The Croton macrostachyus is used for the treatment of malaria, venereal diseases, cough, diabetes, constipation, tape worms and hepatitis. The dichloromethane extract of the stem bark of Croton macrostachyus was afforded two Terpenoids: the compound with full structure which is a triterpenoid and a compound with a partial structure which is a tetratrpenoid. Structural determination was accomplished by means of spectroscopic methods (IR, UV, 1D and 2D NMR). Keywords: Croton macrostachyus, dichloromethane, spectroscopic methods, Terpenoids DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-3-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2020
{"title":"A Review on Phytochemical Investigation on the Stem Bark of Croton Macrostachyus","authors":"Bizuayehu Zinaye","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-3-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-3-01","url":null,"abstract":"The Croton macrostachyus is used for the treatment of malaria, venereal diseases, cough, diabetes, constipation, tape worms and hepatitis. The dichloromethane extract of the stem bark of Croton macrostachyus was afforded two Terpenoids: the compound with full structure which is a triterpenoid and a compound with a partial structure which is a tetratrpenoid. Structural determination was accomplished by means of spectroscopic methods (IR, UV, 1D and 2D NMR). Keywords: Croton macrostachyus, dichloromethane, spectroscopic methods, Terpenoids DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-3-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83326767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Okonkwo, M. Emeje, O. Peters, Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale
Isolation of saponin from the methanol extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves, its identification with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), application of the saponin in the synthesis of nanoemulsion and their antimicrobial activities were carried out. 0.7mg was isolated from 40g of powdered leaves mixed with 70% of methanol. The methanol and saponin extracts were subjected to HPLC analysis. The methanol extracts revealed 15 peaks and the saponin revealed 8 peaks with a total elution time of 30 minutes each. The saponin was used to synthesize nanoemulsion (emulsifier). The nanoemulsion and saponin were subjected to antituberculosis activity. The nanoemulsion has better anti-tuberculosis activity than the saponin due to its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). This goes to confirm the importance of nanomedicine in the drug delivery system and its application on diverse areas such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and material synthesis. The biological synthesis is an eco-friendly alternative to the chemical and physical methods. Keywords: Extraction, Natural Product, Nanoencapsulation, Ocimum gratissimum , Anti-Mycobacterial, Tuberculosis. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-2-03 Publication date: February 29 th 2020
{"title":"Extraction and Nanoencapsulation of Ocimum Gratissimum Leaf Extract and Its Anti-Mycobacterial Activities","authors":"S. Okonkwo, M. Emeje, O. Peters, Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-2-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-2-03","url":null,"abstract":"Isolation of saponin from the methanol extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves, its identification with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), application of the saponin in the synthesis of nanoemulsion and their antimicrobial activities were carried out. 0.7mg was isolated from 40g of powdered leaves mixed with 70% of methanol. The methanol and saponin extracts were subjected to HPLC analysis. The methanol extracts revealed 15 peaks and the saponin revealed 8 peaks with a total elution time of 30 minutes each. The saponin was used to synthesize nanoemulsion (emulsifier). The nanoemulsion and saponin were subjected to antituberculosis activity. The nanoemulsion has better anti-tuberculosis activity than the saponin due to its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). This goes to confirm the importance of nanomedicine in the drug delivery system and its application on diverse areas such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and material synthesis. The biological synthesis is an eco-friendly alternative to the chemical and physical methods. Keywords: Extraction, Natural Product, Nanoencapsulation, Ocimum gratissimum , Anti-Mycobacterial, Tuberculosis. