Processing methods that maximize species richness from acoustic recordings obtained from regional monitoring programs can increase detections of uncommon, rare, and cryptic species and provide key information on species status and distribution. Using data from a regional bird monitoring in Yukon, Canada, we (1) compared the number of bird species detected (species richness) and the cost associated with four acoustic processing methods (Listening, Visual Scanning, Recognizer, Recognizer with Validation); and (2) combined Listening and Recognizer with Validation information to increase detections of all bird species at the ecoregion scale. We used comprehensive Visual Scanning to detect all bird species on the recordings. We processed ~1% of the recordings using Listening and detected 56% of the bird community with 71.5 hours of human effort. We used Recognizer (multispecies recognizer BirdNET) with Validation and detected 89% of the bird community with ~22% of the effort required for Visual Scanning (56 and 257 hours respectively). As an application of our approach, we combined Listening and Recognizer with Validation to process recordings from five northern ecoregions and found a 23-63% increase in the number of bird species detected with little additional effort. Combining Listening and Recognizer with Validation can maximize species detections from large passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) datasets.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence (BirdNET) supplements manual methods to maximize bird species richness from acoustic datasets generated from regional monitoring","authors":"L. Ware, C. L. Mahon, Logan McLeod, J. Jetté","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0044","url":null,"abstract":"Processing methods that maximize species richness from acoustic recordings obtained from regional monitoring programs can increase detections of uncommon, rare, and cryptic species and provide key information on species status and distribution. Using data from a regional bird monitoring in Yukon, Canada, we (1) compared the number of bird species detected (species richness) and the cost associated with four acoustic processing methods (Listening, Visual Scanning, Recognizer, Recognizer with Validation); and (2) combined Listening and Recognizer with Validation information to increase detections of all bird species at the ecoregion scale. We used comprehensive Visual Scanning to detect all bird species on the recordings. We processed ~1% of the recordings using Listening and detected 56% of the bird community with 71.5 hours of human effort. We used Recognizer (multispecies recognizer BirdNET) with Validation and detected 89% of the bird community with ~22% of the effort required for Visual Scanning (56 and 257 hours respectively). As an application of our approach, we combined Listening and Recognizer with Validation to process recordings from five northern ecoregions and found a 23-63% increase in the number of bird species detected with little additional effort. Combining Listening and Recognizer with Validation can maximize species detections from large passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) datasets.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43469346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Philipp, Julie E. Claussen, J. Ludden, J. Svec, A. Shultz, S. Cooke, M. Ridgway, A. Bell, Madison A. Philipp, C. Suski, Matthew M.C. Philipp, F. J. Phelan, J. Stein
Annual recruitment in fish is undoubtedly impacted by a vast number of biotic and abiotic factors. That is especially the case for fish species such as the black bass (species in the genus Micropterus), where there is extended parental care. Although much focus has been given in the past on determining the roles that many of these factors (e.g., temperatures, wind, flow rates, habitat change) play in determining recruitment among the back basses, little attention has been given to assessing what role reproductive success plays in that determination. To address this question, we conducted a long-term study on two adjacent smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, 1802 populations in eastern Ontario to assess the relationship between annual fry cohort size (i.e., population-wide reproductive success) and annual recruitment. To measure population-wide annual fry cohort size, we used snorkel surveys to conduct a complete census of nesting smallmouth bass males during the spawn from 1990 to 2015. During those surveys, we quantified mating success, determined which nests were successful or not, and calculated the number of independent fry produced each year by summing those numbers across all successful nests. Summer snorkel surveys from 1991 to 2016 assessed annual recruitment through visual counts of age 1+ juveniles. Results demonstrated a highly significant, positive, linear relationship between annual fry cohort size and annual recruitment.
