Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.18466/CBAYARFBE.348935
F. Çekiç
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non protein amino acid found in various organisms including plants. In recent years, the signal role of GABA in the stress response has of special interest. However, the effects of exogenous GABA on phenolic compounds which have special roles as antioxidants are not well known. In this study, the effects of exogenous GABA on endogenous GABA and phenolic contents were analyzed in tomato plants under salt stress. Tomato plants were grown in a growth chamber under controlled conditions and NaCl and GABA were applied in Hoagland solution. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of GABA and phenolic compounds (Benzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic, gallic, hydroxybenzoic, syringic, rosmarinic, p-coumaric, sinapic, t-cinnamic, t-ferulic acids, catechin, epicatechin, hesperidin and quercetin) were measured by HPLC. Differences were found in chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid and gallic acid among the phenolic substances. We found a significant increase in gallic acid and coumaric acid contents under 200 mM NaCl and GABA applications. Exogenous GABA treatment caused a slight increase in endogenous GABA content. The increase in GABA content under GABA+salt treatments were higher than that of single salt and GABA applications. According to our results we can suggest that exogenous GABA could enhance the stress response by enhancing some phenolic substances and GABA content under salt stress.
γ氨基丁酸(GABA)是一种非蛋白质氨基酸，存在于包括植物在内的各种生物体中。近年来，GABA在应激反应中的信号作用引起了人们的特别关注。然而，外源GABA对具有特殊抗氧化作用的酚类化合物的影响尚不清楚。本研究分析了盐胁迫下外源GABA对番茄内源GABA和酚类物质含量的影响。在可控条件下，在生长室内培养番茄植株，在Hoagland溶液中添加NaCl和GABA。采用高效液相色谱法对GABA和酚类化合物(苯甲酸、咖啡酸、绿原酸、没食子酸、羟基苯甲酸、丁香酸、迷迭香酸、对香豆酸、辛酸、t-肉桂酸、t-阿魏酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、橙皮苷、槲皮素)进行定性和定量分析。酚类物质中绿原酸、香豆酸和没食子酸含量存在差异。在200 mM NaCl和GABA处理下，没食子酸和香豆酸含量显著增加。外源GABA处理使内源GABA含量略有增加。GABA+盐处理的GABA含量增幅高于单盐处理和GABA处理。根据本研究结果，外源GABA可以通过提高盐胁迫下某些酚类物质和GABA含量来增强胁迫反应。
{"title":"Exogenous GABA stimulates endogenous GABA and phenolic acid contents in tomato plants under salt stress","authors":"F. Çekiç","doi":"10.18466/CBAYARFBE.348935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18466/CBAYARFBE.348935","url":null,"abstract":"Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non protein amino acid found in various organisms including plants. In recent years, the signal role of GABA in the stress response has of special interest. However, the effects of exogenous GABA on phenolic compounds which have special roles as antioxidants are not well known. In this study, the effects of exogenous GABA on endogenous GABA and phenolic contents were analyzed in tomato plants under salt stress. Tomato plants were grown in a growth chamber under controlled conditions and NaCl and GABA were applied in Hoagland solution. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of GABA and phenolic compounds (Benzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic, gallic, hydroxybenzoic, syringic, rosmarinic, p-coumaric, sinapic, t-cinnamic, t-ferulic acids, catechin, epicatechin, hesperidin and quercetin) were measured by HPLC. Differences were found in chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid and gallic acid among the phenolic substances. We found a significant increase in gallic acid and coumaric acid contents under 200 mM NaCl and GABA applications. Exogenous GABA treatment caused a slight increase in endogenous GABA content. The increase in GABA content under GABA+salt treatments were higher than that of single salt and GABA applications. According to our results we can suggest that exogenous GABA could enhance the stress response by enhancing some phenolic substances and GABA content under salt stress.","PeriodicalId":9652,"journal":{"name":"Celal Bayar Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi","volume":"16 1","pages":"61-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89606121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.18466/cbayarfbe.306950
Ibrahim Kesici, Şeyma Bişkin, Alaa Eleyan