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-2-03 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80842736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The levels of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd and Pb) have been determined in cabbage, onion, soil and Awash river used for irrigation have been investigated. The cabbage, onion, soil and Awash River water samples were collected from the farmlands around Ginchi Town of West Shoa Zone in which the Anmol Ethiopia PLC, a paper industry, were there. The samples were digested using properly optimized wet digestion procedures. The metal contents were analyzed using Flame Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (FAES). However, Cd and Pb were not detected in all samples. Likewise, the highest level in onion samples was, Cr(0.59 mg/L). High concentrations of Cr (71.85 mg/Kg) were detected in soil samples on which the Onion vegetable was gown, while the corresponding values of Cr detected in the Onion sample itself was 59.35 mg/Kg. The levels of selected metals in downstream water (after effluent from Anmol Production Ethiopia PLC is mixed with Awash River) samples used for irrigation. It can be concluded that, Cr in both soil onion and onion exceeded the FAO limit of maximum recommended level vegetable plant, so that the consumption of this Onion might cause hazards with respective to Cr and hence care must be taken. Key phrases : toxic heavy metals, soil, vegetables, irrigation water DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-2-04 Publication date: February 29 th 2020
{"title":"Selected Toxic Heavy Metals Levels in Vegetables, Soil and Irrigation Water at Awashriver, Ginchi Town, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Getachew Ejigu","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-2-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-2-04","url":null,"abstract":"The levels of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd and Pb) have been determined in cabbage, onion, soil and Awash river used for irrigation have been investigated. The cabbage, onion, soil and Awash River water samples were collected from the farmlands around Ginchi Town of West Shoa Zone in which the Anmol Ethiopia PLC, a paper industry, were there. The samples were digested using properly optimized wet digestion procedures. The metal contents were analyzed using Flame Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (FAES). However, Cd and Pb were not detected in all samples. Likewise, the highest level in onion samples was, Cr(0.59 mg/L). High concentrations of Cr (71.85 mg/Kg) were detected in soil samples on which the Onion vegetable was gown, while the corresponding values of Cr detected in the Onion sample itself was 59.35 mg/Kg. The levels of selected metals in downstream water (after effluent from Anmol Production Ethiopia PLC is mixed with Awash River) samples used for irrigation. It can be concluded that, Cr in both soil onion and onion exceeded the FAO limit of maximum recommended level vegetable plant, so that the consumption of this Onion might cause hazards with respective to Cr and hence care must be taken. Key phrases : toxic heavy metals, soil, vegetables, irrigation water DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-2-04 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80989902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Ethiopia black cumin seed and oil are used in folk medicine, as a bread flavoring and as a spices. The essential oil of black cumin seeds were extracted by hydro-distillation with Clevenger apparatus and the constituents of the three varieties were identified using GC/MS. The essential oil content of black cumin seeds were 0.80%, 0.4% and 0.6% for Eden, Dershy and Silengo respectively. The GC/MS results showed that seventy five, sixty six and sixty constituents were identified which constituting 99.98%, 99.27% and 99.17% in Eden, Dershy and Silengo. The main constituents of Ethiopian black cumin verities seeds essential oil as detected by GC/MS ware p-cymene (45.85 - 44.31% ), α-thujen (17.30 - 12.57%), trans-4-methoxy thujane (8.86 - 7.39%), 9,12-Octadecanoic acid, 9Z,Z)- (6.04% - 0.07%), β-pinene (4.08 - 3.04%), α- pinene (3.94 -2.68%), gamma-terpinene (3.83 - 2.50%), thymoquinone (3.53 - 2.13%), α-terpinene (3.00 – 0.00%), D-limonene (2.29 - 2.08%), phenol-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) (2.56 -1.52%), cis-vaccenic acid (2.46 - 0.00%), longifolene (1.95 - 1.83%), the results confirms that main compounds are similar and variation in content to each varieties. The Ethiopian black cumin essential oil contain the required major secondary metabolite for pharmacological and other application. Keywords : Black cumin, Ethiopia, Essential oil, p-cymene,spices DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-2-02 Publication date: February 29 th 2020
