Casopis lekaru ceskych最新文献

Oldřich Ferdinand, MD (1910-1997) was a prominent figure in Czechoslovak phoniatrics and the founder of modern phoniatric care in northern Moravia. After graduating from the Faculty of Medicine at Masaryk University in Brno in 1934, he served in various medical positions, including military service and work at the otolaryngology clinic under professor František Ninger. In 1940, he completed a study stay with professor Miloslav Seemann, a leading global expert in phoniatrics, which influenced his lifelong dedication to caring for individuals with hearing and speech disorders. In 1945, he became the head physician of the otorhinolaryngology department at the hospital in Hranice, where he established a modern phoniatric clinic. He was instrumental in founding phoniatric departments in Ostrava (1949) and Olomouc (1951), as well as an inpatient phoniatric department in Hranice (1966). His organizational skills led to the development of speech therapy services in the North Moravian region. Alongside his medical practice, he was an active educator, leading courses for speech therapists and serving as an external lecturer at several faculties. His scientific work includes over 50 publications, including studies on Jan Evangelista Purkyně and Gregor Mendel. In recognition of his contributions, he was awarded the J. E. Purkyně Medal and other honours. Ferdinand's dedication and contributions to the development of phoniatrics and speech therapy influenced thousands of patients and colleagues. His life and work remain an inspiration for future generations of physicians and have significantly contributed to the advancement of healthcare in Czechoslovakia.

Alcohol use is a serious health problem in the Czech Republic with significant impact on morbidity, mortality and pharmacotherapy. Approximately 15-18% of the population drink risky, and the combination of alcohol and drugs is common and often overlooked. Ethanol is metabolised predominantly in the liver by the enzymes ADH and CYP2E1. Chronic consumption induces CYP2E1, which might increase the production of toxic metabolites of some drugs. Ethanol acts on the CNS mainly through GABA, NMDA and adenosine receptors and affects ion channels, contributing to its CNS-depressant effects. Alcohol-drug interactions may be pharmacokinetic (e.g., alteration of absorption, induction or inhibition of enzymes) or pharmacodynamic (e.g., potentiation of hepatotoxicity, CNS depression, hypotension, hypoglycemia). A significant risk with several drugs represents so called disulfiram reaction. Alcohol may also increase neurotoxicity and the risk of seizures, especially when abruptly discontinued after chronic use. In the elderly population, an accumulation of risks plays a role: polypharmacy, altered pharmacokinetics and increased susceptibility to adverse effects. The combination of alcohol with immunomodulatory therapy may alter the immune response and increase the risk of infections. Interaction studies are limited by associated liver injury, small sample sizes, and variability in ethanol doses. Polymorbid elderly and patients with liver cirrhosis are at the highest risk.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in healthcare, ranging from diagnostic and therapeutic applications to administrative support. Its implementation raises not only medical and ethical, but also legal challenges. This review article focuses on the healthcare provider's duty to inform patients about the use of AI systems in clinical practice. It examines the ethical dimension of this duty, particularly the principles of autonomy and the patient's right to information and explanation and analyzes the legal framework arising from the EU Artificial Intelligence Act, GDPR, the Council of Europe Framework Convention, and the Czech Health Services Act. The authors conclude that the patient's right to be informed about the use of AI and to understand its role in clinical decision-making can be derived from the concept of informed consent, even though it is not yet explicitly enshrined in law. The article also offers recommendations for clinical practice regarding the scope and depth of information disclosure.

Patient blood management (PBM) is a patient-centered, systematic, evidence-based, multidisciplinary, and multimodal approach to improve patient outcomes by managing and preserving the patient's own blood. The history of PBM dates back to the 19th century, while modern practice has been shaped by programs such as Dr. Denton Cooley's "bloodless surgery". Despite advances in transfusion medicine, the safety risks and side effects of transfusion have driven the development of PBM. Today, this program includes optimizing hematopoiesis, reducing blood loss, and improving the tolerance of anemia. PBM improves clinical outcomes and patient safety, and the World Health Organization recommends implementing this program in all countries of the world as a standard of care.

This study is part of the World Health Organization's European initiative to monitor trends in overweight and obesity in children. Children have been monitored every two years using a consistent protocol since 2008. The COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2021) and related restrictions significantly altered daily life, including that of children. We compared the prevalence of overweight in seven-year-olds from the 5th monitoring period (Jan-Dec 2019) and the 6th period (Nov 2022-Mar 2024) to assess the impact of pandemic-related restrictions. Results showed no significant change in overall overweight or obesity prevalence between the two periods. In the 6th monitoring, 5.7% of boys and 6% of girls had overweight; 7.5% of boys and 7.3% of girls had obesity. Severe obesity was relatively high (3.8% for both sexes) but not significantly different from 2019. Abdominal obesity, indicated by a risk waist-to-height ratio, was found in 12.9% of boys and 12.2% of girls - also unchanged from the earlier monitoring. Overall, two years after lifting COVID-19 restrictions, overweight prevalence in 7-year-olds remained like pre-pandemic levels. However, the persistent prevalence of severe obesity is concerning and highlights the need for continued public health efforts.

From October 12-16, 2025, the 47th annual International Society of Oncology and Biomarkers (ISOBM) conference was held in Murnau, Bavaria, under the subtitle "New Era of Biomarkers in Oncology". The focus of the conference was the integration of modern technologies in oncology, including biomarker research, molecular diagnostics, and artificial intelligence applications in cancer care. The event welcomed more than 300 participants, 38 exhibitors, and 7 corporate partners from a total of 27 countries. The rich program featured presentations across 17 sessions, panel discussions, 12 workshops, and over 70 posters. The conference thus provided a multidisciplinary platform bringing together laboratory medicine, pathology, molecular biology, clinical oncology, and specialists in data processing and artificial intelligence.