Rogério Ferreira da Silva, J. Aragão, P. Matos, Victória Fernanda Alves Milanez, Jacqueline da Silva Macêdo, A. Duarte, Osmar Veras Araujo, Gilson Lima da Silva, A. Costa
Pollution caused by textile processes has led several countries to create stricter environmental legislation for the treatment of industrial effluents. Since, to meet legal requirements, the degradation of these chemical dyes must have a low environmental impact and high removal efficiency. This study performed the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of the degradation of dyes in 1 m³ of effluent, through advanced oxidative processes, using the Photo-Fenton process. For the Life Cycle Inventory (ICV), the compounds Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Iron (II) Sulphate (FeSO4) were considered. The methodology for calculating environmental impacts was ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (I) V1.04 / World (2010) I and the impact categories of the studies were: Global Warming, Freshwater Eutrophication, Freshwater Ecotoxicity and Human Carcinogenic Toxicity. The sensitivity analysis occurred in comparison with the methodologies: IPCC 2013 GWP 20a V1.03 and CML-IA baseline V3.06 / World 2000. All simulations occurred in the SimaPro® software, Faculty version, and pointed to H2O2 as an important contributing agent, along with the secondary products formed by the degradation of the dyes by the Photo-Fenton process, for the environmental impacts of this treatment.Keywords: Life Cycle Analysis, Dye Degradation, Photo-Fenton Pr
纺织过程造成的污染导致一些国家制定了更严格的环境立法来处理工业废水。因为，为了满足法律要求，这些化学染料的降解必须具有低环境影响和高去除效率。本研究对1 m³废水中染料的降解进行了生命周期分析(LCA)，通过先进的氧化过程，使用photofenton工艺。生命周期清单(ICV)考虑了过氧化氢(H2O2)和硫酸铁(FeSO4)化合物。环境影响的计算方法为ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (I) V1.04 / World (2010) I，研究的影响类别为:全球变暖、淡水富营养化、淡水生态毒性和人类致癌毒性。与IPCC 2013 GWP 20a V1.03和CML-IA基线V3.06 / World 2000的方法进行了敏感性分析。所有模拟都是在SimaPro®软件中进行的，院系版本，并指出H2O2是一个重要的促成剂，以及photofenton工艺降解染料形成的二次产物，这是该处理对环境的影响。关键词:生命周期分析，染料降解，光- fenton Pr
{"title":"Life Cycle Analysis of Dye Degradation Using Advanced Oxidative Processes","authors":"Rogério Ferreira da Silva, J. Aragão, P. Matos, Victória Fernanda Alves Milanez, Jacqueline da Silva Macêdo, A. Duarte, Osmar Veras Araujo, Gilson Lima da Silva, A. Costa","doi":"10.3303/CET2186099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186099","url":null,"abstract":"Pollution caused by textile processes has led several countries to create stricter environmental legislation for the treatment of industrial effluents. Since, to meet legal requirements, the degradation of these chemical dyes must have a low environmental impact and high removal efficiency. This study performed the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of the degradation of dyes in 1 m³ of effluent, through advanced oxidative processes, using the Photo-Fenton process. For the Life Cycle Inventory (ICV), the compounds Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Iron (II) Sulphate (FeSO4) were considered. The methodology for calculating environmental impacts was ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (I) V1.04 / World (2010) I and the impact categories of the studies were: Global Warming, Freshwater Eutrophication, Freshwater Ecotoxicity and Human Carcinogenic Toxicity. The sensitivity analysis occurred in comparison with the methodologies: IPCC 2013 GWP 20a V1.03 and CML-IA baseline V3.06 / World 2000. All simulations occurred in the SimaPro® software, Faculty version, and pointed to H2O2 as an important contributing agent, along with the secondary products formed by the degradation of the dyes by the Photo-Fenton process, for the environmental impacts of this treatment.Keywords: Life Cycle Analysis, Dye Degradation, Photo-Fenton Pr","PeriodicalId":9695,"journal":{"name":"Chemical engineering transactions","volume":"30 1","pages":"589-594"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82143113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Silva, Guilherme Eduardo Ignácio, Thayane C. M. Nepel, G. Doubek, R. M. Filho
Research for new and inexpensive energy storage technologies has been increasing in recent years due to the need to store power from intermittent sources such as wind and solar power. Among these advanced energy storage technologies, the Li-O2 battery is described as a suitable candidate because of its high theoretical energy density. Research has been focused on the development of suitable electrodes and electrolytes to allow high energy density and high cyclability, being the latter one of the main challenges. Poor cyclability is often related to undesirable reactions, and one of the sources of this problem is the presence of water in the electrolyte. Nevertheless, it has been shown that trace amounts of water can also catalyze desirable reaction steps in the operation of a Li-O2 battery. Therefore, careful control of water content in the electrolyte of Li-O2 batteries becomes an important task. In this context, this work presents the equilibrium study of water adsorption from dimethyl sulfoxide, a solvent commonly considered for electrolytes of Li-O2 batteries, using 3A zeolites as the adsorbate. Batch adsorption experiments with different concentrations of water and mass of adsorbate were combined to determine the water removal capacity at different conditions of temperature (20 °C, 35 °C, and 50 °C). Adsorption data were fitted to adsorption models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich) to obtain their constants. Additionally, the regeneration of zeolites was evaluated. These data have the potential to be used by other researchers in the development of Li-O2 batteries with electrolytes with precisely controlled water content.