Recognizing and accurately classifying colors in industrial applications is a critical challenge in developing robotics painting applications. To achieve this, many painting robots are attached with expensive color sensors. However, these sensors are coming with many drawbacks such as color ranges limitation and sensitivity to illumination in addition to their high costs. In the last decades, camera systems gained importance in robotics applications with the power presented by the computer vision techniques. The main objective of this paper is to design an automation line that includes a robot and camera system to perform painting in different colors, with various illumination conditions at cheaper costs. The proposed system can be used to paint multiple colors effectively and accurately. The power of the system comes from the color detection and classification algorithm that is designed using computer vision techniques. The algorithm is designed under C++ environment using OpenCV library. The system will able to detect all colors that are adjusted/predefined offline by the user and to work in different illumination conditions. The end-effector of the robot consists of two main parts, a camera to detect the desired color and an automatic spray gun to perform the painting operation. The proposed system detects will do so based on a small sticker pasted on the object that will be painted. When the desired color is detected, the system starts the painting operation. Moreover, the system has the capability to automatically cleaning the spray gun and the connected tubes in the case of having the successive objects to be painted in different colors.
{"title":"Automatic Object Painting with SCARA Robot Using Computer Vision","authors":"Ibrahim Kesici, Şeyma Bişkin, Alaa Eleyan","doi":"10.18466/cbayarfbe.306950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.306950","url":null,"abstract":"Recognizing and accurately classifying colors in industrial applications is a critical challenge in developing robotics painting applications. To achieve this, many painting robots are attached with expensive color sensors. However, these sensors are coming with many drawbacks such as color ranges limitation and sensitivity to illumination in addition to their high costs. In the last decades, camera systems gained importance in robotics applications with the power presented by the computer vision techniques. The main objective of this paper is to design an automation line that includes a robot and camera system to perform painting in different colors, with various illumination conditions at cheaper costs. The proposed system can be used to paint multiple colors effectively and accurately. The power of the system comes from the color detection and classification algorithm that is designed using computer vision techniques. The algorithm is designed under C++ environment using OpenCV library. The system will able to detect all colors that are adjusted/predefined offline by the user and to work in different illumination conditions. The end-effector of the robot consists of two main parts, a camera to detect the desired color and an automatic spray gun to perform the painting operation. The proposed system detects will do so based on a small sticker pasted on the object that will be painted. When the desired color is detected, the system starts the painting operation. Moreover, the system has the capability to automatically cleaning the spray gun and the connected tubes in the case of having the successive objects to be painted in different colors.","PeriodicalId":9652,"journal":{"name":"Celal Bayar Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi","volume":"15 1","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74623883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.18466/CBAYARFBE.390277
Vahap Eldem
Earthworms belong to the main groups of soil-dwelling invertebrates and are an important element for soil biota. The ecological importance of earthworms on terrestrial ecosystem is mainly attributed to their close synergistic interaction with soil biota. Among earthworms, Eisenia fetida has been considered as preferred for vermiculture and vermicomposting practices due to their reproductive potentials, short life cycle and wide temperature and density pressure tolerances. Although the genome and transcriptome data for E. fetida are available, the EST-SSRs composition and frequency of this species, which used for phylogenetic studies, genus-level taxonomy and population genetics, remain poorly defined. In current study, we mined publicly available transcriptome data and characterised genome-wide EST-SSR markers for this epigeic species. A total of 13,060 EST-SSRs were identified from 162,609 contigs. The most abundant EST-SSR types were found to be trimeric repeats (5,998, 46%) followed by dimeric (4,762, 36%), tetrameric (1,716, 13%), pentameric (478, 4%) and hexameric repeats (106, 1%). For SSR motifs, the most prevalent motifs were AC/GT (14.72%), followed by AT/AT (13.20%), ATC/ATG (13.03%), AAT/ATT (12.30%) and AG/CT (8.46%). Following validation of the species using COI sequences and to test the designed primer pairs, the eight primer pairs were designed, but only six of them were successfully amplified. Although EST-SSR information is scarce for annelids, the EST-SSR patterns of E. fetida seem to be similar to annelids. Overall, the EST-SSR markers help in taxonomic resolution of Eisenia genus from other earthworm genera and in studying the population structure and geographic distributions of E. fetida .
