Bats are hosts to a range of pathogens, which include zoonotic pathogens and pathogens of conservation concern. Brock Fenton’s research on bat ecology has always balanced clear communication of potential health risks associated with bats and the need to communicate these risks precisely to avoid unnecessary persecution of bats. Here we integrate Brock’s work in the field of disease ecology with that of his students and collaborators and consider the potential advantages of studying disease ecology of bats within the Canadian context. The broad distribution of a few common species across the vast landscape of present-day Canada provides an opportunity to untangle the impacts of environmental variation on host-pathogen interactions and disease severity, particularly in the context of climate change. The varying migratory strategies and social structure of the bat species found in Canada could also facilitate informative inter-specific studies to better understand how bat health is affected by interactions among rapid environmental changes and the physiological traits and social behaviour of different species. We propose a series of priority research questions and approaches that could further our understanding of bat health and disease ecology in Canada, inspired by the work of Brock, his colleagues, and students.
{"title":"Disease ecology of bats – the Canadian scene","authors":"C. Davy, C. Willis","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0175","url":null,"abstract":"Bats are hosts to a range of pathogens, which include zoonotic pathogens and pathogens of conservation concern. Brock Fenton’s research on bat ecology has always balanced clear communication of potential health risks associated with bats and the need to communicate these risks precisely to avoid unnecessary persecution of bats. Here we integrate Brock’s work in the field of disease ecology with that of his students and collaborators and consider the potential advantages of studying disease ecology of bats within the Canadian context. The broad distribution of a few common species across the vast landscape of present-day Canada provides an opportunity to untangle the impacts of environmental variation on host-pathogen interactions and disease severity, particularly in the context of climate change. The varying migratory strategies and social structure of the bat species found in Canada could also facilitate informative inter-specific studies to better understand how bat health is affected by interactions among rapid environmental changes and the physiological traits and social behaviour of different species. We propose a series of priority research questions and approaches that could further our understanding of bat health and disease ecology in Canada, inspired by the work of Brock, his colleagues, and students.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41345386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new species of Astyanax Baird & Girard, 1854 is described from the rio Apiacás, a tributary of the rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The new taxon can be distinguished from all congeners, except those belonging to the Astyanax bimaculatus species group and to the Astyanax orthodus species group, by the presence of a horizontally elongated to rounded humeral blotch. The new taxon can be readily distinguished from all species belonging to the A. bimaculatus species group and to the A. orthodus species group by presenting a distinct morphology in premaxillary and dentary teeth with conspicuous diastema (a teeth gap) between them. We also present a hypothesis about the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon within Astyanax.
{"title":"A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio Apiacás, rio Teles Pires basin, with a discussion on its phylogenetic position","authors":"","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0153","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of Astyanax Baird & Girard, 1854 is described from the rio Apiacás, a tributary of the rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The new taxon can be distinguished from all congeners, except those belonging to the Astyanax bimaculatus species group and to the Astyanax orthodus species group, by the presence of a horizontally elongated to rounded humeral blotch. The new taxon can be readily distinguished from all species belonging to the A. bimaculatus species group and to the A. orthodus species group by presenting a distinct morphology in premaxillary and dentary teeth with conspicuous diastema (a teeth gap) between them. We also present a hypothesis about the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon within Astyanax.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45741318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Canadian coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean as well as inland freshwater habitats in Ontario were sampled for centrohelid heliozoans (free-living heterotrophic single-celled organisms) over a period of nearly five decades. More than 60 species and subspecies were revealed, including 1 Triangulopteris, 1 Raphidocystis, 2 Pseudoraphidocystis, 3 Raineriophrys, 4 Pseudoraphidiophrys, 12 Choanocystis, 15 Pterocystis, and 25 Acanthocystis taxa. Of these, 22 were officially named and described as new to science based primarily on the morphology of the siliceous scales that cover the cell. New species were compared with images and/or descriptions of close “relatives” to validate their new species assignments. New data on five species of Acanthocystis and one species of Choanocystis required revisions of their descriptive taxonomy that in some cases resulted in the splitting off of separate species or subspecies. Very little can be concluded about global distribution of centrohelid heliozoans, owing to the paucity of records. For many of the taxa reported here, previous records consist of just one or two findings from other parts of the world. One example is Choanocystis antarctica Tikhonenkov and Mylnikov, 2011 that was previously known only from Antarctic seawater, but is reported here from an Ontario softwater lake.
