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Population growth rates of pronghorn: influence of temporally and spatially explicit conditions, density dependence, and scale 叉角羚种群增长率:时空显性条件、密度依赖性和尺度的影响
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0113
Eric Gese, Cole A. Bleke, Shane B. Roberts, Paul Atwood, Pat Terletzky
Density-independent and density-dependent population regulation has long been a subject of investigation. We examined density-dependent and density-independent factors on growth rates of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana (Ord, 1815)) using a retrospective analysis of population survey data. Across Idaho, we found as the proportion of the subpopulation harvested the previous year increased, growth rates increased. Similarly, as fawn recruitment increased, growth rates increased. We also found when the growth rate in the previous year increased, the growth rate the subsequent year decreased. When subpopulations were examined independently, we found in a low-elevation desert subpopulation, growth rates were influenced by growth the previous year. In an agricultural-dominated site, growth rates were influenced by fawn recruitment in the current year and maximum temperature the previous fall. Growth rates in a mid-elevation shrub-steppe site were influenced by drought severity prior to parturition and the growth rates from the previous year. Growth rates in two mountain valley subpopulations were influenced by measures of vegetative greenness. At the statewide scale, while managers may strive for increased numbers of pronghorn, density dependence will limit the ability for a region-wide numerical response. On the localized scale, drivers of growth were temporally and spatially-explicit, and biologists must consider site-specific actions.
密度独立和密度依赖的人口调控一直是人们研究的课题。通过对人口调查数据的回顾性分析,研究了叉角羚(Antilocapra americana, Ord, 1815)生长速率的密度依赖因子和密度非依赖因子。在整个爱达荷州,我们发现随着前一年收获的亚种群比例的增加,增长率也在增加。同样,随着小鹿招募的增加,增长率也随之提高。我们还发现,当前一年的增长率增加时,后一年的增长率就会下降。当对亚种群进行独立检测时,我们发现在低海拔沙漠亚种群中,生长速率受前一年生长的影响。在一个以农业为主的地点,生长速度受到当年小鹿招募和前一年秋天最高温度的影响。中高海拔灌丛草原的生长速率受分娩前干旱严重程度和前一年生长速率的影响。两个山谷亚居群的生长速率受植被绿度的影响。在全州范围内,虽然管理人员可能会努力增加叉角羚的数量,但密度依赖将限制区域范围内数值响应的能力。在局部尺度上,生长的驱动因素在时间和空间上是明确的,生物学家必须考虑特定地点的行动。
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引用次数: 0
Size at first maturity on the mussel Mytilus platensis d’Orbigny, 1842 at the Southwest Atlantic 1842年大西洋西南贻贝(Mytilus platensis d 'Orbigny)刚成熟时的大小
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0070
Maria Celeste Yuvero, Maria Eugenia Torroglosa, Betina J. Lomovasky, Juliana Gimenez
The size at first maturity of the bivalve Mytilus platensis d’Orbigny, 1842 was estimated in the intertidal population of Villa Gesell (37° 15'S; 56° 57'W), Buenos Aires, Argentina. We hypothesize a variation in population maturity associated with shell length (SL) and differences between females and males. Individuals were analyzed histologically, sexed (females and males), and classified as mature and immature. We carried out a Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) to allow us to visualize the distribution of the classifications based on the SL and used a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) to study the size at first sexual maturity for the population and between sexes. Our results showed immature specimens with reduced development in acini and expanded connective tissue. Mature males and females showed the acini expanded and filled with vitellogenic oocytes and spermatozoa, respectively. The size at first sexual maturity at which 50% of the population was mature (SL50) was 11.80 mm SL for all population, while SL50 was 11.42 mm in females and 10.83 mm in males. We determined significant interaction between SL and sex (p < 0.05). We conclude that the knowledge of the reproductive aspects in intertidal populations is essential for the development of a potential fishing resource.