{"title":"Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Released Black Cumin Varieties Grown in Ethiopia","authors":"S. Abera","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-2-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-2-02","url":null,"abstract":"In Ethiopia black cumin seed and oil are used in folk medicine, as a bread flavoring and as a spices. The essential oil of black cumin seeds were extracted by hydro-distillation with Clevenger apparatus and the constituents of the three varieties were identified using GC/MS. The essential oil content of black cumin seeds were 0.80%, 0.4% and 0.6% for Eden, Dershy and Silengo respectively. The GC/MS results showed that seventy five, sixty six and sixty constituents were identified which constituting 99.98%, 99.27% and 99.17% in Eden, Dershy and Silengo. The main constituents of Ethiopian black cumin verities seeds essential oil as detected by GC/MS ware p-cymene (45.85 - 44.31% ), α-thujen (17.30 - 12.57%), trans-4-methoxy thujane (8.86 - 7.39%), 9,12-Octadecanoic acid, 9Z,Z)- (6.04% - 0.07%), β-pinene (4.08 - 3.04%), α- pinene (3.94 -2.68%), gamma-terpinene (3.83 - 2.50%), thymoquinone (3.53 - 2.13%), α-terpinene (3.00 – 0.00%), D-limonene (2.29 - 2.08%), phenol-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) (2.56 -1.52%), cis-vaccenic acid (2.46 - 0.00%), longifolene (1.95 - 1.83%), the results confirms that main compounds are similar and variation in content to each varieties. The Ethiopian black cumin essential oil contain the required major secondary metabolite for pharmacological and other application. Keywords : Black cumin, Ethiopia, Essential oil, p-cymene,spices DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-2-02 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80636486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mays Kamil Kutafh, A. F. Abbas, Khansa Abdul Razzaq Ali Al-Assadi
The synthesis and characterization of some novel chalcone and isoxazole derivatives has been presented. Isoxazoles (D-F) have been prepared from chalcones (A-C) by treating with hydroxylamine hydrochloride . The structure of isoxazoles has been characterized by spectral analysis by FT-IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Keywords: isoxazole chalcone, heterocyclic DOI : 10.7176/CMR/12-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Some New 1-(3-(heterocyclic-2-yl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl)Pentane-1,2,3,4,5-Pentaol Derivatives from New Chalcone","authors":"Mays Kamil Kutafh, A. F. Abbas, Khansa Abdul Razzaq Ali Al-Assadi","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-1-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-1-02","url":null,"abstract":"The synthesis and characterization of some novel chalcone and isoxazole derivatives has been presented. Isoxazoles (D-F) have been prepared from chalcones (A-C) by treating with hydroxylamine hydrochloride . The structure of isoxazoles has been characterized by spectral analysis by FT-IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Keywords: isoxazole chalcone, heterocyclic DOI : 10.7176/CMR/12-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75045331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Copper is found in several minerals with varied elemental composition. For instance, copper minerals occur as chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ), bornite (Cu 5 FeS 4 ), chalcocite (Cu 2 S), covellite (CuS), cuprite oxide (Cu 2 O), and malachite (Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 ) among many other minerals. In Kenya, extraction of valuable minerals like copper is hampered by high capital and technological investment requirements. Mineral ores found in Tharaka sub – county in Tharaka Nithi County in Kenya in particular contains significant concentrations of copper which are worth extraction. These minerals cannot be exploited due to financial and technological constraints. However, efficient and cheaper methods of extraction of copper with affordable technology are currently required. Electrolysis of copper leach solution after reaction of ground ore with acid has been done. Since the available methods involve the use of large amount of power for large scale production, alternative method for extraction has been investigated. The method involves dipping aluminum in acidic leach solution at room temperatures. The copper recovered was found to contain 80 to 90% purity depending with ore composition. Keywords: key copper extraction, aluminum half-cell reaction, displacement of copper using aluminum. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-06 Publication date: September 30 th 2020
{"title":"Copper Extraction Using Aluminum in Acidic Leachate Media","authors":"P. Kugeria, P. Njoroge","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-7-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-7-06","url":null,"abstract":"Copper is found in several minerals with varied elemental composition. For instance, copper minerals occur as chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ), bornite (Cu 5 FeS 4 ), chalcocite (Cu 2 S), covellite (CuS), cuprite oxide (Cu 2 O), and malachite (Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 ) among many other minerals. In Kenya, extraction of valuable minerals like copper is hampered by high capital and technological investment requirements. Mineral ores found in Tharaka sub – county in Tharaka Nithi County in Kenya in particular contains significant concentrations of copper which are worth extraction. These minerals cannot be exploited due to financial and technological constraints. However, efficient and cheaper methods of extraction of copper with affordable technology are currently required. Electrolysis of copper leach solution after reaction of ground ore with acid has been done. Since the available methods involve the use of large amount of power for large scale production, alternative method for extraction has been investigated. The method involves dipping aluminum in acidic leach solution at room temperatures. The copper recovered was found to contain 80 to 90% purity depending with ore composition. Keywords: key copper extraction, aluminum half-cell reaction, displacement of copper using aluminum. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-7-06 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"31 1","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87053052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A series of five samples of boro-phosphate glasses doped with K 2 O and SrO within the composition of 20(B 2 O 3 ) + 30(P 2 O 5 ) + x (SrO) + (50-x) (K 2 O) where x = 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 were prepared by the melt quench technique. The samples were annealed to remove if any thermal strains present. The Non-crystalline nature of the glass samples was confirmed by XRD studies. The Samples were DSC studied in the temperature range from 423K to 673K and glass transition temperature was determined. T g various nonlinearly with SrO mole fraction. FTIR study shows the existence of different structural groups such as BPO 4 , BO 3 and BO 4 units in the network. Borophosphate glasses containing SrO and K 2 O which exhibits different IR bands related to SrO structural units. In the FTIR studies the increase in number of NBO’s were observed in the structure of the present glass composites with increase of SrO up to 30 mole fraction and further increase of SrO the number of NBO’s decreased. Number of NBO’s and glass transition temperature with mole fraction of alkaline earth ions termed as mixed cationic effect. This is for the first time the boro phosphate glasses doped with K 2 O and SrO reported for dc electrical transport and structural studies. Keywords: Borophosphate glasses, K2O, SrO, NBO’s, etc. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-2-01 Publication date: February 29 th 2020
{"title":"DSC and FTIR Studies in Potassium, Strontium Doped Boro-Phosphate Glasses","authors":"Anand Thipperudra, Dr N Nagaraja","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-2-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-2-01","url":null,"abstract":"A series of five samples of boro-phosphate glasses doped with K 2 O and SrO within the composition of 20(B 2 O 3 ) + 30(P 2 O 5 ) + x (SrO) + (50-x) (K 2 O) where x = 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 were prepared by the melt quench technique. The samples were annealed to remove if any thermal strains present. The Non-crystalline nature of the glass samples was confirmed by XRD studies. The Samples were DSC studied in the temperature range from 423K to 673K and glass transition temperature was determined. T g various nonlinearly with SrO mole fraction. FTIR study shows the existence of different structural groups such as BPO 4 , BO 3 and BO 4 units in the network. Borophosphate glasses containing SrO and K 2 O which exhibits different IR bands related to SrO structural units. In the FTIR studies the increase in number of NBO’s were observed in the structure of the present glass composites with increase of SrO up to 30 mole fraction and further increase of SrO the number of NBO’s decreased. Number of NBO’s and glass transition temperature with mole fraction of alkaline earth ions termed as mixed cationic effect. This is for the first time the boro phosphate glasses doped with K 2 O and SrO reported for dc electrical transport and structural studies. Keywords: Borophosphate glasses, K2O, SrO, NBO’s, etc. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-2-01 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89973570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal–organic frameworks are coordination network/polymer with organic ligands containing potential voids. MOFs are a class of porous polymeric material, consisting of metal ions linked together by organic bridging ligands. Different Metal-organic framework compounds of Zn, Fe, Al, Cr, Co, and Cd have been successfully synthesized using different synthesis method under ambient conditions by different scholars. The photocatalytic activity of these MOFs was investigated by the degradation of different organic dyes (such as: MO, MB, DTBP, Orange G., RhB, RBB, and phenol) in aqueous solution under light irradiation. These MOFs exhibits a promising photocatalytic activity for efficient dye degradation under UV –visible light depending on their band gap differences. The effect of electron acceptors (H 2 O 2, KBrO 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ) addition on the photocatalytic performance of MIL-53(Fe) on MB dye was also evaluated. The photocatalytic performance of this MOF was enhanced by the presence of electron scavengers by prolonging the hole-electron recombination. As a photocatalyst, the most remarkable feature of MOFs is the observation of reverse shape selectivity in which large molecules that cannot access the interior of