在近50年的时间里，研究人员对加拿大太平洋和大西洋沿岸水域以及安大略省内陆淡水栖息地的中心heliozoans(自由生活的异养单细胞生物)进行了采样。共发现60余种及亚种，其中三角翅虫属1种、刺囊虫属1种、假棘囊虫属2种、雨囊虫属3种、假棘囊虫属4种、尾囊虫属12种、翼囊虫属15种、棘囊虫属25种。其中22种被正式命名，并被描述为科学上的新物种，主要基于覆盖细胞的硅质鳞片的形态。将新物种与图像和/或近亲的描述进行比较，以验证他们的新物种分配。关于五种棘囊藻和一种棘囊藻的新数据需要对它们的描述性分类进行修订，这在某些情况下导致了单独的种或亚种的分裂。由于记录的缺乏，我们对中心体日虫的全球分布知之甚少。对于这里报道的许多分类群，以前的记录只包括来自世界其他地区的一两个发现。其中一个例子是2011年的Choanocystis antarctica Tikhonenkov and Mylnikov，以前只在南极的海水中发现，但在安大略省的一个软湖中发现了。
{"title":"Marine and freshwater centrohelid heliozoans (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) in Canada, including taxonomic revisions and descriptions of 22 new species and subspecies","authors":"K. Nicholls","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0114","url":null,"abstract":"Canadian coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean as well as inland freshwater habitats in Ontario were sampled for centrohelid heliozoans (free-living heterotrophic single-celled organisms) over a period of nearly five decades. More than 60 species and subspecies were revealed, including 1 Triangulopteris, 1 Raphidocystis, 2 Pseudoraphidocystis, 3 Raineriophrys, 4 Pseudoraphidiophrys, 12 Choanocystis, 15 Pterocystis, and 25 Acanthocystis taxa. Of these, 22 were officially named and described as new to science based primarily on the morphology of the siliceous scales that cover the cell. New species were compared with images and/or descriptions of close “relatives” to validate their new species assignments. New data on five species of Acanthocystis and one species of Choanocystis required revisions of their descriptive taxonomy that in some cases resulted in the splitting off of separate species or subspecies. Very little can be concluded about global distribution of centrohelid heliozoans, owing to the paucity of records. For many of the taxa reported here, previous records consist of just one or two findings from other parts of the world. One example is Choanocystis antarctica Tikhonenkov and Mylnikov, 2011 that was previously known only from Antarctic seawater, but is reported here from an Ontario softwater lake.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45334476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the functional histology of thin-spined porcupine’s (Chaetomys subspinosus Olfers, 1818) quills and integument, and compares them with the North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus, 1758) equivalents. Erethizon quills disseminate warnings to potential predators. An olfactory warning is generated by sebaceous glands of the lower back, disseminated by osmetrichial specializations of lower-back quills. Chaetomys skin lacks functional sebaceous glands, and generates no warning odor. Erethizon quills also carry a visual warning, effective even in dim light. Chaetomys quills carry no warning color. The straight, stiff quills of Erethizon are tipped with one-way barbs and can be elevated to 900. A protective collagenous spool at the base of the quill prevents back-stabbing on impact. Chaetomys quills lack barbs and the basal collagenous spool is poorly developed. The quill shafts are wavy and angled at the base, allowing them to act as shock absorbers during a fall from a tree. Nevertheless, Chaetomys quills of the head and shoulders can be elevated to 900 to function as stabbing devices. Major defensive quills of Erethizon protect the back, in Chaetomys the front. Though both species have 1–3 arrector muscles, they differ in the details of quill stabilization. The Chaetomys quill surface has regional cuticular patterns, of which the distal, longest region is highly pitted. The function of the pitted region remains a mystery.