{"title":"Dry Solvents for Batteries: Equilibrium Study of Water Adsorption from Dimethyl Sulfoxide Using 3A Zeolite","authors":"J. Silva, Guilherme Eduardo Ignácio, Thayane C. M. Nepel, G. Doubek, R. M. Filho","doi":"10.3303/CET2186183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186183","url":null,"abstract":"Research for new and inexpensive energy storage technologies has been increasing in recent years due to the need to store power from intermittent sources such as wind and solar power. Among these advanced energy storage technologies, the Li-O2 battery is described as a suitable candidate because of its high theoretical energy density. Research has been focused on the development of suitable electrodes and electrolytes to allow high energy density and high cyclability, being the latter one of the main challenges. Poor cyclability is often related to undesirable reactions, and one of the sources of this problem is the presence of water in the electrolyte. Nevertheless, it has been shown that trace amounts of water can also catalyze desirable reaction steps in the operation of a Li-O2 battery. Therefore, careful control of water content in the electrolyte of Li-O2 batteries becomes an important task. In this context, this work presents the equilibrium study of water adsorption from dimethyl sulfoxide, a solvent commonly considered for electrolytes of Li-O2 batteries, using 3A zeolites as the adsorbate. Batch adsorption experiments with different concentrations of water and mass of adsorbate were combined to determine the water removal capacity at different conditions of temperature (20 °C, 35 °C, and 50 °C). Adsorption data were fitted to adsorption models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich) to obtain their constants. Additionally, the regeneration of zeolites was evaluated. These data have the potential to be used by other researchers in the development of Li-O2 batteries with electrolytes with precisely controlled water content.","PeriodicalId":9695,"journal":{"name":"Chemical engineering transactions","volume":"107 1","pages":"1093-1098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80797003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Trucillo, A. Lancia, D. D'Amore, Bruno Brancato, F. Natale
The rapid human evolution has improved the quality of our lives through the use of technology. This not only resulted in increased raw materials extraction but also in the production of a worrying amount of electronic wastes. Indeed, in 2019 worldwide production of Electronic and Electric Equipment Waste (WEEE) was worth 50 million tons, causing several disadvantages such as the reduced space in landfills and massive shipping to countries with less restrictive regulations. On the other side, the billionaire electrical devices market is causing a significant increase in Precious Metals (PM) demand. Nowadays, the economic importance of PMs is as high as their supply risk. The answer to this problem consists of finding selective methods to extract and raffinate precious metals from disposed WEEE.On average, WEEEs contain around 30 % of plastics, 30 % ceramics, and 40 % metals; among these only around 0.1 % is characterized by PMs, such as gold, silver, rhodium, platinum, and palladium. The separation of PMs from other non-precious components is generally obtained using pyrometallurgy, which consists of fusing the wastes at temperatures up to 1500 ÷ 1700 °C. However, this method produces toxic gaseous by-products and implies high energy costs. A possible alternative is given by hydrometallurgical processes, consisting of leaching the WEEE with solutions containing acids and oxidants at temperatures lower than 100°C. One of the main issues of the hydrometallurgical process is to leach copper and other non-precious base-metals selectively while keeping PMs in the solid-state.In this work, we report preliminary results of equilibrium and kinetic leaching tests in a well-stirred batch reactor, aimed at the optimization of the main operating parameters of a hydrometallurgical process for selective leaching of copper and other base-metals from Wasted Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs). In particular, experiments have been carried out at different HCl and NaCl concentrations of the leaching solutions, exploring also the effect of temperature variation (20, 50, and 70 °C).