在比耶斯尔(37°15'S)潮间带种群中测定了1842年双壳贝贻贝(Mytilus platensis d 'Orbigny, 1842)初成熟时的大小;西经56°57′,阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯。我们假设种群成熟度的变化与壳长(SL)和雌雄之间的差异有关。对个体进行组织学、性别(雌性和雄性)分析,并将其分为成熟和不成熟。我们进行了核密度估计(KDE),使我们能够可视化基于SL的分类分布,并使用广义线性模型(GLM)来研究群体和性别之间的初次性成熟大小。我们的结果显示,未成熟标本的腺泡发育减少,结缔组织扩大。成熟雄性和雌性的腺泡分别扩大,充满卵黄细胞和精子。50%种群成熟时的初次性成熟尺寸(SL50)为11.80 mm SL,而雌性SL50为11.42 mm,雄性SL50为10.83 mm。我们发现SL和性别之间存在显著的相互作用(p <0.05)。我们的结论是,了解潮间带种群的生殖方面的知识对于开发潜在的渔业资源是必不可少的。
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引用次数: 0
Oocyte development, packing in the ovary, and spawning pattern of squid Lolliguncula panamensis in the Mexican South Pacific 墨西哥南太平洋鱿鱼的卵母细胞发育、卵巢内包装和产卵模式
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0124
Hugo Guzmán Intzin, Carmen Alejo-Plata, Miguel Angel del Rio Portilla, Saúl Serrano Guzmán, Pedro Cervantes-Hernández
Squid Lolliguncula panamensis (Hoyle, 1904) is of commercial and ecological importance in the Gulf of Tehuantepec (southeastern Mexico). This study examines the mode of oocyte development, packing in the ovary, and spawning pattern of this understudied species. L. panamensis presents a synchronous oocyte growth in batches, with multiple spawning, with the presence of post-ovulatory follicles and atretic follicles, including the constant presence of pre-vitellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes. The size frequencies of oocytes of ripe ovaries exhibit a pronounced morphological and size separation between the late yolk stage and mature oocytes, suggesting that the oocytes pass through this size range very fast. These oocytes adopt a geometrical shape that makes their packing efficient for spawning. One three-dimensional packing of vitellogenic oocytes (scutoid type) in the ovary was observed. The results of our study suggest that the spawning behavior of L. panamensis may constitute an opportunistic reproductive strategy in which individuals present multiple spawning over a brief period. We suggest that this strategy might be a response to complex regional oceanographic conditions of the Gulf of Tehuantepec.
鱿鱼Lolliguncula panamensis (Hoyle, 1904)在特万特佩克湾(墨西哥东南部)具有重要的商业和生态价值。本研究探讨了卵母细胞的发育模式,在卵巢中的包装,和产卵模式的这一未被研究的物种。巴拿马乳杆菌呈现卵母细胞分批同步生长,多次产卵,存在排卵后卵泡和闭锁卵泡,包括持续存在卵黄前和卵黄形成前的卵母细胞。成熟卵巢卵母细胞的大小频率在卵黄晚期和成熟卵母细胞之间表现出明显的形态和大小差异,表明卵母细胞通过这个大小范围的速度非常快。这些卵母细胞采用几何形状,使它们的包装有效地产卵。在卵巢内观察到卵黄原卵母细胞(鳞片型)的三维堆积。本研究结果表明,巴拿马乳杆菌的产卵行为可能是一种机会性的繁殖策略,即个体在短时间内多次产卵。我们认为这一策略可能是对特万特佩克湾复杂的区域海洋学条件的一种反应。
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引用次数: 0
Overwintering site fidelity and communal hibernation predispose Northern Map Turtles to mass mortality events 越冬地点的保真度和集体冬眠使北地龟易发生大规模死亡事件
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0127
Grégory Bulté, Jessica A. Robichaud, Erika J. Shadlock, Steven J. Cooke, Gabriel Blouin-Demers
Mass mortality events appear to be increasing in intensity and frequency, so understanding their causes and consequences is imperative for wildlife conservation. We report on a mass mortality event in a population of Northern Map Turtles ( Graptemys geographica (LeSueur, 1817)). At a communal overwintering site, 142 carcasses (ca. 10% of population) were recovered, seemingly depredated by river otters ( Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)). We compared the size and sex of the carcasses to those of turtles that survived. Smaller turtles and males were more likely to be depredated than larger turtles and females. Using captures made at the same overwintering site between 2003 and 2022, we assessed the vulnerability of this population to mass mortality events during winter. Nearly 60% of the 1875 turtles marked between 2003 and 2022 used the overwintering site where the mass mortality event occurred at least once. On average, turtles overwintered at the site at least 38% of the winters between their first and last capture. Our study shows how behaviour and physiology interact to predispose a species to mass mortality events and ecological traps. Protecting overwintering sites and minimizing human pressures affecting winter depredation may be essential for the preservation of certain turtle populations.