{"title":"Functional Histology of the Integument of the Thin-Spined Porcupine, Chaetomys subspinosus.","authors":"D. Chapman, G. Giné, U. Roze","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0116","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the functional histology of thin-spined porcupine’s (Chaetomys subspinosus Olfers, 1818) quills and integument, and compares them with the North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus, 1758) equivalents. Erethizon quills disseminate warnings to potential predators. An olfactory warning is generated by sebaceous glands of the lower back, disseminated by osmetrichial specializations of lower-back quills. Chaetomys skin lacks functional sebaceous glands, and generates no warning odor. Erethizon quills also carry a visual warning, effective even in dim light. Chaetomys quills carry no warning color. The straight, stiff quills of Erethizon are tipped with one-way barbs and can be elevated to 900. A protective collagenous spool at the base of the quill prevents back-stabbing on impact. Chaetomys quills lack barbs and the basal collagenous spool is poorly developed. The quill shafts are wavy and angled at the base, allowing them to act as shock absorbers during a fall from a tree. Nevertheless, Chaetomys quills of the head and shoulders can be elevated to 900 to function as stabbing devices. Major defensive quills of Erethizon protect the back, in Chaetomys the front. Though both species have 1–3 arrector muscles, they differ in the details of quill stabilization. The Chaetomys quill surface has regional cuticular patterns, of which the distal, longest region is highly pitted. The function of the pitted region remains a mystery.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45132634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. B. Dos Reis, W. B. Wosiacki, J. Ferrer, L. Donin, W. J. da Graça
Cambeva piraquara, sp. nov., a restricted-range and rare species last collected from over 20 years ago, is described from the Rio Piraquara, upper Rio Iguaçu basin, Rio Paraná (La Plata) system. The new species is distinguished from all congeners by having two conspicuous dark-brown longitudinal stripes on the inner skin layer of body over a plain yellowish background: a conspicuous wide and well-defined dark-brown longitudinal mid-lateral stripe extending from the opercular patch of odontodes to the first third of caudal-fin rays and a dorso-sagittal stripe comprising large and coalescent rounded blotches extending from occipital to the dorsal-fin base. We provide an illustrated osteological description and assess the conservation status of the new species, which faces several environmental impacts in the upper Rio Iguaçu basin.
{"title":"A new species of Cambeva (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from an area of high anthropogenic impacts in the headwaters of Rio Iguaçu, Southern Brazil","authors":"R. B. Dos Reis, W. B. Wosiacki, J. Ferrer, L. Donin, W. J. da Graça","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0150","url":null,"abstract":"Cambeva piraquara, sp. nov., a restricted-range and rare species last collected from over 20 years ago, is described from the Rio Piraquara, upper Rio Iguaçu basin, Rio Paraná (La Plata) system. The new species is distinguished from all congeners by having two conspicuous dark-brown longitudinal stripes on the inner skin layer of body over a plain yellowish background: a conspicuous wide and well-defined dark-brown longitudinal mid-lateral stripe extending from the opercular patch of odontodes to the first third of caudal-fin rays and a dorso-sagittal stripe comprising large and coalescent rounded blotches extending from occipital to the dorsal-fin base. We provide an illustrated osteological description and assess the conservation status of the new species, which faces several environmental impacts in the upper Rio Iguaçu basin.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43933604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many species the spatial ecology of early age classes can differ significantly from adults. Adult Western Rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus Holbrook, 1840) at the northern extent of their range undertake small-scale but important seasonal migrations between communal hibernacula and summer foraging and mating grounds. Mature snakes also show annual fidelity to their migratory paths, providing a useful system to examine the development of migratory behaviour. We examined and compared spring outbound migratory movements of juveniles and adults at a site in southern British Columbia, Canada, using radio-telemetry data collected between 2011 to 2016 (adult snakes) and 2021 (juvenile snakes). We found that compared to adult rattlesnakes, juveniles displayed similar directional orientation, direction of vertical migration, and path sinuosity, but initiated spring migrations later and exhibited shorter movements in terms of distances and rates. For example, juvenile straight-line migration distance (262 ±90 m) was significantly shorter than for adults (1069 ±134 m; P <0.001). We provide a starting point in attempting to understand an important question in migration – how individuals early on in their lives adopt different tactics – while contributing to our growing understanding of the complexity of patterns and variation in the movement ecology of a far-ranging snake.