{"title":"Selective Leaching of Precious Metals from Electrical and Electronic Equipment Through Hydrometallurgical Methods","authors":"P. Trucillo, A. Lancia, D. D'Amore, Bruno Brancato, F. Natale","doi":"10.3303/CET2186174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186174","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid human evolution has improved the quality of our lives through the use of technology. This not only resulted in increased raw materials extraction but also in the production of a worrying amount of electronic wastes. Indeed, in 2019 worldwide production of Electronic and Electric Equipment Waste (WEEE) was worth 50 million tons, causing several disadvantages such as the reduced space in landfills and massive shipping to countries with less restrictive regulations. On the other side, the billionaire electrical devices market is causing a significant increase in Precious Metals (PM) demand. Nowadays, the economic importance of PMs is as high as their supply risk. The answer to this problem consists of finding selective methods to extract and raffinate precious metals from disposed WEEE.On average, WEEEs contain around 30 % of plastics, 30 % ceramics, and 40 % metals; among these only around 0.1 % is characterized by PMs, such as gold, silver, rhodium, platinum, and palladium. The separation of PMs from other non-precious components is generally obtained using pyrometallurgy, which consists of fusing the wastes at temperatures up to 1500 ÷ 1700 °C. However, this method produces toxic gaseous by-products and implies high energy costs. A possible alternative is given by hydrometallurgical processes, consisting of leaching the WEEE with solutions containing acids and oxidants at temperatures lower than 100°C. One of the main issues of the hydrometallurgical process is to leach copper and other non-precious base-metals selectively while keeping PMs in the solid-state.In this work, we report preliminary results of equilibrium and kinetic leaching tests in a well-stirred batch reactor, aimed at the optimization of the main operating parameters of a hydrometallurgical process for selective leaching of copper and other base-metals from Wasted Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs). In particular, experiments have been carried out at different HCl and NaCl concentrations of the leaching solutions, exploring also the effect of temperature variation (20, 50, and 70 °C).","PeriodicalId":9695,"journal":{"name":"Chemical engineering transactions","volume":"20 1","pages":"1039-1044"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82491572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. A. Souza, M. E. Pietro, G. B. Appetecchi, A. Mele
High vapor pressure and flammability are some disadvantages of organic solvents currently used in chemical processes. In this scenario, protic ionic liquids (PILs) became a promising alternative to replace conventional solvents due to their interesting physicochemical properties. Understanding the charge transport and molecular features governing PILs is still required to allow their implementation in current and new technologies. Thus, the present work reports the study of PILs based on the 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5,4,0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) cation and two anions obtained from strong acids, trifluoromethylsulfonate (TFO-) and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI-) using different NMR techniques. 1H NMR spectra confirm that the high acidity of the PILs constituents is a determinant factor governing their features. Moreover, information on the transport properties of the PILs is obtained by diffusion NMR. The results show a peculiar behavior of the acidic proton, indicative of a different mechanism of charge transport in these systems.
