the wild.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140983292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. K. Ngalameno, C. Luziga, D. W. Hart, N. C. Bennett
Our research represents the first extensive study of the breeding behaviour and related environmental triggers of reproduction in the African giant pouch rat ( Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse, 1840) in and around the equator throughout a whole year. We measured the gross morphology and detailed histology of both female and male rats, along with plasma steroid hormone levels. Contrary to other tropical-dwelling small mammals, the African giant pouch rat is a seasonal breeder; however, rainfall is not to be the primary cue of reproduction. Our study suggests that ambient temperature and photoperiod are the primary environmental cues of reproduction, with breeding occurring during the cooler months of the year, namely in the dry season. During the wet and hot season, which succeeds the dry season, there is an increase in the availability of quality food, which results in nursing mothers and weaned pups achieving a positive energy balance and increased body condition. This, in turn, increases pregnancy success and offspring survival. Climate change, particularly global warming, could harm the reproduction of African giant pouched rats as rising temperatures in and around the equator, including Tanzania, may impact their circannual reproductive cycle.
{"title":"The pattern of reproduction in the African giant pouched rat, Cricetomys gambianus, from Tanzania: unravelling the environmental triggers for breeding","authors":"M. K. Ngalameno, C. Luziga, D. W. Hart, N. C. Bennett","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0205","url":null,"abstract":"Our research represents the first extensive study of the breeding behaviour and related environmental triggers of reproduction in the African giant pouch rat ( Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse, 1840) in and around the equator throughout a whole year. We measured the gross morphology and detailed histology of both female and male rats, along with plasma steroid hormone levels. Contrary to other tropical-dwelling small mammals, the African giant pouch rat is a seasonal breeder; however, rainfall is not to be the primary cue of reproduction. Our study suggests that ambient temperature and photoperiod are the primary environmental cues of reproduction, with breeding occurring during the cooler months of the year, namely in the dry season. During the wet and hot season, which succeeds the dry season, there is an increase in the availability of quality food, which results in nursing mothers and weaned pups achieving a positive energy balance and increased body condition. This, in turn, increases pregnancy success and offspring survival. Climate change, particularly global warming, could harm the reproduction of African giant pouched rats as rising temperatures in and around the equator, including Tanzania, may impact their circannual reproductive cycle.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140998527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wildlife conservation often focuses on mitigating disturbance in critical habitats, like reproductive ranges. We studied lambing and nursery habitat selection by Stone’s sheep (Ovis dalli stonei (J.A. Allen, 1897)) in the Cassiar Mountains in British Columbia. We estimated the timing of parturition and delineated lambing and nursery habitats based on movement behaviours of collared females (n = 18) and vaginal implant transmitters. We identified 23 lambing events in 2018 (n = 4), 2019 (n = 13) and 2020 (n = 6). The median birth date was 17 May and ranged from 3-May to 14-Jun. Females remained in lambing habitats from 1.5 to 11.3 days with a median of 5.5 days. We examined habitat selection during the lambing and nursery periods at the home range scale using resource selection functions, and at a finer scale using integrated step selection analyses. Females selected southwest slopes in rugged terrain at mid elevations, suggesting selection for warmer micro-climates and features that facilitate predator avoidance. Females avoided habitats near roads during the lambing period but showed selection for habitats near roads during the nursing period. We developed predictive maps of suitable lambing and nursery ranges to inform land planning to help reduce overlap of anthropogenic disturbance with potential reproductive habitats.
{"title":"Stone’s sheep (Ovis dalli stonei) lambing and nursery habitat selection","authors":"G.E. Enns, Bill Jex, Mark S. Boyce","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Wildlife conservation often focuses on mitigating disturbance in critical habitats, like reproductive ranges. We studied lambing and nursery habitat selection by Stone’s sheep (Ovis dalli stonei (J.A. Allen, 1897)) in the Cassiar Mountains in British Columbia. We estimated the timing of parturition and delineated lambing and nursery habitats based on movement behaviours of collared females (n = 18) and vaginal implant transmitters. We identified 23 lambing events in 2018 (n = 4), 2019 (n = 13) and 2020 (n = 6). The median birth date was 17 May and ranged from 3-May to 14-Jun. Females remained in lambing habitats from 1.5 to 11.3 days with a median of 5.5 days. We examined habitat selection during the lambing and nursery periods at the home range scale using resource selection functions, and at a finer scale using integrated step selection analyses. Females selected southwest slopes in rugged terrain at mid elevations, suggesting selection for warmer micro-climates and features that facilitate predator avoidance. Females avoided habitats near roads during the lambing period but showed selection for habitats near roads during the nursing period. We developed predictive maps of suitable lambing and nursery ranges to inform land planning to help reduce overlap of anthropogenic disturbance with potential reproductive habitats.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141006093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 19th century, a lower intertidal macrophyte, Fucus serratus (Linnaeus), from western Europe, was introduced to Nova Scotia, Canada where it successfully established, co-existing with native macrophytes F. vesiculosus (Linnaeus) and Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus). We first examined whether a common gastropod in Nova Scotia, Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758), which grazes on the native macrophytes, has exploited the invasive and on finding this, we secondly examined whether there has been any phenotypic differentiation on the invasive. Among 98 sites surveyed around Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in May and June, 1994, eleven had the invasive macrophyte, all of which showed colonization by L. obtusata including egg masses, juveniles and adults. Among 2135 shells photographed for digital image analyses, those on the invasive differed from those on the native macrophytes with respect to (1) RGB (red/green/blue) channels, (2) HSV (hue, saturation, brightness) phenotypes, (3) protoconch pattern and (4) adult shell size. Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope signatures on muscle tissues from a subset of L. obtusata indicate foraging fidelity on the invasive rather than temporary occupation. We suggest that these cumulative phenotypic responses to the invasive macrophyte that vary in extent and direction within and among localities reflect localized adaptation and offer a unique opportunity for quantifying early stages of phenotypic and genomic differentiation in a novel ecological niche.