大规模死亡事件的强度和频率似乎都在增加,因此了解其原因和后果对野生动物保护至关重要。我们报告了北地图龟种群的大规模死亡事件(Graptemys geographis (LeSueur, 1817))。在一个公共越冬地点,发现了142具尸体(约占种群的10%),似乎被河獭(Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777))捕食。我们将尸体的大小和性别与幸存的海龟进行了比较。较小的海龟和雄性比较大的海龟和雌性更容易被捕食。利用2003年至2022年在同一越冬地点捕获的数据,我们评估了该种群在冬季大规模死亡事件中的脆弱性。在2003年至2022年间标记的1875只海龟中,近60%的海龟使用了至少发生过一次大规模死亡事件的越冬地点。平均而言,海龟在它们第一次被捕获和最后一次被捕获之间至少有38%的冬天在这里越冬。我们的研究表明,行为和生理是如何相互作用的,使一个物种更容易发生大规模死亡事件和生态陷阱。保护越冬地点和尽量减少影响冬季捕食的人类压力可能对保护某些海龟种群至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of feeding history on metabolic rate of largemouth bass (Micropterus nigricans): implications for bioenergetics models 摄食史对黑鲈代谢率的影响:对生物能量学模型的影响
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0047
Steven H. Ranney, Steven R. Chipps, David H. Wahl
Metabolic rate is a key parameter in fish energy budgets that strongly influences the output of bioenergetics models. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that metabolic rate varies with growth history of age-1 largemouth bass Micropterus nigricans Cuvier, 1828. Two groups of fish were fed alternating maintenance or ad libitum rations of fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820, so that over a 9-week period, initial and ending size of fish was similar. After 9 weeks, oxygen consumption was measured using static, closed respirometry. Although final body weight was similar between the two groups (means, 104–108 g), specific oxygen consumption for fish fed maintenance rations (0.094 mg O 2 g −2 h −1 ) was 38% less than that measured for fish fed ad libitum (0.152 mg O 2 g −2 h −1 ). Bioenergetics estimates of food consumption were similar to observed values for fish fed ad libitum (∼7% error), but for fish fed maintenance rations, the model overestimated food consumption by 65%. By accounting for changes in metabolic rate owing to reduced feeding, error in model estimates of food consumption was reduced. These findings shed new insight into factors associated with consumption-dependent error in bioenergetics models and highlight the importance of feeding history on metabolic rate of fish. Incorporating growth-dependent metabolism into bioenergetics models can improve model accuracy and allow fisheries biologists to make more informed decisions regarding fish growth and energetics.
代谢率是鱼类能量收支的一个关键参数,它强烈影响生物能量模型的输出。在这项研究中,我们验证了1岁大口黑鲈Micropterus nigricans (Cuvier, 1828)的代谢率随生长历史变化的假设。两组鱼交替饲喂1820年黑头鲦鱼(Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820)维持或随意饲料,在9周的时间内,鱼的初始和最终尺寸相似。9周后,用静态闭式呼吸仪测量耗氧量。尽管两组鱼的最终体重相似(平均值为104-108 g),但维持饲料的比耗氧量(0.094 mg O 2 g−2 h−1)比自由饲料的比耗氧量(0.152 mg O 2 g−2 h−1)少38%。食物消耗的生物能量估计值与观察到的自由饲料鱼的值相似(误差约7%),但对于维持饲料鱼,该模型高估了65%的食物消耗。通过考虑由于摄食减少而引起的代谢率变化,减少了模型估计食物消耗的误差。这些发现为生物能量学模型中与消耗依赖误差相关的因素提供了新的见解,并强调了饲养历史对鱼类代谢率的重要性。将生长依赖性代谢纳入生物能量学模型可以提高模型的准确性,并允许渔业生物学家对鱼类生长和能量学做出更明智的决定。
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引用次数: 0
How do latitude and urban heat islands affect monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) larval melanisation? 纬度和城市热岛如何影响黑脉金斑蝶(Danaus plexippus)幼虫黑化?