{"title":"Molecular Features and Transport Properties of Dbu Based Protic Ionic Liquids","authors":"G. A. Souza, M. E. Pietro, G. B. Appetecchi, A. Mele","doi":"10.3303/CET2186188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186188","url":null,"abstract":"High vapor pressure and flammability are some disadvantages of organic solvents currently used in chemical processes. In this scenario, protic ionic liquids (PILs) became a promising alternative to replace conventional solvents due to their interesting physicochemical properties. Understanding the charge transport and molecular features governing PILs is still required to allow their implementation in current and new technologies. Thus, the present work reports the study of PILs based on the 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5,4,0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) cation and two anions obtained from strong acids, trifluoromethylsulfonate (TFO-) and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI-) using different NMR techniques. 1H NMR spectra confirm that the high acidity of the PILs constituents is a determinant factor governing their features. Moreover, information on the transport properties of the PILs is obtained by diffusion NMR. The results show a peculiar behavior of the acidic proton, indicative of a different mechanism of charge transport in these systems.","PeriodicalId":9695,"journal":{"name":"Chemical engineering transactions","volume":"38 1","pages":"1123-1128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78660488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Konstantina M. Laina, P. Eleni, Konstantina G. Tsitseli, M. Krokida
The objective of this study was the optimization of the extraction process of several medicinal plants of the Mediterranean flora, and their extracts’ further evaluation regarding their potential biological activity. This work aimed to design and optimize the extraction method for recovering the targeted compounds from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) and chamomile (Matricaria recutita) towards the extraction yield and quality of the extracts.Raw materials were collected, dried, and ground in desired particle sizes (200, 500, 1000 µm). Ethanol was used as solvent; and extraction was performed using conventional extraction methods (Soxhlet), as well as novel extraction techniques (Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) and their combination (UAE-MAE)). The optimized parameters were Ultrasound and Microwave intensity, and extraction time. All extracts were evaluated towards their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity. TPC was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method, while the antioxidant activity was estimated with the DPPH assay.Optimum particle size was 500 µm for rosemary, and 1000 µm for both St. John’s wort and chamomile. In general, the increase of extraction time leads to increase of efficiency. However, the extraction time is not an independent variable, since the ultrasound and microwave intensities affect the yield. In specific, the increment of intensity in both techniques, as well as their combination, increases the efficiency of the extraction and reduces the time. Moreover, it was observed that after a certain intensity value the yield remains constant or slightly decreases, due to degradation phenomena. Thus, the optimum ultrasound intensity for rosemary and chamomile was 450 W, while for St. John’s wort was 700 W. Regarding microwave extraction parameters, for all tested plants the value of 200 W was selected as optimum, except for St. John’s wort (200 W). The optimum set of values were also selected for UAE-MAE. Results also indicate that the extracts were rich in phenolic compounds, possessing also a remarkable antioxidant activity in all the organic solvent systems tested.
本研究的目的是对几种地中海地区药用植物的提取工艺进行优化，并对其提取物的潜在生物活性进行进一步评价。本研究旨在设计和优化从迷迭香、贯叶连翘和洋甘菊中提取目标化合物的方法，以提高其提取率和质量。收集、干燥和研磨所需的粒径(200、500、1000µm)的原料。以乙醇为溶剂;采用传统提取方法(Soxhlet)和新型提取技术(超声辅助提取(UAE)、微波辅助提取(MAE)及其联合提取(UAE-MAE)进行提取。最佳提取参数为超声、微波强度、提取时间。对各提取物的总酚含量(TPC)、总黄酮含量(TFC)和抗氧化活性进行评价。用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定TPC，用DPPH法测定抗氧化活性。迷迭香最佳粒径为500µm，圣约翰草和洋甘菊最佳粒径均为1000µm。一般来说，萃取时间的增加导致萃取效率的提高。然而，提取时间不是一个独立的变量，因为超声和微波强度影响收率。具体来说，两种技术强度的增加，以及它们的组合，提高了提取效率，减少了时间。此外，在达到一定强度值后，由于降解现象，产量保持不变或略有下降。因此，迷迭香和洋甘菊的最佳超声强度为450 W，而圣约翰草的最佳超声强度为700 W。在微波提取参数方面，除圣约翰草(St. John 's wort)为200 W外，所有被试植物均选择200 W为最佳提取参数。UAE-MAE也选择了最佳提取参数集。结果还表明，该提取物富含酚类化合物，在所有有机溶剂体系中均具有显著的抗氧化活性。