{"title":"Gastropod shell differentiation following colonization of an invasive intertidal macrophyte in Atlantic Canada","authors":"T. Reimchen, Jessica Holden, A. Cortese","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2024-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2024-0018","url":null,"abstract":"In the 19th century, a lower intertidal macrophyte, Fucus serratus (Linnaeus), from western Europe, was introduced to Nova Scotia, Canada where it successfully established, co-existing with native macrophytes F. vesiculosus (Linnaeus) and Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus). We first examined whether a common gastropod in Nova Scotia, Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758), which grazes on the native macrophytes, has exploited the invasive and on finding this, we secondly examined whether there has been any phenotypic differentiation on the invasive. Among 98 sites surveyed around Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in May and June, 1994, eleven had the invasive macrophyte, all of which showed colonization by L. obtusata including egg masses, juveniles and adults. Among 2135 shells photographed for digital image analyses, those on the invasive differed from those on the native macrophytes with respect to (1) RGB (red/green/blue) channels, (2) HSV (hue, saturation, brightness) phenotypes, (3) protoconch pattern and (4) adult shell size. Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope signatures on muscle tissues from a subset of L. obtusata indicate foraging fidelity on the invasive rather than temporary occupation. We suggest that these cumulative phenotypic responses to the invasive macrophyte that vary in extent and direction within and among localities reflect localized adaptation and offer a unique opportunity for quantifying early stages of phenotypic and genomic differentiation in a novel ecological niche.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141006417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction: Patterns of seroprevalence of feline viruses among domestic cats (Felis catus) and Pallas’ cats (Otocolobus manul) in Daursky Reserve, Russia","authors":"Ekaterina V. Pavlova, V. Kirilyuk, S. Naidenko","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141017494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jon M. Davenport, David Burton, Logan Suchniak, Thomas L. Anderson
Variability in phenological shifts (seasonal changes in biological events) has become more common with climate change. As phenological variability increases due to climatic factors, species interactions within diverse communities can be affected. Shifts in hatching phenology can lead to body size variability that can alter species interactions, especially within and across trophic levels in complex food webs. To understand the effects of hatching phenology and food web complexity on prey communities, we conducted an experiment with ectotherms from ponds by manipulating hatching synchrony of a prey species across three dates and food web complexity. We hypothesized that predation on prey would be highest in the lowest synchrony treatment due to predator satiation effects in high synchrony additions. Food webs with top predators present had the lowest survival rates for prey compared to other food webs. Prey size at metamorphosis was also highest in the top predator food webs, suggesting a thinning effect. Hatching synchrony treatments did not have a significant impact on prey survival or size at metamorphosis except in treatments where intermediate and top predators were absent. Overall, our results show that top-down effects of predators may be enough to suppress the influence of phenological shifts in prey.
{"title":"Variability in intermediate predator hatching does not alter top-down effects of top predators","authors":"Jon M. Davenport, David Burton, Logan Suchniak, Thomas L. Anderson","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0073","url":null,"abstract":"Variability in phenological shifts (seasonal changes in biological events) has become more common with climate change. As phenological variability increases due to climatic factors, species interactions within diverse communities can be affected. Shifts in hatching phenology can lead to body size variability that can alter species interactions, especially within and across trophic levels in complex food webs. To understand the effects of hatching phenology and food web complexity on prey communities, we conducted an experiment with ectotherms from ponds by manipulating hatching synchrony of a prey species across three dates and food web complexity. We hypothesized that predation on prey would be highest in the lowest synchrony treatment due to predator satiation effects in high synchrony additions. Food webs with top predators present had the lowest survival rates for prey compared to other food webs. Prey size at metamorphosis was also highest in the top predator food webs, suggesting a thinning effect. Hatching synchrony treatments did not have a significant impact on prey survival or size at metamorphosis except in treatments where intermediate and top predators were absent. Overall, our results show that top-down effects of predators may be enough to suppress the influence of phenological shifts in prey.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The capacity to lay eggs inside healthy fruits rather than on decaying plant matter differentiates insect fruit pests from domestic species. This niche differentiation has been previously proposed to be an adaptation to avoid competition. We hypothesize that pest species will be more strongly affected by competition. We compare the impact of larvae density on fitness traits between Drosophila pests (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, 1931; Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970) and domestic species (Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, 1921; Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830). We assessed the effect of crowding on adult emergence and development time. Viability decreased gradually with density for D. immigrans and D. suzukii, while for D. melanogaster and Z. indianus it remained high. Development time increased with density; this was stronger on Zaprionus indianus and D. immigrans than on D. suzukii, which had a moderate increase, and D. melanogaster, which did not change. Contrary to expectations, the distinct patterns observed were not related to each species' domestic or pest lifestyle. In fact, patterns consistent with either scramble or contest type of competition were observed on both pest and domestic species respectively. These findings challenge prior beliefs regarding competition effects among Drosophila pest species and provide information relevant to integrated pest management.