{"title":"Annual Recruitment is Correlated with Reproductive Success in a Smallmouth Bass Population","authors":"D. Philipp, Julie E. Claussen, J. Ludden, J. Svec, A. Shultz, S. Cooke, M. Ridgway, A. Bell, Madison A. Philipp, C. Suski, Matthew M.C. Philipp, F. J. Phelan, J. Stein","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0041","url":null,"abstract":"Annual recruitment in fish is undoubtedly impacted by a vast number of biotic and abiotic factors. That is especially the case for fish species such as the black bass (species in the genus Micropterus), where there is extended parental care. Although much focus has been given in the past on determining the roles that many of these factors (e.g., temperatures, wind, flow rates, habitat change) play in determining recruitment among the back basses, little attention has been given to assessing what role reproductive success plays in that determination. To address this question, we conducted a long-term study on two adjacent smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, 1802 populations in eastern Ontario to assess the relationship between annual fry cohort size (i.e., population-wide reproductive success) and annual recruitment. To measure population-wide annual fry cohort size, we used snorkel surveys to conduct a complete census of nesting smallmouth bass males during the spawn from 1990 to 2015. During those surveys, we quantified mating success, determined which nests were successful or not, and calculated the number of independent fry produced each year by summing those numbers across all successful nests. Summer snorkel surveys from 1991 to 2016 assessed annual recruitment through visual counts of age 1+ juveniles. Results demonstrated a highly significant, positive, linear relationship between annual fry cohort size and annual recruitment.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45071062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Limoilou-A Renaud, Gabriel Pigeon, Joanie Van de Walle, X. Bordeleau, M. Hammill, F. Pelletier
Marine mammal populations worldwide greatly benefitted from conservation measures put in place since the 1970s following overexploitation, and many pinniped populations have recovered. However, threats due to bycatch, interspecific interactions or climate change remain, and detailed knowledge on vital rates, population dynamics and their responses to environmental changes is essential for efficient management and conservation of wild populations. In this study, we quantified pup abundance and survival of individually marked harbour seal (Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758) pups during the preweaning period at Bic Island and Métis sites in the St. Lawrence Estuary from 1998 – 2019. We used mark-recapture models to evaluate competing hypotheses regarding variation in daily preweaning survival rates and capture probability during the pups’ first 30 days of life. Pup abundance increased from 76 (95% CI: [59, 101]) to 323 [95% CI: 233, 338] in the past two decades at Bic Island and from 66 [95% CI:47, 91] to 285 [95% CI: 204, 218] at Métis. Preweaning survival was generally higher at Bic (0.73 [95% CI: 0.58,0.82]) than at Métis (0.68 [95% CI: 0.52,0.79]). We hypothesize that differences between habitats and human disturbance contribute to lower preweaning survival at Métis, but behavioural studies are needed to understand the impacts of disturbance on mother-pup interactions during the nursing period.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal variation in pup abundance and pre-weaning survival of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada.","authors":"Limoilou-A Renaud, Gabriel Pigeon, Joanie Van de Walle, X. Bordeleau, M. Hammill, F. Pelletier","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Marine mammal populations worldwide greatly benefitted from conservation measures put in place since the 1970s following overexploitation, and many pinniped populations have recovered. However, threats due to bycatch, interspecific interactions or climate change remain, and detailed knowledge on vital rates, population dynamics and their responses to environmental changes is essential for efficient management and conservation of wild populations. In this study, we quantified pup abundance and survival of individually marked harbour seal (Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758) pups during the preweaning period at Bic Island and Métis sites in the St. Lawrence Estuary from 1998 – 2019. We used mark-recapture models to evaluate competing hypotheses regarding variation in daily preweaning survival rates and capture probability during the pups’ first 30 days of life. Pup abundance increased from 76 (95% CI: [59, 101]) to 323 [95% CI: 233, 338] in the past two decades at Bic Island and from 66 [95% CI:47, 91] to 285 [95% CI: 204, 218] at Métis. Preweaning survival was generally higher at Bic (0.73 [95% CI: 0.58,0.82]) than at Métis (0.68 [95% CI: 0.52,0.79]). We hypothesize that differences between habitats and human disturbance contribute to lower preweaning survival at Métis, but behavioural studies are needed to understand the impacts of disturbance on mother-pup interactions during the nursing period.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42543525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bats are voracious predators of insects, and many insects have ears sensitive to the high-frequency echolocation calls of bats. Eared insects show a variety of defences when they detect bat echolocation calls. Professor Brock Fenton was an early contributor to the field of bat-insect interactions, inspiring many students to pursue investigations that have advanced our understanding of the relationship between predators and prey. Reflecting on the integrative nature of Dr. Fenton’s research, this review highlights research on the evolutionary arms race between gleaning insectivorous bats and katydid prey. Studies on this system have enhanced the field of sensory ecology by illuminating how animal auditory systems can encode and distinguish between signals that overlap in their acoustic properties but have very different consequences for the listener (sex or death). These studies also inform us about the ecological and evolutionary selection pressures on signalers and receivers that can shape mate attraction and predator avoidance behaviour. In particular, many Neotropical katydids rely on preventative instead of reactive defences against gleaning bats, likely due to the regular presence of echolocation calls from non-gleaning bats that reduce the information content of predator cues. We conclude with suggestions for future research on these fascinating animals.