the micropores are degraded significantly faster than those others that can enter into the pores. Keywords : Metal organic frameworks, photodegradation, photocatalysts, dyes, electron scavengers, and reverse shape/size selectivity. DOI : 10.7176/CMR/12-1-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Review on the Removal of Dyes by Photodegradation Using Metal-Organic Frameworks Under Light Irradiation","authors":"Muluneh Endashaw","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-1-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-1-03","url":null,"abstract":"Metal–organic frameworks are coordination network/polymer with organic ligands containing potential voids. MOFs are a class of porous polymeric material, consisting of metal ions linked together by organic bridging ligands. Different Metal-organic framework compounds of Zn, Fe, Al, Cr, Co, and Cd have been successfully synthesized using different synthesis method under ambient conditions by different scholars. The photocatalytic activity of these MOFs was investigated by the degradation of different organic dyes (such as: MO, MB, DTBP, Orange G., RhB, RBB, and phenol) in aqueous solution under light irradiation. These MOFs exhibits a promising photocatalytic activity for efficient dye degradation under UV –visible light depending on their band gap differences. The effect of electron acceptors (H 2 O 2, KBrO 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ) addition on the photocatalytic performance of MIL-53(Fe) on MB dye was also evaluated. The photocatalytic performance of this MOF was enhanced by the presence of electron scavengers by prolonging the hole-electron recombination. As a photocatalyst, the most remarkable feature of MOFs is the observation of reverse shape selectivity in which large molecules that cannot access the interior of the micropores are degraded significantly faster than those others that can enter into the pores. Keywords : Metal organic frameworks, photodegradation, photocatalysts, dyes, electron scavengers, and reverse shape/size selectivity. DOI : 10.7176/CMR/12-1-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84109157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the study is to formulate a dosimetry index that can be used for Quality assessment of IMRT treatment plans of prostate site. To compare different radiotherapy plans different indices are utilized. The present study will attempt to combine all the indices into one unified quality index which can define the quality of a treatment plan and serve as a quality indicator of treatment plan developed among similar and different modalities. This quality index will incorporate homogeneity index, conformity index, dose gradient and coverage index resulting in a direct comparison to an ideal plan. We developed another index in this study related to sparing of organs i.e. UDI (OARs) that incorporate the doses of OARs to compare which plan is optimum in terms of target coverage and OARs sparing. In comparison to this UDI (OARs) another work was done to analyze the dosimetry of overall plan including target coverage and organ at risk sparing i.e. critical organ scoring index (COSI). To validate UDI (Target), UDI (OARs) and COSI, 22 patients were studied which were planned on IMRT. We also define the ranking of the plan according to their target coverage and organ sparing quantities as ‘Excellent’, ‘Good’, ‘Average’ or ‘Poor’ plan. UDI index for the target and organ at risk is found to be a useful tool to quantify a treatment plan quality when volumes with different dose prescription are treated. Keywords: Treatment planning system, Conformity index, Homogeneity index, Dose coverage, Dose gradient, Critical organs DOI : 10.7176/CMR/12-1-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Adaptation of Unified Dosimetry Index (UDI) and Critical Organ Scoring Index (COSI) for Target and Organ at Risk (OAR) in Prostate IMRT Technique","authors":"Memoona Kousar","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-1-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-1-04","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to formulate a dosimetry index that can be used for Quality assessment of IMRT treatment plans of prostate site. To compare different radiotherapy plans different indices are utilized. The present study will attempt to combine all the indices into one unified quality index which can define the quality of a treatment plan and serve as a quality indicator of treatment plan developed among similar and different modalities. This quality index will incorporate homogeneity index, conformity index, dose gradient and coverage index resulting in a direct comparison to an ideal plan. We developed another index in this study related to sparing of organs i.e. UDI (OARs) that incorporate the doses of OARs to compare which plan is optimum in terms of target coverage and OARs sparing. In comparison to this UDI (OARs) another work was done to analyze the dosimetry of overall plan including target coverage and organ at risk sparing i.e. critical organ scoring index (COSI). To