{"title":"Genome-wide EST-SSR Marker Identification in Red Wiggler Worm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826)","authors":"Vahap Eldem","doi":"10.18466/CBAYARFBE.390277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18466/CBAYARFBE.390277","url":null,"abstract":"Earthworms belong to the main groups of soil-dwelling invertebrates and are an important element for soil biota. The ecological importance of earthworms on terrestrial ecosystem is mainly attributed to their close synergistic interaction with soil biota. Among earthworms, Eisenia fetida has been considered as preferred for vermiculture and vermicomposting practices due to their reproductive potentials, short life cycle and wide temperature and density pressure tolerances. Although the genome and transcriptome data for E. fetida are available, the EST-SSRs composition and frequency of this species, which used for phylogenetic studies, genus-level taxonomy and population genetics, remain poorly defined. In current study, we mined publicly available transcriptome data and characterised genome-wide EST-SSR markers for this epigeic species. A total of 13,060 EST-SSRs were identified from 162,609 contigs. The most abundant EST-SSR types were found to be trimeric repeats (5,998, 46%) followed by dimeric (4,762, 36%), tetrameric (1,716, 13%), pentameric (478, 4%) and hexameric repeats (106, 1%). For SSR motifs, the most prevalent motifs were AC/GT (14.72%), followed by AT/AT (13.20%), ATC/ATG (13.03%), AAT/ATT (12.30%) and AG/CT (8.46%). Following validation of the species using COI sequences and to test the designed primer pairs, the eight primer pairs were designed, but only six of them were successfully amplified. Although EST-SSR information is scarce for annelids, the EST-SSR patterns of E. fetida seem to be similar to annelids. Overall, the EST-SSR markers help in taxonomic resolution of Eisenia genus from other earthworm genera and in studying the population structure and geographic distributions of E. fetida .","PeriodicalId":9652,"journal":{"name":"Celal Bayar Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":"135-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88206029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.18466/CBAYARFBE.373599
Serpil Denizaltı
Pyridine-aminoalcohol ligands were synthesized and evaluated as catalyst generated in situ from RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 3 for transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones. It was found that the ligand I was more active than II.
{"title":"Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Using Pyridine-Aminoalcohol Ligands","authors":"Serpil Denizaltı","doi":"10.18466/CBAYARFBE.373599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18466/CBAYARFBE.373599","url":null,"abstract":"Pyridine-aminoalcohol ligands were synthesized and evaluated as catalyst generated in situ from RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 3 for transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones. It was found that the ligand I was more active than II.","PeriodicalId":9652,"journal":{"name":"Celal Bayar Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi","volume":"32 1","pages":"113-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85087002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.18466/CBAYARFBE.372192
Selcen Çelik Uzuner
Cell viability detection is important in cell culture applications including measurement of cell proliferation i.e for understanding cytotoxic effects of compounds on cells. There are some cell viability methods based on fluorescence or non-fluorescence detection. More simplified evaluation for cell viability, such as trypan blue staining, can be preferred before performing fluorescence assays. This appears advantageous when to have a large number of cell samples in ELISA plates after treatments with different concentrations of drug candidates. Thus, further fluorescence assays can include less concentrations rather than experiencing all used along 96-well plates. For this, trypan blue exclusion method is an option. Traditionally, treated cells are harvested by centrifugation and incubated with trypan blue within tubes followed by transferring the mixture into a hemacytometer with two chambers and assessed under the microscope. Nevertheless, using a hemacytometer limits practicability of this method when analyzing various cell samples into 96-well plates at the same time. This study was aimed to adapt trypan blue method to in situ staining of adherent cells cultured on ELISA plates. For this, cells were fixed with different fixatives after trypan blue incubation to maintain cells in impenetrable meshwork, and paraformaldehyde was the most effective fixative. This modified protocol was validated by testing the effect of dimethylsulfoxide-a cytotoxic agent-on cells, and expectedly found that cell viability reduced with higher concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide suggesting that in situ detection of cell viability by trypan blue can be a useful tool for preliminary detection of cells cultured on ELISA plates before performing automatized experiments with such flow cytometer and/or microplate reader.