{"title":"Predator-prey interactions between gleaning bats and katydids","authors":"Hannah M. ter Hofstede, P. Faure","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Bats are voracious predators of insects, and many insects have ears sensitive to the high-frequency echolocation calls of bats. Eared insects show a variety of defences when they detect bat echolocation calls. Professor Brock Fenton was an early contributor to the field of bat-insect interactions, inspiring many students to pursue investigations that have advanced our understanding of the relationship between predators and prey. Reflecting on the integrative nature of Dr. Fenton’s research, this review highlights research on the evolutionary arms race between gleaning insectivorous bats and katydid prey. Studies on this system have enhanced the field of sensory ecology by illuminating how animal auditory systems can encode and distinguish between signals that overlap in their acoustic properties but have very different consequences for the listener (sex or death). These studies also inform us about the ecological and evolutionary selection pressures on signalers and receivers that can shape mate attraction and predator avoidance behaviour. In particular, many Neotropical katydids rely on preventative instead of reactive defences against gleaning bats, likely due to the regular presence of echolocation calls from non-gleaning bats that reduce the information content of predator cues. We conclude with suggestions for future research on these fascinating animals.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46476258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eluzai Dinai Pinto Sandoval, A. M. Bernegossi, S. Gallina, R. Reyna-Hurtado, J. Duarte
The Yucatan brown brocket deer was initially described as Mazama pandora Merriam, 1901. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA recovered the species as sister group of the genus Odocoileus and subsequently the species was repositioned to this genus naming Odocoileus pandora (Merriam, 1901). However, there is still a lack of taxonomic consensus that could assists in nomenclature definition of the species. We aim to clarify the taxonomy of O. pandora through an integrative assessment using morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular data from recently collected specimens. Morphological characterizations identified O. pandora as a medium-sized brocket deer. The skull shows an inflated auditory bulla and a narrow zygomatic arch. Males present long, broad, spike-like antlers converging inward, marked with deep longitudinal grooves. Odocoileus pandora shows a karyotype with 2n = 60 FN = 74. Bacterial artificial chromosome clone hybridization showed that centric and tandem fusions, and inversions are involved in karyotypical divergences between M. pandora, S. gouazoubira, M. americana and O. virginianus. Our phylogeny based on Bayesian Inference of mitogenome recovered O. pandora as monophyletic within the subtribe Odocoileina, with Odocoileus as sister taxa. Morphological and genetic characteristics of O. pandora agrees in differencing the Yucatan brown brocket from Mazama and Odocoileus genera. Therefore, a new generic name should be indicated for this taxon.