validate UDI (Target), UDI (OARs) and COSI, 22 patients were studied which were planned on IMRT. We also define the ranking of the plan according to their target coverage and organ sparing quantities as ‘Excellent’, ‘Good’, ‘Average’ or ‘Poor’ plan. UDI index for the target and organ at risk is found to be a useful tool to quantify a treatment plan quality when volumes with different dose prescription are treated. Keywords: Treatment planning system, Conformity index, Homogeneity index, Dose coverage, Dose gradient, Critical organs DOI : 10.7176/CMR/12-1-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"SE-1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84629329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted in selected districts of Kafa Zone of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia with an intention to identify the physico chemical quality status of beeswax produced in the areas. Three districts; Chena, Gimbo and Gesha and three peasant associations (PAs) from each district were purposively selected based on their potentialities for production and marketing of honey and beeswax. Before collecting sample beeswaxes, a preliminary survey was conducted to identify the major actors taking part in production, processing and marketing of beeswax. Accordingly, beeswax samples were collected from fresh combs, old combs, local mead houses and cooperatives for detail quality analysis. The Mean + SE value for melting point, refractive index, ash content, total volatile matter, acid value, Saponification value, ester value, and ester to acid ratio of beeswax of the area is found to be 62.35 + 0.15, 1.4416 + 0.0001, 0.0857 + 0.0144, 0.4156 + 0.0385,22.689 + 0.3793,94.7540 + 0.8617,72.065 + 0.4766,3.201 + 0.0625 respectively. All the samples passed for paraffin and other waxes, and fats and fatty acid tests. The result shows no significant variation among studied districts in all parameters. However, significantly higher value of refractive index, total volatile matters and ash contents were recorded in samples from local mead houses at p<0.05. This might be due to poor handling practices and an intentional addition of foreign materials such as salt for preserving beeswax from wax moths’ attacks and ‘kocho’ for increasing its volume which are commonly practiced by some individuals of ‘tej’ houses. The overall results revealed that all the beeswax samples collected from various sources are found within the acceptable ranges of national and international standards. Keywords: beeswax, physico-chemical qualities, Kafa zone DOI : 10.7176/CMR/12-1-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Evaluation of Physico Chemical Qualities of Beeswax in Selected Districts of Kafa Zone, Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia","authors":"Tesfu Shegaw","doi":"10.7176/cmr/12-1-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cmr/12-1-01","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted in selected districts of Kafa Zone of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia with an intention to identify the physico chemical quality status of beeswax produced in the areas. Three districts; Chena, Gimbo and Gesha and three peasant associations (PAs) from each district were purposively selected based on their potentialities for production and marketing of honey and beeswax. Before collecting sample beeswaxes, a preliminary survey was conducted to identify the major actors taking part in production, processing and marketing of beeswax. Accordingly, beeswax samples were collected from fresh combs, old combs, local mead houses and cooperatives for detail quality analysis. The Mean + SE value for melting point, refractive index, ash content, total volatile matter, acid value, Saponification value, ester value, and ester to acid ratio of beeswax of the area is found to be 62.35 + 0.15, 1.4416 + 0.0001, 0.0857 + 0.0144, 0.4156 + 0.0385,22.689 + 0.3793,94.7540 + 0.8617,72.065 + 0.4766,3.201 + 0.0625 respectively. All the samples passed for paraffin and other waxes, and fats and fatty acid tests. The result shows no significant variation among studied districts in all parameters. However, significantly higher value of refractive index, total volatile matters and ash contents were recorded in samples from local mead houses at p<0.05. This might be due to poor handling practices and an intentional addition of foreign materials such as salt for preserving beeswax from wax moths’ attacks and ‘kocho’ for increasing its volume which are commonly practiced by some individuals of ‘tej’ houses. The overall results revealed that all the beeswax samples collected from various sources are found within the acceptable ranges of national and international standards. Keywords: beeswax, physico-chemical qualities, Kafa zone DOI : 10.7176/CMR/12-1-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":9724,"journal":{"name":"chemistry and materials research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77324944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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