{"title":"Development of a Direct Trypan Blue Exclusion Method to Detect Cell Viability of Adherent Cells into ELISA Plates","authors":"Selcen Çelik Uzuner","doi":"10.18466/CBAYARFBE.372192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18466/CBAYARFBE.372192","url":null,"abstract":"Cell viability detection is important in cell culture applications including measurement of cell proliferation i.e for understanding cytotoxic effects of compounds on cells. There are some cell viability methods based on fluorescence or non-fluorescence detection. More simplified evaluation for cell viability, such as trypan blue staining, can be preferred before performing fluorescence assays. This appears advantageous when to have a large number of cell samples in ELISA plates after treatments with different concentrations of drug candidates. Thus, further fluorescence assays can include less concentrations rather than experiencing all used along 96-well plates. For this, trypan blue exclusion method is an option. Traditionally, treated cells are harvested by centrifugation and incubated with trypan blue within tubes followed by transferring the mixture into a hemacytometer with two chambers and assessed under the microscope. Nevertheless, using a hemacytometer limits practicability of this method when analyzing various cell samples into 96-well plates at the same time. This study was aimed to adapt trypan blue method to in situ staining of adherent cells cultured on ELISA plates. For this, cells were fixed with different fixatives after trypan blue incubation to maintain cells in impenetrable meshwork, and paraformaldehyde was the most effective fixative. This modified protocol was validated by testing the effect of dimethylsulfoxide-a cytotoxic agent-on cells, and expectedly found that cell viability reduced with higher concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide suggesting that in situ detection of cell viability by trypan blue can be a useful tool for preliminary detection of cells cultured on ELISA plates before performing automatized experiments with such flow cytometer and/or microplate reader.","PeriodicalId":9652,"journal":{"name":"Celal Bayar Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi","volume":"14 1","pages":"99-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75026657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.18466/CBAYARFBE.373679
C. Baslak, Ozcan Koysuren, M. Kuş
In this study, a novel method is used to prepare water-soluble CdTe, CdTeSe quantum dots (QDS) and CdTe/CdS core-shell QDs by using Te, Se, NaBH 4 , and CdCl 2 as precursors. Electrospinning method is used to obtain polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/QDs composite nanofibers. A series of PVA/QDs nanofiber mats with three different QDs content are prepared. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) have been used to characterize QD nanoparticles. In addition, for characterization of the composite nanofibers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used. QDs have a good dispersed crystalline structure with an average crystalline size between 2-4 nm. Morphology analyses reveal that the composite nanofibers with an average diameter ranging from 50 to 250 nm are prepared using the electrospinning technique.