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0099
Rohab Batool, Juriyah Jenan, Madeline Schuster, Rosalind L Murray
As temperatures warm in response to anthropogenic changes (climate change and urbanization), animals must respond adaptively to these changes or be displaced. Here, we use community science data (iNaturalist and BugGuide) to show that melanisation in larval monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)); an endangered species in Canada) is correlated with latitude and temperature across a latitudinal gradient, indicating likely use in thermoregulation. We also predicted that melanisation would decrease in cities where temperatures are consistently higher than rural areas, however we found that while melanisation was lower in urban areas, it was not statistically significant. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering life stage when assessing capacity for adaptation to anthropogenic change in vulnerable animal populations, like monarch butterflies. We also show the value of using community science to sample species (particular those of most concern) distributions across the landscape.
由于人为变化(气候变化和城市化)导致气温变暖,动物必须适应这些变化,否则就会流离失所。在这里,我们使用社区科学数据(iNaturalist和BugGuide)来显示黑化在幼虫帝王蝶(Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758));(加拿大的一种濒危物种)与纬度和温度在纬度梯度上相关,表明可能用于体温调节。我们还预测,在气温持续高于农村地区的城市,黑化现象会减少,然而,我们发现,虽然城市地区的黑化现象较低,但在统计上并不显著。我们的研究结果表明,在评估脆弱动物种群(如帝王蝶)对人为变化的适应能力时,考虑生命阶段的重要性。我们还展示了利用群落科学对物种(特别是那些最受关注的物种)在景观中的分布进行抽样的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Moult migrant Tennessee Warblers undergo extensive stopover in peri-urban forests of southern Quebec 换毛的田纳西林莺在魁北克南部的城郊森林中进行了广泛的停留
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0109
Vanessa Poirier, Barbara Frei, Mathilde Lefvert, Ana Morales, Kyle Hamish Elliott
Stopovers are the most energy- and time-consuming events during avian migration, yet individuals of certain species make long stopovers to moult (‘moult migration’). Requiring abundant energy and a prolonged stay, moult migrants should occupy small stopover home ranges in resource-rich habitats. Understanding migrant behaviour at their stopovers is critical for implementing conservation efforts for declining Neotropical passerines. To examine the stopover timing and habitat use of one such moult migrating passerine, we radio-tagged 18 moulting and 4 post-moult Tennessee Warblers (Leiothlypis peregrina A. Wilson, 1811) at an autumn stopover site. Although our data were biased towards one sampling year, moult migrants generally arrived at the stopover site earlier (average = 2 August) than post-moult migrants (average = 12 September). Moult migrants also stayed longer (46 ± 5 days) than post-moult migrants (8 ± 6 days) and had large overlapping stopover home ranges (~15 ha) that were dependent on high abundance of forest (%) and forest edge (m). We conclude that Tennessee Warblers occupied forested stopover sites within a peri-urban landscape where they successfully moulted before continuing migration. This study illustrates the importance of including stopover sites in conservation plans, particularly in cities where quality habitats are scarce.