{"title":"CYTOGENETIC, MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Odocoileus pandora (MERRIAM, 1901) (ARTIODACTYLA, CERVIDAE)","authors":"Eluzai Dinai Pinto Sandoval, A. M. Bernegossi, S. Gallina, R. Reyna-Hurtado, J. Duarte","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0037","url":null,"abstract":"The Yucatan brown brocket deer was initially described as Mazama pandora Merriam, 1901. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA recovered the species as sister group of the genus Odocoileus and subsequently the species was repositioned to this genus naming Odocoileus pandora (Merriam, 1901). However, there is still a lack of taxonomic consensus that could assists in nomenclature definition of the species. We aim to clarify the taxonomy of O. pandora through an integrative assessment using morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular data from recently collected specimens. Morphological characterizations identified O. pandora as a medium-sized brocket deer. The skull shows an inflated auditory bulla and a narrow zygomatic arch. Males present long, broad, spike-like antlers converging inward, marked with deep longitudinal grooves. Odocoileus pandora shows a karyotype with 2n = 60 FN = 74. Bacterial artificial chromosome clone hybridization showed that centric and tandem fusions, and inversions are involved in karyotypical divergences between M. pandora, S. gouazoubira, M. americana and O. virginianus. Our phylogeny based on Bayesian Inference of mitogenome recovered O. pandora as monophyletic within the subtribe Odocoileina, with Odocoileus as sister taxa. Morphological and genetic characteristics of O. pandora agrees in differencing the Yucatan brown brocket from Mazama and Odocoileus genera. Therefore, a new generic name should be indicated for this taxon.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49108547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kenow, Yer Lor, Beth V. Holbrook, Luke J. Fara, Steven C. Houdek, Tariq Tajjioui, B. Gray, P. Jacobson
Common loon ( Gavia immer (Brünnich, 1764)) foraging patterns and the relative importance of cisco ( Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818) in the diets of loons were evaluated for the Whitefish Chain of Lakes, a set of coldwater cisco refuge lakes in Minnesota, USA. Environmental DNA metabarcoding of loon fecal samples detected 15 fish species. Yellow perch ( Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)), mimic shiner ( Notropis volucellus (Cope, 1865)), and cisco were the most prominent prey detected across the study lakes. We observed a shift in fish species consumed, with increases in detections of mimic shiner and cisco DNA among loon fecal samples collected in August and September. In some locations, suitable oxythermal habitat became restricted throughout the summer, forcing cisco into surface waters, which potentially increased their vulnerability to loon predation. Conversely, large foraging aggregations of loons were observed during late summer through fall at locations with ample oxythermal habitat and abundant cisco populations. We hypothesize that cisco were sought by loons as a high-calorie prey resource prior to migration. Conservation efforts directed at preserving water quality in important cisco refuge lakes are likely to benefit common loons through enhancement of both the forage base, for resident and migrating birds, and breeding habitat suitability.
在美国明尼苏达州的一组冷水顺式生物保护湖泊Whitefish Chain of Lakes中，对普通潜鸟（Gavia immer（Brünnich，1764））的觅食模式和顺式生物在潜鸟饮食中的相对重要性（Coregonus artedi Lesueur，1818）进行了评估。潜鸟粪便样本的环境DNA代谢编码检测到15种鱼类。黄鲈鱼（Perca flavescens（Mitchill，1814））、拟石首鱼（Notropis volucellus（Cope，1865））和cisco是研究湖泊中发现的最突出的猎物。我们观察到，在8月和9月采集的潜鸟粪便样本中，鱼类消费量发生了变化，模拟胫和顺式脱氧核糖核酸的检测量增加。在一些地方，合适的湿热栖息地在整个夏天都受到限制，迫使cisco进入地表水域，这可能会增加它们被潜鸟捕食的脆弱性。相反，在夏末至秋季，在有充足的光热栖息地和丰富的顺式种群的地方，观察到了大量的潜鸟觅食群落。我们假设，在迁徙之前，潜鸟会将顺式脂肪酸作为一种高热量的猎物资源来寻找。旨在保护重要的cisco保护区湖泊水质的保护工作可能会通过加强留鸟和候鸟的饲料基地以及繁殖栖息地的适宜性，使普通潜鸟受益。
{"title":"The relative importance of cisco (Coregonus artedi) in the diets of common loons (Gavia immer) among a set of cisco refuge lakes in Minnesota","authors":"K. Kenow, Yer Lor, Beth V. Holbrook, Luke J. Fara, Steven C. Houdek, Tariq Tajjioui, B. Gray, P. Jacobson","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0189","url":null,"abstract":"Common loon ( Gavia immer (Brünnich, 1764)) foraging patterns and the relative importance of cisco ( Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818) in the diets of loons were evaluated for the Whitefish Chain of Lakes, a set of coldwater cisco refuge lakes in Minnesota, USA. Environmental DNA metabarcoding of loon fecal samples detected 15 fish species. Yellow perch ( Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)), mimic shiner ( Notropis volucellus (Cope, 1865)), and cisco were the most prominent prey detected across the study lakes. We observed a shift in fish species consumed, with increases in detections of mimic shiner and cisco DNA among loon fecal samples collected in August and September. In some locations, suitable oxythermal habitat became restricted throughout the summer, forcing cisco into surface waters, which potentially increased their vulnerability to loon predation. Conversely, large foraging aggregations of loons were observed during late summer through fall at locations with ample oxythermal habitat and abundant cisco populations. We hypothesize that cisco were sought by loons as a high-calorie prey resource prior to migration. Conservation efforts directed at preserving water quality in important cisco refuge lakes are likely to benefit common loons through enhancement of both the forage base, for resident and migrating birds, and breeding habitat suitability.