{"title":"Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus) spring migration in British Columbia: A comparative study of juveniles and adults","authors":"Chloe R. Howarth, C. Bishop, K. Larsen","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0173","url":null,"abstract":"In many species the spatial ecology of early age classes can differ significantly from adults. Adult Western Rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus Holbrook, 1840) at the northern extent of their range undertake small-scale but important seasonal migrations between communal hibernacula and summer foraging and mating grounds. Mature snakes also show annual fidelity to their migratory paths, providing a useful system to examine the development of migratory behaviour. We examined and compared spring outbound migratory movements of juveniles and adults at a site in southern British Columbia, Canada, using radio-telemetry data collected between 2011 to 2016 (adult snakes) and 2021 (juvenile snakes). We found that compared to adult rattlesnakes, juveniles displayed similar directional orientation, direction of vertical migration, and path sinuosity, but initiated spring migrations later and exhibited shorter movements in terms of distances and rates. For example, juvenile straight-line migration distance (262 ±90 m) was significantly shorter than for adults (1069 ±134 m; P <0.001). We provide a starting point in attempting to understand an important question in migration – how individuals early on in their lives adopt different tactics – while contributing to our growing understanding of the complexity of patterns and variation in the movement ecology of a far-ranging snake.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43818968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Host behaviour should be a key determinant of the acquisition of “sit-and-wait” and nidicolous ectoparasitic arthropods who ambush the host in their environment and/or nest. Here, we tested the association between parasitism and individual differences in exploratory and grooming behaviours in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque, 1818), the primary host for the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821) in its larval stage. During 4,333 captures of 1,035 individual mice over 5 summers (2016-2020) in Ontario, Canada, the probability and intensity of tick parasitism were both significantly higher when the mouse was also parasitized by fleas, suggesting co-occurrence of these two parasites on host mice. Distance moved by mice in a novel environment was negatively and positively affected by tick and flea parasitism, respectively. Interestingly, there was a significant “tick×flea” statistical interaction on distance moved, such that fleas were positively associated with activity/exploration only when ticks were absent. There was no relationship between grooming behaviour and parasite presence. This study suggests that co-occurring parasite species (ticks and fleas) may differentially affect their host’s behaviour depending on the presence/absence of the other parasite on the host. Alternatively, host behaviour may differentially affect individual susceptibility to being infested with ticks, fleas, or both.
{"title":"Of mice, ticks and fleas: host behaviour and co-occurring parasites","authors":"Merlin Caron-Lévesque, V. Careau","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0107","url":null,"abstract":"Host behaviour should be a key determinant of the acquisition of “sit-and-wait” and nidicolous ectoparasitic arthropods who ambush the host in their environment and/or nest. Here, we tested the association between parasitism and individual differences in exploratory and grooming behaviours in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque, 1818), the primary host for the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821) in its larval stage. During 4,333 captures of 1,035 individual mice over 5 summers (2016-2020) in Ontario, Canada, the probability and intensity of tick parasitism were both significantly higher when the mouse was also parasitized by fleas, suggesting co-occurrence of these two parasites on host mice. Distance moved by mice in a novel environment was negatively and positively affected by tick and flea parasitism, respectively. Interestingly, there was a significant “tick×flea” statistical interaction on distance moved, such that fleas were positively associated with activity/exploration only when ticks were absent. There was no relationship between grooming behaviour and parasite presence. This study suggests that co-occurring parasite species (ticks and fleas) may differentially affect their host’s behaviour depending on the presence/absence of the other parasite on the host. Alternatively, host behaviour may differentially affect individual susceptibility to being infested with ticks, fleas, or both.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45234714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Denisova, N. Shunatova, V. Lebedenkov, S. Shchenkov
Digenea is a group of widespread parasitic flatworms with a complex life cycle including a successive change of parthenogenetic and hermaphroditic generations. Daughter sporocysts are among the least studied parthenitae in terms of the ultrastructure of their body wall and nervous system. Here we present an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of Podocotyle sp. daughter sporocyst (Opecoelidae), parasitizing in Littorina obtusata Linnaeus, 1758 from the White Sea. Our results focus on the structure of the body wall, birth pore, excretory and nervous systems, and include new data on the taxonomic affiliation based on the partial cox1 mtDNA sequence. The daughter sporocyst of Podocotyle sp. has ultrastructural similarities with different plagiorchiid and diplostomid digeneans and also possesses some specific features. In the studied species, the birth canal is epithelialized; the body wall is composed of nine types of somatic cells and includes a well-developed central nervous system. Neurons of the latter form specific hemidesmosome-like attachment sites, which we found in digeneans for the first time. The obtained results are necessary to complement the comparative morphological analysis of daughter parthenogenetic generations in different digenean lineages.