{"title":"Process Design for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Several Mediterranean Medicinal Plants","authors":"Konstantina M. Laina, P. Eleni, Konstantina G. Tsitseli, M. Krokida","doi":"10.3303/CET2186222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186222","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was the optimization of the extraction process of several medicinal plants of the Mediterranean flora, and their extracts’ further evaluation regarding their potential biological activity. This work aimed to design and optimize the extraction method for recovering the targeted compounds from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) and chamomile (Matricaria recutita) towards the extraction yield and quality of the extracts.Raw materials were collected, dried, and ground in desired particle sizes (200, 500, 1000 µm). Ethanol was used as solvent; and extraction was performed using conventional extraction methods (Soxhlet), as well as novel extraction techniques (Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) and their combination (UAE-MAE)). The optimized parameters were Ultrasound and Microwave intensity, and extraction time. All extracts were evaluated towards their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity. TPC was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method, while the antioxidant activity was estimated with the DPPH assay.Optimum particle size was 500 µm for rosemary, and 1000 µm for both St. John’s wort and chamomile. In general, the increase of extraction time leads to increase of efficiency. However, the extraction time is not an independent variable, since the ultrasound and microwave intensities affect the yield. In specific, the increment of intensity in both techniques, as well as their combination, increases the efficiency of the extraction and reduces the time. Moreover, it was observed that after a certain intensity value the yield remains constant or slightly decreases, due to degradation phenomena. Thus, the optimum ultrasound intensity for rosemary and chamomile was 450 W, while for St. John’s wort was 700 W. Regarding microwave extraction parameters, for all tested plants the value of 200 W was selected as optimum, except for St. John’s wort (200 W). The optimum set of values were also selected for UAE-MAE. Results also indicate that the extracts were rich in phenolic compounds, possessing also a remarkable antioxidant activity in all the organic solvent systems tested.","PeriodicalId":9695,"journal":{"name":"Chemical engineering transactions","volume":"2 1","pages":"1327-1332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89200226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ş. Galusnyak, L. Petrescu, Dora-Andreea Chisalita, C. Cormos
Bio-methanol production from biomass or from carbon dioxide and hydrogen, generated using renewable electricity, are considered to be sustainable routes nowadays. The aim of the present study consists on the environmental evaluation of bio-methanol production using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Two different bio-methanol production processes such as bio-methanol production from an external CO2 stream and H2 from water electrolysis, electricity being produced using various sources (i.e. biomass, solar, wind, and hydro or mix electricity) as well as woody biomass gasification for syngas production, syngas being further transformed into bio-methanol, are considered in the current study. The processes were simulated using computer aided design tools (i.e. ChemCAD and Aspen Plus process simulators). The environmental assessment is carried out using GaBi software. The LCA is a cradle-to-gate study with the following system boundaries: a) upstream processes (i.e. biomass, solvent and electricity supply chains, H2 production, catalysts production and transportation); b) main processes: bio-methanol production through direct gasification and from CO2 hydrogenation and c) downstream processes: solvent degradation and disposal of wastes. The production of one ton of bio-methanol was considered as functional unit in the present investigation. ReCIPe method was chosen as life cycle impact assessment method. Purities higher than 99% are obtained for the main product. Significant environmental impact categories (i.e. Global Warming Potential, Human Toxicity Potential, Fossil Depletion Potential) are discussed and the influence of various sub-processes is investigated. For instance, the best result in terms of Human Toxicity Potential, 12.30 kg 1,4-DB eq./tMeOH, was obtained in the case of hydroelectric sources, while the same indicator was at least two times higher for other scenarios. From the environmental point of view, the scenario which relies on hydroelectric power performed better in six out of nine environmental impact categories as compared to other scenarios, being succeeded by the one considering wind power as electricity source.