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49304489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Examining multiple niche relationships, such as habitat use and activity patterns, between sympatric species contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of coexistence and competition. Sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838) and Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus Temminck, 1836) often show different habitat use, and diversity in vegetation and topography seems to facilitate their coexistence. Conversely, their habitat use may overlap in areas with low-diversity habitats; however, this remains unstudied. Moreover, whether they spatiotemporally avoid each other to reduce direct interference is unclear. We examined the fine-scale patterns of habitat use and activity of deer and serows in the subalpine forests of Mount Fuji, which have low-diversity habitats, using camera trapping data over three years. Deer and serow habitat niches largely overlapped, especially in summer (92%–94%) and autumn (89%–91%), suggesting that low-diversity habitats facilitate overlapping habitat use. Both species selected areas frequently used by the other during spring to autumn and their temporal niches largely overlapped, especially in summer (88%) and autumn (83%), suggesting that they do not spatiotemporally avoid each other (i.e., there is no direct interference). Rapid range expansion of deer into these subalpine habitats may exclude native serows through resource exploitative competition rather than interference competition.
{"title":"Overlap in habitat use and activity patterns between sika deer (Cervus nippon) and Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus) in subalpine habitats: exploitative competition rather than direct interference?","authors":"H. Takada, Keita Nakamura","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Examining multiple niche relationships, such as habitat use and activity patterns, between sympatric species contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of coexistence and competition. Sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838) and Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus Temminck, 1836) often show different habitat use, and diversity in vegetation and topography seems to facilitate their coexistence. Conversely, their habitat use may overlap in areas with low-diversity habitats; however, this remains unstudied. Moreover, whether they spatiotemporally avoid each other to reduce direct interference is unclear. We examined the fine-scale patterns of habitat use and activity of deer and serows in the subalpine forests of Mount Fuji, which have low-diversity habitats, using camera trapping data over three years. Deer and serow habitat niches largely overlapped, especially in summer (92%–94%) and autumn (89%–91%), suggesting that low-diversity habitats facilitate overlapping habitat use. Both species selected areas frequently used by the other during spring to autumn and their temporal niches largely overlapped, especially in summer (88%) and autumn (83%), suggesting that they do not spatiotemporally avoid each other (i.e., there is no direct interference). Rapid range expansion of deer into these subalpine habitats may exclude native serows through resource exploitative competition rather than interference competition.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43813905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many freshwater ecosystems carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing. Unknown are the risks that high CO2 poses for freshwater organisms, especially for fish. The objective of this study was to determine how CO2 may influence the growth rate, metabolic rate, feeding rate, and volitional behaviour of young-of-year Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus; Linnaeus, 1758), brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis; Mitchill, 1815), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Walbaum, 1792). For this study, fish stayed in control CO2 levels (1,100 µatm) or elevated CO2 (5,236 µatm) for 15 days. During this time metabolic rate and behavioural tests were conducted on alternating days for each treatment. Weight and length of each fish were taken on days 0, 7 and 15. There was no evidence that elevated CO2 affected the growth rate, feeding rate, or behaviour in any of these species. The standard metabolic rate in Arctic charr did differ based on CO2 exposure. Therefore, salmonids can withstand short periods of elevated CO2 under these conditions. By comparing closely related species, the implications of this work are more ecologically relevant and will also help industry quantify the effects of high CO2 on young salmonids.