{"title":"Ultrastructure of an opecoelid daughter sporocyst, Podocotyle sp. (Digenea: Opecoelidae): comparative analysis of the somatic tissues and new insights into the organization of the nervous system","authors":"S. Denisova, N. Shunatova, V. Lebedenkov, S. Shchenkov","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0177","url":null,"abstract":"Digenea is a group of widespread parasitic flatworms with a complex life cycle including a successive change of parthenogenetic and hermaphroditic generations. Daughter sporocysts are among the least studied parthenitae in terms of the ultrastructure of their body wall and nervous system. Here we present an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of Podocotyle sp. daughter sporocyst (Opecoelidae), parasitizing in Littorina obtusata Linnaeus, 1758 from the White Sea. Our results focus on the structure of the body wall, birth pore, excretory and nervous systems, and include new data on the taxonomic affiliation based on the partial cox1 mtDNA sequence. The daughter sporocyst of Podocotyle sp. has ultrastructural similarities with different plagiorchiid and diplostomid digeneans and also possesses some specific features. In the studied species, the birth canal is epithelialized; the body wall is composed of nine types of somatic cells and includes a well-developed central nervous system. Neurons of the latter form specific hemidesmosome-like attachment sites, which we found in digeneans for the first time. The obtained results are necessary to complement the comparative morphological analysis of daughter parthenogenetic generations in different digenean lineages.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49402205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blood-feeding (sanguivory) has evolved more than two dozen times among birds, fishes, insects, arachnids, molluscs, crustaceans, and annelids; however, among mammals, it is restricted to the vampire bats. Here, the authors revisit the question of how it evolved in that group. Evidence to date suggests that the ancestors of phyllostomids were insectivorous, and that carnivory, omnivory, and nectarivory evolved among phyllostomids after vampire bats diverged. Frugivory likely also evolved after vampire bats diverged, but the phylogeny is ambiguous on that point. However, vampire bats lack any genetic evidence of a frugivorous past, and the behavioural progression from frugivory to sanguivory is difficult to envision. Thus, the most parsimonious scenario is that sanguivory evolved in an insectivorous ancestor to vampire bats via ectoparasite-eating, wound-feeding, or some combination of the two—all feeding habits found among blood-feeding birds today. Comparing vampire bats with other sanguivores, the authors find several remarkable examples of convergence. Further, it was found that blood-feeding has been ca. 50 times more likely to evolve in a vertebrate lineage than in an invertebrate one. The authors hypothesize that this difference exists because vertebrates are more likely than invertebrates to have the biochemical necessities required to assimilate the components of vertebrate blood.
{"title":"The evolution of sanguivory in vampire bats: origins and convergences","authors":"D. Riskin, G. Carter","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0115","url":null,"abstract":"Blood-feeding (sanguivory) has evolved more than two dozen times among birds, fishes, insects, arachnids, molluscs, crustaceans, and annelids; however, among mammals, it is restricted to the vampire bats. Here, the authors revisit the question of how it evolved in that group. Evidence to date suggests that the ancestors of phyllostomids were insectivorous, and that carnivory, omnivory, and nectarivory evolved among phyllostomids after vampire bats diverged. Frugivory likely also evolved after vampire bats diverged, but the phylogeny is ambiguous on that point. However, vampire bats lack any genetic evidence of a frugivorous past, and the behavioural progression from frugivory to sanguivory is difficult to envision. Thus, the most parsimonious scenario is that sanguivory evolved in an insectivorous ancestor to vampire bats via ectoparasite-eating, wound-feeding, or some combination of the two—all feeding habits found among blood-feeding birds today. Comparing vampire bats with other sanguivores, the authors find several remarkable examples of convergence. Further, it was found that blood-feeding has been ca. 50 times more likely to evolve in a vertebrate lineage than in an invertebrate one. The authors hypothesize that this difference exists because vertebrates are more likely than invertebrates to have the biochemical necessities required to assimilate the components of vertebrate blood.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47748635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brock Fenton has devoted his career to the study of the ecological adaptations of bats and their diversity. In this paper, we describe his interest and research on the subject of bat evolution and how he has used phylogenetic hypotheses to revise our understanding of divergences and convergences of specific traits within this mammalian order. While he has always been fascinated by the evolution of echolocation, he has also written about the evolution of reproductive, morphological, and behavioural traits and his recent methods of documenting diversity incorporates his lifelong love of photography. We describe these and taxonomic attempts to honour his contributions to the study of bat species diversity. Brock has supported hundreds of students and colleagues with his endless enthusiasm and generosity and inspired them with his ongoing research on bats.
{"title":"Interpretation and application of bat diversity and phylogeny","authors":"Elizabeth L. Clare, Burton Lim","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0103","url":null,"abstract":"Brock Fenton has devoted his career to the study of the ecological adaptations of bats and their diversity. In this paper, we describe his interest and research on the subject of bat evolution and how he has used phylogenetic hypotheses to revise our understanding of divergences and convergences of specific traits within this mammalian order. While he has always been fascinated by the evolution of echolocation, he has also written about the evolution of reproductive, morphological, and behavioural traits and his recent methods of documenting diversity incorporates his lifelong love of photography. We describe these and taxonomic attempts to honour his contributions to the study of bat species diversity. Brock has supported hundreds of students and colleagues with his endless enthusiasm and generosity and inspired them with his ongoing research on bats.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136156698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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