{"title":"Electrospun Nanofibers prepared with CdTe QDs, CdTeSe QDs and CdTe/CdS Core-shell QDs","authors":"C. Baslak, Ozcan Koysuren, M. Kuş","doi":"10.18466/CBAYARFBE.373679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18466/CBAYARFBE.373679","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a novel method is used to prepare water-soluble CdTe, CdTeSe quantum dots (QDS) and CdTe/CdS core-shell QDs by using Te, Se, NaBH 4 , and CdCl 2 as precursors. Electrospinning method is used to obtain polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/QDs composite nanofibers. A series of PVA/QDs nanofiber mats with three different QDs content are prepared. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) have been used to characterize QD nanoparticles. In addition, for characterization of the composite nanofibers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used. QDs have a good dispersed crystalline structure with an average crystalline size between 2-4 nm. Morphology analyses reveal that the composite nanofibers with an average diameter ranging from 50 to 250 nm are prepared using the electrospinning technique.","PeriodicalId":9652,"journal":{"name":"Celal Bayar Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi","volume":"10 1","pages":"119-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75950747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.18466/CBAYARFBE.346566
D. Atlı
A propargyl-functionalized salt, 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-(prop-2-ynyl)benzimidazolium bromide ( 1 ), was prepared. 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-[(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]benzimidazolium hexafluorophos- phate ( 2 ) and 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-[(1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]benzimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ( 3 ) were obtained by Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction of 1 with corresponding azides. Compound 3 was transformed to 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-[(1-(4-aminophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]benzimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ( 4 ) by reduction reaction with hydrazine monohydrate. The structures of these propargyl- and 1,2,3-triazolyl-functionalized benzimidazolium salts were elucidated by FT-IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and elemental analysis methods.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Benzimidazolium Salts Bearing Triazole Groups","authors":"D. Atlı","doi":"10.18466/CBAYARFBE.346566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18466/CBAYARFBE.346566","url":null,"abstract":"A propargyl-functionalized salt, 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-(prop-2-ynyl)benzimidazolium bromide ( 1 ), was prepared. 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-[(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]benzimidazolium hexafluorophos- phate ( 2 ) and 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-[(1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]benzimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ( 3 ) were obtained by Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction of 1 with corresponding azides. Compound 3 was transformed to 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-[(1-(4-aminophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]benzimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ( 4 ) by reduction reaction with hydrazine monohydrate. The structures of these propargyl- and 1,2,3-triazolyl-functionalized benzimidazolium salts were elucidated by FT-IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and elemental analysis methods.","PeriodicalId":9652,"journal":{"name":"Celal Bayar Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi","volume":"81 1","pages":"57-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77529153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.18466/CBAYARFBE.323841
A. Şahin, Abdullah Kopuzlu
In knot theory there are many important invariants that are hard to calculate. They are classified as numeric, group and polynomial invariants. These invariants contribute to the problem of classification of knots. In this study, we have done a study on the polynomial invariants of the knots. First of all, for (2,n)-torus knots which is a special class of knots, we calculated their the Kauffman bracket polynomials. We have found a general formula for these calculations. Then the Tutte polynomials of signed graphs of (2,n)-torus knots, marked with a {+} or {-} sign each on edge, have been computed. Some results have been obtained at the end of these calculations. While these researches have been studied, figures and regular diagrams of knots have been applied so much. During the first calculation, we have used skein diagrams and relations of the Kauffman polynomial. In the second calculation, the Tutte polynomials of (2,n)-torus knots have been computed and at the end of the operation some general formulas have been introduced. The signed graphs of (2,n)-torus knots have been obtained by using their regular diagrams. Then the Tutte polynomials of these graphs have been computed as a diagrammatic by recursive formulas that can be defined by deletion-contraction operations. Finally, it has been obtained that there is a relation between the Tutte polynomials and the Kauffman bracket polynomials of (2,n)-torus knots.