{"title":"Short-term exposure of near-future CO2 has limited influence on the energetics and behaviour of young-of-year salmonids","authors":"Emma M. Traynor, Simon W DePasquale, C. Hasler","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0183","url":null,"abstract":"In many freshwater ecosystems carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing. Unknown are the risks that high CO2 poses for freshwater organisms, especially for fish. The objective of this study was to determine how CO2 may influence the growth rate, metabolic rate, feeding rate, and volitional behaviour of young-of-year Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus; Linnaeus, 1758), brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis; Mitchill, 1815), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Walbaum, 1792). For this study, fish stayed in control CO2 levels (1,100 µatm) or elevated CO2 (5,236 µatm) for 15 days. During this time metabolic rate and behavioural tests were conducted on alternating days for each treatment. Weight and length of each fish were taken on days 0, 7 and 15. There was no evidence that elevated CO2 affected the growth rate, feeding rate, or behaviour in any of these species. The standard metabolic rate in Arctic charr did differ based on CO2 exposure. Therefore, salmonids can withstand short periods of elevated CO2 under these conditions. By comparing closely related species, the implications of this work are more ecologically relevant and will also help industry quantify the effects of high CO2 on young salmonids.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42074038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jasmine Talevi, L. Steeves, Michael R. S. Coffin, T. Guyondet, T. Sakamaki, L. Comeau, R. Filgueira
Shallow coastal environments are becoming more susceptible to marine heatwaves, particularly in Atlantic Canada, which is experiencing higher rates of ocean warming compared to the global average. Understanding bivalves’ tolerance to heatwaves in Atlantic Canada is especially important given the magnitude of bivalve aquaculture in this region. In this study, the physiological state of four commercially important bivalve species; blue mussel (Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758), eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791)), soft shell clam (Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758), hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758)), was observed during a naturally occurring heatwave in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The metabolism, feeding physiology, and Scope For Growth of each species was compared. Results from this study, and comparisons with the literature, show interspecific variability in the metabolic rate and feeding physiology between species, but generally oysters, soft shell clams and hard clams were less impacted during the heatwave compared with the blue mussels. Additionally, only the Scope For Growth of mussels declined throughout this experiment, which may be explained by cumulative heat stress as temperatures experienced during this heatwave exceed the thermal tolerance limits of mussels.