利用可再生电力从生物质或二氧化碳和氢气中生产生物甲醇，目前被认为是可持续的路线。本研究的目的是利用生命周期评价(LCA)方法对生物甲醇生产进行环境评价。目前的研究考虑了两种不同的生物甲醇生产工艺，如从外部CO2流中生产生物甲醇和从水电解中生产氢气，利用各种来源(即生物质、太阳能、风能和水力或混合电力)生产电力，以及木质生物质气化生产合成气，合成气进一步转化为生物甲醇。使用计算机辅助设计工具(即ChemCAD和Aspen Plus过程模拟器)对过程进行模拟。环境评价采用GaBi软件进行。LCA是一个从摇篮到门的研究，具有以下系统边界:a)上游过程(即生物质、溶剂和电力供应链、H2生产、催化剂生产和运输);b)主要工艺:通过直接气化和二氧化碳加氢生产生物甲醇;c)下游工艺:溶剂降解和废物处理。本研究以生产一吨生物甲醇为功能单元。选择配方法作为生命周期影响评价方法。主要产品的纯度高于99%。讨论了重要的环境影响类别(即全球变暖潜力，人类毒性潜力，化石枯竭潜力)，并调查了各种子过程的影响。例如，在水力发电的情况下，人体毒性潜力的最佳结果为12.30 kg 1.4 db当量/tMeOH，而在其他情况下，同样的指标至少高出两倍。从环境的角度来看，与其他情景相比，依赖水力发电的情景在9个环境影响类别中的6个方面表现更好，其次是将风力发电作为电力来源的情景。
{"title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-methanol Derived from Various Raw-materials","authors":"Ş. Galusnyak, L. Petrescu, Dora-Andreea Chisalita, C. Cormos","doi":"10.3303/CET2186112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186112","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-methanol production from biomass or from carbon dioxide and hydrogen, generated using renewable electricity, are considered to be sustainable routes nowadays. The aim of the present study consists on the environmental evaluation of bio-methanol production using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Two different bio-methanol production processes such as bio-methanol production from an external CO2 stream and H2 from water electrolysis, electricity being produced using various sources (i.e. biomass, solar, wind, and hydro or mix electricity) as well as woody biomass gasification for syngas production, syngas being further transformed into bio-methanol, are considered in the current study. The processes were simulated using computer aided design tools (i.e. ChemCAD and Aspen Plus process simulators). The environmental assessment is carried out using GaBi software. The LCA is a cradle-to-gate study with the following system boundaries: a) upstream processes (i.e. biomass, solvent and electricity supply chains, H2 production, catalysts production and transportation); b) main processes: bio-methanol production through direct gasification and from CO2 hydrogenation and c) downstream processes: solvent degradation and disposal of wastes. The production of one ton of bio-methanol was considered as functional unit in the present investigation. ReCIPe method was chosen as life cycle impact assessment method. Purities higher than 99% are obtained for the main product. Significant environmental impact categories (i.e. Global Warming Potential, Human Toxicity Potential, Fossil Depletion Potential) are discussed and the influence of various sub-processes is investigated. For instance, the best result in terms of Human Toxicity Potential, 12.30 kg 1,4-DB eq./tMeOH, was obtained in the case of hydroelectric sources, while the same indicator was at least two times higher for other scenarios. From the environmental point of view, the scenario which relies on hydroelectric power performed better in six out of nine environmental impact categories as compared to other scenarios, being succeeded by the one considering wind power as electricity source.","PeriodicalId":9695,"journal":{"name":"Chemical engineering transactions","volume":"145 1","pages":"667-672"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86582567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Soares, T. Cabral, G. Perli, J. M. Bressanin, J. Bartoli
This paper presents a practical laboratory approach on polymer melt flow rate and stress-strain testing to teach undergraduate students how to measure important properties of molten and solid plastics. They may learn how to obtain parameters that are important for: quality control; processing; engineering design on polymer and petrochemical industries; and even in materials selection for engineering applications. Starting from a database obtained from this traditional practice, statistical tools for data analysis were applied. Four different grades of commercial polypropylene were studied, and the 95 % confidence intervals of different parameters were compared with the suppliers’ catalogue data. This pedagogical approach aims to add a statistical point of view to laboratory experiments and to complement the learning.