{"title":"The Relationship Between The Kauffman Bracket Polynomials and The Tutte Polynomials of (2,n)-Torus Knots","authors":"A. Şahin, Abdullah Kopuzlu","doi":"10.18466/CBAYARFBE.323841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18466/CBAYARFBE.323841","url":null,"abstract":"In knot theory there are many important invariants that are hard to calculate. They are classified as numeric, group and polynomial invariants. These invariants contribute to the problem of classification of knots. In this study, we have done a study on the polynomial invariants of the knots. First of all, for (2,n)-torus knots which is a special class of knots, we calculated their the Kauffman bracket polynomials. We have found a general formula for these calculations. Then the Tutte polynomials of signed graphs of (2,n)-torus knots, marked with a {+} or {-} sign each on edge, have been computed. Some results have been obtained at the end of these calculations. While these researches have been studied, figures and regular diagrams of knots have been applied so much. During the first calculation, we have used skein diagrams and relations of the Kauffman polynomial. In the second calculation, the Tutte polynomials of (2,n)-torus knots have been computed and at the end of the operation some general formulas have been introduced. The signed graphs of (2,n)-torus knots have been obtained by using their regular diagrams. Then the Tutte polynomials of these graphs have been computed as a diagrammatic by recursive formulas that can be defined by deletion-contraction operations. Finally, it has been obtained that there is a relation between the Tutte polynomials and the Kauffman bracket polynomials of (2,n)-torus knots.","PeriodicalId":9652,"journal":{"name":"Celal Bayar Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi","volume":"364 1","pages":"929-932"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73423441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.18466/CBAYARFBE.334831
Hande Morgil, L. Şık, Osman Erol
Tulipa orphanidea shows high morphologic diversity throughout Eastern Mediterranean. The populations of Tulipa orphanidea L. in Manisa province, are observed in terms of genetic diversity. For this purpose, leaf samples were taken from individuals in different populations and AFLP analyses were carried out by taking the related protocols into consideration. It is concluded that the Bardakci and Spil populations are genetically distant from other populations and that the individuals in these populations are in speciation process.
{"title":"Genetic diversity by AFLP analysis within Tulipa orphanidea L. (Liliaceae) populations in Manisa","authors":"Hande Morgil, L. Şık, Osman Erol","doi":"10.18466/CBAYARFBE.334831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18466/CBAYARFBE.334831","url":null,"abstract":"Tulipa orphanidea shows high morphologic diversity throughout Eastern Mediterranean. The populations of Tulipa orphanidea L. in Manisa province, are observed in terms of genetic diversity. For this purpose, leaf samples were taken from individuals in different populations and AFLP analyses were carried out by taking the related protocols into consideration. It is concluded that the Bardakci and Spil populations are genetically distant from other populations and that the individuals in these populations are in speciation process.","PeriodicalId":9652,"journal":{"name":"Celal Bayar Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi","volume":"19 1","pages":"913-917"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80209810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.18466/cbayarfbe.338211
O. Mengi
Internal combustion engine vehicles are the most produced and sold vehicles on the market. In recent years, interest in electric vehicles has begun to increase, especially due to the environmental problems. In the near future, it is estimated that gasoline and diesel vehicles will be completely electric vehicles. For this reason, many studies have been conducted on electric vehicles. Particularly the change of the engine parts, the turning of the internal combustion part to the electric motor, and the design of these motors has become an important parameter. In order to improve the performances of electric vehicles, the batteries of electric motors have been improved. In this study, a simulation was carried out to conversion 1.3 JTD and 1.3 Multijet motors to electric vehicles and the performances of these forms are evaluated by comparing the motor power, torque, and speed of the two vehicles. It was tried to predict what kind of changes will be achieved by conversion these two cars into electrical forms. PID controllers were used for inspecting components. In the study including detailed calculations, the program named AVL Cruise was used. The findings have shown that the quality of the new electric vehicle equipment used instead of the internal combustion engine can also affect results. The graphs from electric vehicles were explained and compared in detail. It was observed that there may be significant differences in the efficiency of the vehicles as a result of the conversion of the internal combustion engine to the electric motor. This made the biggest difference between the two vehicles. Since there is no data related to the sale prices of vehicles in the case of the conversion internal combustion vehicles to electric vehicles, comparisons were performed only on equipment. The latest price information of the vehicles has not been discussed.
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