{"title":"The physiological state of four commercially important bivalve species during a naturally occurring heatwave","authors":"Jasmine Talevi, L. Steeves, Michael R. S. Coffin, T. Guyondet, T. Sakamaki, L. Comeau, R. Filgueira","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0215","url":null,"abstract":"Shallow coastal environments are becoming more susceptible to marine heatwaves, particularly in Atlantic Canada, which is experiencing higher rates of ocean warming compared to the global average. Understanding bivalves’ tolerance to heatwaves in Atlantic Canada is especially important given the magnitude of bivalve aquaculture in this region. In this study, the physiological state of four commercially important bivalve species; blue mussel (Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758), eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791)), soft shell clam (Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758), hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758)), was observed during a naturally occurring heatwave in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The metabolism, feeding physiology, and Scope For Growth of each species was compared. Results from this study, and comparisons with the literature, show interspecific variability in the metabolic rate and feeding physiology between species, but generally oysters, soft shell clams and hard clams were less impacted during the heatwave compared with the blue mussels. Additionally, only the Scope For Growth of mussels declined throughout this experiment, which may be explained by cumulative heat stress as temperatures experienced during this heatwave exceed the thermal tolerance limits of mussels.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46609841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research regarding how birds respond to the installation of cameras at nest sites is limited. We installed cameras at nests of Sandhill Cranes Antigone canadensis Linnaeus, 1758 and federally endangered Whooping Cranes Grus americana Linnaeus, 1758 in Juneau County, Wisconsin as part of an ongoing study monitoring the reproductive success of Whooping Cranes in Wisconsin. The eastern population of Sandhill Cranes has grown while Whooping Crane population growth has been slow, prompting the need to monitor the reproductive success of cranes on the refuge. We recorded the flight initiation distance during camera installation, the return time after camera installation as well as measured the distance cameras were placed from each nest. We included temperature at camera deployment, age of nest, mode of access, ordinal date, and year in statistical regression models. We found an apparent difference in the observed flight initiation distances between the two species. Sandhill Cranes allowed researchers to approach their nests closer than Whooping Cranes prior to flushing. The post-disturbance return time was influenced by how far away the cameras were placed from the nest and the ambient temperature during camera deploy. Our study may help inform decisions regarding species response to methods and distance when deploying cameras especially for endangered or disturbance sensitive species.
关于鸟类对在鸟巢安装摄像机的反应的研究是有限的。我们在1758年的Antigone canadensis Linnaeus沙丘鹤和1758年在威斯康辛州朱诺县的联邦濒危物种Grus americana Linnaeus的巢中安装了摄像机，作为监测威斯康辛州Whooping crane繁殖成功的持续研究的一部分。东部沙丘鹤的数量在增长，而呼鸣鹤的数量增长缓慢，这促使人们需要监测保护区内鹤的繁殖成功率。我们记录了安装摄像机时的起飞距离，安装摄像机后的返回时间，并测量了摄像机放置到每个鸟巢的距离。我们在统计回归模型中纳入了摄像机部署时的温度、巢龄、访问方式、顺序日期和年份。我们发现在观察到的两个物种之间的飞行起始距离有明显的差异。沙丘鹤让研究人员在冲水前比鸣鹤更接近它们的巢穴。干扰后的回归时间受摄像机离巢的距离和摄像机部署时的环境温度的影响。我们的研究可以帮助决定在部署相机时物种对方法和距离的反应，特别是对濒危或干扰敏感的物种。
{"title":"Short-term effects of camera trap installation on incubation constancy in cranes","authors":"Jessica Jaworski, Bradley N. Strobel, S. Dubay","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Research regarding how birds respond to the installation of cameras at nest sites is limited. We installed cameras at nests of Sandhill Cranes Antigone canadensis Linnaeus, 1758 and federally endangered Whooping Cranes Grus americana Linnaeus, 1758 in Juneau County, Wisconsin as part of an ongoing study monitoring the reproductive success of Whooping Cranes in Wisconsin. The eastern population of Sandhill Cranes has grown while Whooping Crane population growth has been slow, prompting the need to monitor the reproductive success of cranes on the refuge. We recorded the flight initiation distance during camera installation, the return time after camera installation as well as measured the distance cameras were placed from each nest. We included temperature at camera deployment, age of nest, mode of access, ordinal date, and year in statistical regression models. We found an apparent difference in the observed flight initiation distances between the two species. Sandhill Cranes allowed researchers to approach their nests closer than Whooping Cranes prior to flushing. The post-disturbance return time was influenced by how far away the cameras were placed from the nest and the ambient temperature during camera deploy. Our study may help inform decisions regarding species response to methods and distance when deploying cameras especially for endangered or disturbance sensitive species.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42411240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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