{"title":"Estimating Polymer Properties and Practicing Statistical Tools in Undergraduate Level through Simple Experiments","authors":"M. Soares, T. Cabral, G. Perli, J. M. Bressanin, J. Bartoli","doi":"10.3303/CET2186230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186230","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a practical laboratory approach on polymer melt flow rate and stress-strain testing to teach undergraduate students how to measure important properties of molten and solid plastics. They may learn how to obtain parameters that are important for: quality control; processing; engineering design on polymer and petrochemical industries; and even in materials selection for engineering applications. Starting from a database obtained from this traditional practice, statistical tools for data analysis were applied. Four different grades of commercial polypropylene were studied, and the 95 % confidence intervals of different parameters were compared with the suppliers’ catalogue data. This pedagogical approach aims to add a statistical point of view to laboratory experiments and to complement the learning.","PeriodicalId":9695,"journal":{"name":"Chemical engineering transactions","volume":"2014 1","pages":"1375-1380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86621868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. J. N. Akel, R. Patriarca, G. D. Gravio, G. Antonioni, N. Paltrinieri
Reducing the frequency and severity of accidents in industrial processes is a continuous open challenge. Learning from previous events represents a crucial instrument to ensure an improved design of industrial plants, especially considering the complexity arising in everyday operations. This article is grounded on a database of industrial accidents involving hazardous substances and materials. The Major Hazard Incident Data Service (MHIDAS) was developed in 1986 by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) to provide a reliable source of data on major hazard incidents and to learn for the past accidents. The database has more than 9000 accident reports covering the periods from 1950 to the end of the 1990s caused by hazardous substances/materials. This paper aims are to provide an understanding of MHIDAS data through quantitative analyses that can be obtained by exploiting the information collected through appropriate data management tools. Therefore, Information Technology (IT) services such as Business Intelligence (BI) tools have been used in this research. The paper describes the process of creating a BI model for data management on MHIDAS database to generate useful information on previous industrial safety events, allowing a detailed search engine as well through any event stored in MHIDAS.
{"title":"Business Intelligence for the Analysis of Industrial Accidents Based on Mhidas Database","authors":"A. J. N. Akel, R. Patriarca, G. D. Gravio, G. Antonioni, N. Paltrinieri","doi":"10.3303/CET2186039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186039","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing the frequency and severity of accidents in industrial processes is a continuous open challenge. Learning from previous events represents a crucial instrument to ensure an improved design of industrial plants, especially considering the complexity arising in everyday operations. This article is grounded on a database of industrial accidents involving hazardous substances and materials. The Major Hazard Incident Data Service (MHIDAS) was developed in 1986 by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) to provide a reliable source of data on major hazard incidents and to learn for the past accidents. The database has more than 9000 accident reports covering the periods from 1950 to the end of the 1990s caused by hazardous substances/materials. This paper aims are to provide an understanding of MHIDAS data through quantitative analyses that can be obtained by exploiting the information collected through appropriate data management tools. Therefore, Information Technology (IT) services such as Business Intelligence (BI) tools have been used in this research. The paper describes the process of creating a BI model for data management on MHIDAS database to generate useful information on previous industrial safety events, allowing a detailed search engine as well through any event stored in MHIDAS.","PeriodicalId":9695,"journal":{"name":"Chemical engineering transactions","volume":"9 1","pages":"229-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88100984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giovanni Antonio Lutzu, M. A. Marin, A. Concas, N. Dunford
Hydraulic fracturing technology widely used for recovery of oil and gas from tight shale formations generate millions of gallons of wastewater. This study examined viability of algal remediation of the hydraulic fracturing wastewater (HFWW). Our previous studies have shown that although Oklahoma native algae strains can grow in HFWW, cell growth was constrained by the low nutrient concentrations in HFWW. Hence, the goal of this study was to examine the effect of nutrient supplementation of HFWW with another nutrient rich wastewater on microalgae growth. An Oklahoma, USA, native algae strain, Picochlorum oklahomensis, was selected for the study because of its high biomass productivity in wastewater. This study demonstrated that P. oklahomensis can grow in HFWW. Supplementation of the HFWW with animal wastewater enhanced biomass productivity and lipid content of the biomass. Chemical compositions of the wastewater before and after algae growth were significantly different indicating substantial amount of contaminant removal.