中途停留是鸟类迁徙过程中最耗费精力和时间的事情,但某些物种的个体会在中途停留很长时间来换羽(“换羽迁徙”)。换毛候鸟需要充足的能量和长时间的停留,它们应该在资源丰富的栖息地占据一小块中途停留的范围。了解候鸟在中途停留地的行为对于实施保护日益减少的新热带雀形目动物的努力至关重要。为了研究一种这样的换羽迁徙雀鸟的中途停留时间和栖息地利用,我们在一个秋季中途停留点对18只换羽的田纳西林莺和4只换羽后的田纳西林莺(leiothlyypis peregrina A. Wilson, 1811)进行了无线电标记。虽然我们的数据偏向于一个采样年,但蜕皮候鸟通常比蜕皮后候鸟(平均= 9月12日)更早到达中途停留点(平均= 8月2日)。换毛候鸟停留的时间(46±5天)也比换毛后候鸟停留的时间(8±6天)更长,并且有很大的重叠的中途停留范围(~15公顷),这取决于森林的丰度(%)和森林边缘(m)。我们得出结论,田纳西林莺占据了城郊景观中有森林的中途停留点,在那里它们成功地换毛,然后继续迁徙。这项研究说明了在保护计划中包括中途停留点的重要性,特别是在高质量栖息地稀缺的城市。
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引用次数: 0
Density estimates of unmarked mammals: Comparing two models and assumptions across multiple species and years. 未标记哺乳动物的密度估计:跨多个物种和年份比较两种模型和假设。
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0055
Jason Thomas Fisher, Melanie Dickie, Joanna Burgar, Cole Burton, Robert D Serrouya
Density estimation is a key goal in ecology, but accurate estimates for unmarked animals remain elusive. Camera-trap data can bridge this gap, but accuracy, precision, and concordance varies among estimators. We compared estimates from unmarked spatial capture-recapture (spatial count, SC) models, and Time In Front of Camera (TIFC) models, for four large mammal species in boreal Canada. Species differed in movement rates, behaviours, and sociality – traits related to model assumptions. TIFC densities typically exceeded SC model estimates for all species. Two- to five-fold differences between estimators were common. SC estimates were annually stable for moose and caribou, but not for white-tailed deer. TIFC estimates showed high annual variation in some species, sites, and years, and consistency in others. Both models often produced imprecise estimates. Estimates varied from DNA- and aerial survey-based estimates. We contend models diverge, or implausibly vary, due to violations of model assumptions incurred by animal behavior. Gregarious animals pose challenges to SC whereas curious animals pose challenges for TIFC models. Simulations can help unravel the role of assumption violations in affecting accuracy of estimates, but field applications across species and landscapes help interpret the outcomes of estimating density from simulated data.
密度估计是生态学的一个关键目标,但对未标记动物的准确估计仍然难以捉摸。摄像机捕获的数据可以弥补这一差距,但准确性、精度和一致性在估计器之间有所不同。我们比较了未标记的空间捕获-再捕获(空间计数,SC)模型和镜头前时间(TIFC)模型对加拿大北部四种大型哺乳动物的估计。物种在移动速度、行为和社会性——与模型假设相关的特征——方面存在差异。TIFC密度通常超过SC模型对所有物种的估计。估计者之间2到5倍的差异是常见的。每年对驼鹿和驯鹿的SC估计是稳定的,但对白尾鹿的估计就不稳定了。TIFC估计表明,在一些物种、地点和年份中,年变化很大,而在其他物种中则保持一致。这两种模式往往产生不精确的估计。估算值与基于DNA和航空测量的估算值不同。我们认为,由于动物行为对模型假设的违反,模型会出现分歧或难以置信的变化。群居动物对SC构成挑战,而好奇动物对TIFC模型构成挑战。模拟可以帮助揭示假设违反对估计准确性的影响,但跨物种和景观的现场应用有助于解释从模拟数据估计密度的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Are juveniles full-scale replicas of adults? Evaluation of anuran special locomotion and digging adaptations during and after metamorphosis 青少年是成年的完整复制品吗?变态期间和变态后的无尾猿特殊运动和挖掘适应性评价
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0077
Luísa de Paula Reis, Jessica Fratani, María Laura Ponssa
Many species of anurans display special mechanical abilities, such as excavation and climbing. The aim of this study is to investigate the development of traits that are associated with these special mechanical abilities, under the hypothesis that these structures attain their configuration during the juvenile stages of development. We examined specimens from four different species of Leptodactylidae and six species of Hylidae. For the digging behavior, we evaluated the progress of calcification in the anterior region of the skulls, as well as the development of the snout-ridge. To assess climbing ability, we examined the ossification rate, the variation in the shape of the phalanx, the progress of the offset angle, and the distance between the terminal phalanx and the penultimate phalange of finger IV. The ossification of the skull and phalanges, along with the development of the snout-ridge, progresses and reaches completion during the juvenile phase of ontogeny, suggesting that at the time of metamorphosis, individuals are not yet full-scale replicas of the adults. The shape and the mechanical characteristics of terminal phalanges are already established by the conclusion of metamorphosis, revealing intriguing distinctions among arboreal species with walking and jumping locomotion.