昆虫果实害虫能够在健康的果实内产卵，而不是在腐烂的植物物质上产卵，这使它们有别于家养物种。以前曾有人提出，这种生态位分化是一种避免竞争的适应。我们假设害虫物种受竞争的影响会更大。我们比较了害虫果蝇（Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, 1931; Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970）和家养果蝇（Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, 1921; Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830）的幼虫密度对适应性特征的影响。我们评估了拥挤对成虫出现和发育时间的影响。随着密度的增加，D. immigrans 和 D. suzukii 的成虫数量逐渐减少，而 D. melanogaster 和 Z. indianus 的成虫数量仍然很高。发育时间随着密度的增加而延长；印度蝇和移栖蝇的发育时间比铃木蝇和黑腹蝇的发育时间延长得更快，前者的增长速度适中，后者则没有变化。与预期相反，观察到的不同模式与每个物种的家养或害虫生活方式无关。事实上，在害虫和家养物种上分别观察到了与争夺或竞争类型相一致的模式。这些发现挑战了之前关于果蝇害虫物种间竞争效应的看法，并为害虫综合管理提供了相关信息。
{"title":"Density dependent development in pest and domestic Drosophilidae species","authors":"Luciano Gandini, N. Flaibani, J. Fanara","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0198","url":null,"abstract":"The capacity to lay eggs inside healthy fruits rather than on decaying plant matter differentiates insect fruit pests from domestic species. This niche differentiation has been previously proposed to be an adaptation to avoid competition. We hypothesize that pest species will be more strongly affected by competition. We compare the impact of larvae density on fitness traits between Drosophila pests (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, 1931; Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970) and domestic species (Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, 1921; Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830). We assessed the effect of crowding on adult emergence and development time. Viability decreased gradually with density for D. immigrans and D. suzukii, while for D. melanogaster and Z. indianus it remained high. Development time increased with density; this was stronger on Zaprionus indianus and D. immigrans than on D. suzukii, which had a moderate increase, and D. melanogaster, which did not change. Contrary to expectations, the distinct patterns observed were not related to each species' domestic or pest lifestyle. In fact, patterns consistent with either scramble or contest type of competition were observed on both pest and domestic species respectively. These findings challenge prior beliefs regarding competition effects among Drosophila pest species and provide information relevant to integrated pest management.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140686844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ladybird beetles like many other organisms show developmental rate polymorphism in response to various abiotic and biotic factors. Since mating disruption acts as a stressor, we decided to study its impact on the occurrence of developmental rate polymorphs in ladybird beetle, Propylea dissecta Mulsant, 1850 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ten-day-old females were subjected to mating disruptions at 120, 180 minutes and complete mating (211 + 8.1 minutes) and then provided with optimum diet of Aphis craccivora Koch. Larvae in each treatment were reared individually and newly emerged adults were assessed on the basis of their developmental durations. They were separated into two lines: Slow and Fast developers. Extended mating duration was found to be correlated to increased immature survival and reduced offspring development times. Also, in complete mating treatment percentage of fast developers were more in numbers, thus mating duration increased the availability of sperm for females and seminal fluid may have boosted maternal protein reserves which can then be used to produce offspring of better quality. Mating disruption might be a factor reducing the chances of fertilization success and offspring development in P. dissecta.
{"title":"Mating disruption alters the rate of development in an aphidophagous ladybird Propylea dissecta (Mulsant)","authors":"Dipali Gupta, G. Mishra, Omkar Omkar","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0190","url":null,"abstract":"Ladybird beetles like many other organisms show developmental rate polymorphism in response to various abiotic and biotic factors. Since mating disruption acts as a stressor, we decided to study its impact on the occurrence of developmental rate polymorphs in ladybird beetle, Propylea dissecta Mulsant, 1850 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ten-day-old females were subjected to mating disruptions at 120, 180 minutes and complete mating (211 + 8.1 minutes) and then provided with optimum diet of Aphis craccivora Koch. Larvae in each treatment were reared individually and newly emerged adults were assessed on the basis of their developmental durations. They were separated into two lines: Slow and Fast developers. Extended mating duration was found to be correlated to increased immature survival and reduced offspring development times. Also, in complete mating treatment percentage of fast developers were more in numbers, thus mating duration increased the availability of sperm for females and seminal fluid may have boosted maternal protein reserves which can then be used to produce offspring of better quality. Mating disruption might be a factor reducing the chances of fertilization success and offspring development in P. dissecta.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140703734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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