{"title":"Nutrient Enrichment of Wastewater Generated During Hydraulic Fracturing with Animal Wastewater to Enhance Microalgae Growth","authors":"Giovanni Antonio Lutzu, M. A. Marin, A. Concas, N. Dunford","doi":"10.3303/CET2186020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186020","url":null,"abstract":"Hydraulic fracturing technology widely used for recovery of oil and gas from tight shale formations generate millions of gallons of wastewater. This study examined viability of algal remediation of the hydraulic fracturing wastewater (HFWW). Our previous studies have shown that although Oklahoma native algae strains can grow in HFWW, cell growth was constrained by the low nutrient concentrations in HFWW. Hence, the goal of this study was to examine the effect of nutrient supplementation of HFWW with another nutrient rich wastewater on microalgae growth. An Oklahoma, USA, native algae strain, Picochlorum oklahomensis, was selected for the study because of its high biomass productivity in wastewater. This study demonstrated that P. oklahomensis can grow in HFWW. Supplementation of the HFWW with animal wastewater enhanced biomass productivity and lipid content of the biomass. Chemical compositions of the wastewater before and after algae growth were significantly different indicating substantial amount of contaminant removal.","PeriodicalId":9695,"journal":{"name":"Chemical engineering transactions","volume":"44 1","pages":"115-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79056655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Packed bed reactors have been widely used in the chemical and process industry for several decades. They can be difficult to design and operate due to their size and complexity. Therefore, there is still room for improvement of the performance of these reactors and rigorous simulations can help here to achieve desired goals with lower upfront investment. Recent advances in modeling particle-resolved packed beds allows a detailed inside in the flow, species and temperature distribution in the beds and therefore also into the conversion of the surface reactions. Based on these simulations, model parameters for 1D-models can be estimated. These 1-D models can then be used to calculate performance of multi-tubular reactors, either by running a computationally expensive simulation with resolved tubes or by coupling the CFD simulation to an advanced process modeling tool like gPROMS. In the latter case, the flow non-uniformity as well as certain flow properties like coolant velocity and temperature is taken from the CFD simulations, while on the process modeling side heat transfer and reactions in the packed bed are calculated based on the simplified 1D models. This modeling approach is fully 2-way coupled and highly efficient in terms of accuracy and especially runtime and it can be embedded into a flow sheet simulation.In this contribution, we will present the whole simulation process and how the different steps intertwine with each other starting from the detailed particle resolved simulation all the way down to the flow sheet simulation. The benefit of this approach will be demonstrated based on several examples.
{"title":"Bridging the Gaps: from Particle-resolved to Multi-tubular Reactor Simulation","authors":"T. Eppinger, R. Aglave","doi":"10.3303/CET2186141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186141","url":null,"abstract":"Packed bed reactors have been widely used in the chemical and process industry for several decades. They can be difficult to design and operate due to their size and complexity. Therefore, there is still room for improvement of the performance of these reactors and rigorous simulations can help here to achieve desired goals with lower upfront investment. Recent advances in modeling particle-resolved packed beds allows a detailed inside in the flow, species and temperature distribution in the beds and therefore also into the conversion of the surface reactions. Based on these simulations, model parameters for 1D-models can be estimated. These 1-D models can then be used to calculate performance of multi-tubular reactors, either by running a computationally expensive simulation with resolved tubes or by coupling the CFD simulation to an advanced process modeling tool like gPROMS. In the latter case, the flow non-uniformity as well as certain flow properties like coolant velocity and temperature is taken from the CFD simulations, while on the process modeling side heat transfer and reactions in the packed bed are calculated based on the simplified 1D models. This modeling approach is fully 2-way coupled and highly efficient in terms of accuracy and especially runtime and it can be embedded into a flow sheet simulation.In this contribution, we will present the whole simulation process and how the different steps intertwine with each other starting from the detailed particle resolved simulation all the way down to the flow sheet simulation. The benefit of this approach will be demonstrated based on several examples.","PeriodicalId":9695,"journal":{"name":"Chemical engineering transactions","volume":"2 1","pages":"841-846"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79563803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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