许多种类的无尾动物显示出特殊的机械能力,如挖掘和攀爬。本研究的目的是研究与这些特殊机械能力相关的性状的发展,假设这些结构在发育的幼年阶段获得了它们的配置。我们研究了四种不同种类的细趾蝗科和六种舌蝗科的标本。对于挖掘行为,我们评估了头骨前区钙化的进展,以及鼻脊的发育。为了评估攀爬能力,我们检查了骨化率、指骨形状的变化、偏移角的进展以及指骨末端与第四指的倒数第二指骨之间的距离。颅骨和指骨的骨化,随着鼻脊的发育,在个体发育的幼年阶段进行并完成,这表明在变态时期,个体还不是成年个体的全尺寸复制品。根据变态的结论,末端指骨的形状和力学特征已经确定,揭示了具有行走和跳跃运动的树栖物种之间的有趣区别。
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引用次数: 0
Distribution and characterization of nematodes in above-ground microhabitats on a natural pristine cedar forest in Yakushima Island, Japan 日本屋久岛天然原始杉林地上微生境线虫的分布与特征
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2023-0107
Yudai Kitagami, Yosuke Matsuda
Nematode communities in natural pristine forests composed of trees aged over a thousand years have not been thoroughly studied. Old-growth forests can provide diverse microhabitats for nematodes such as fallen trees with mossy conditions. This study aimed to characterize the community and trophic compositions of nematodes in relation to different microhabitats in old-growth Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica (Lf) D.Don) forests in Yakushima Island, Japan. To this aim, nematodes retrieved from four different types of microhabitats were morphologically identified at the family/genus level and divided into five trophic groups. A non-metric multidimensional scaling scatterplot showed that nematode communities clustered significantly in each microhabitat and their community compositions were significantly affected by C/N ratio. With respect to nematode trophic composition, bacterivorous nematodes dominated decaying barks of fallen trees, with a relative abundance of 45%, while fungivorous nematodes were dominant in living barks of cedar trunks (61%). Predatory-omnivorous nematodes predominated in mosses of fallen trees (51%). These results showed that nematode community and trophic composition were different among microhabitats characterized by nutrient conditions. The predatory-omnivorous nematodes were abundant in mosses with N-rich conditions. In contrast, fungivorous nematodes were abundant in cedar trunks with high C/N conditions. Thus, old-growth natural forests can provide diverse microhabitats where various nematode taxa coexist due to the presence of fallen trees and mosses.
在由千年以上树龄的树木组成的自然原始森林中,线虫群落尚未得到彻底研究。原始森林可以为线虫提供不同的微栖息地,如长满苔藓的倒下的树木。本研究旨在研究屋久岛日本杉木(Cryptomeria japonica (Lf) D.Don)原生林线虫群落和营养组成与不同微生境的关系。为此,从4种不同类型的微生境中提取的线虫在科/属水平上进行了形态学鉴定,并将其分为5个营养类群。非度量多维尺度散点图显示,线虫群落在各微生境中呈显著聚集,其群落组成受碳氮比的显著影响。从线虫的营养成分上看,腐树皮以菌性线虫为主,相对丰度为45%;雪松树干活树皮以真菌性线虫为主,相对丰度为61%。食食性-杂食性线虫在倒下树木的苔藓中占主导地位(51%)。结果表明,不同营养条件的微生境中线虫群落和营养组成存在差异。在富氮条件下,苔藓中有大量的捕食-杂食性线虫。在高碳氮比条件下,雪松树干中真菌线虫数量较多。因此,由于倒下的树木和苔藓的存在,原始天然林可以提供多种多样的微栖息地,在那里各种线虫类群共存。
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Canadian Journal of Zoology
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