IF 5.7 1区农林科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Catena

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109843

Haotian Liang , Wei Wang , Shuli Wang

Air migration in the vadose zone plays a critical role in regulating hydrological processes and influencing the occurrence of geological hazards. In this study, laboratory soil column experiments and numerical simulations were employed to investigate coupled water–air migration under open and closed boundary conditions. The results show that boundary conditions strongly affect unsaturated infiltration. Under closed conditions, the pore air was progressively compressed, with pressures reaching 50 kPa, while the average wetting front velocity decreased to 0.056 m·d⁻¹, compared with 0.063 m·d⁻¹ under open conditions. Periodic fluctuations in air pressure further induced unstable water flow below the wetting front, indicating that variations in soil air pressure directly regulate infiltration rates. In contrast, under open conditions, the pore air pressure remained close to 0 kPa, and the wetting front advanced more uniformly. Comparative analyses of rainfall and irrigation scenarios revealed that rainfall-induced air pressure changes were limited and exerted little effect on infiltration. In contrast, irrigation caused strong fluctuations in air pressure, significantly reducing infiltration and lowering the safety of slopes. These findings highlight the importance of pore-air dynamics in unsaturated loess and demonstrate that air pressure acts as a critical link between the wetting front and groundwater. This study emphasizes the need to consider both water and air processes in future evaluations of groundwater migration and slope stability in unsaturated regions.

气包带的空气迁移在调节水文过程和影响地质灾害发生方面起着至关重要的作用。本文采用室内土柱实验和数值模拟方法，研究了开放和封闭边界条件下的水-气耦合运移。结果表明，边界条件对非饱和入渗影响较大。在封闭条件下，孔隙空气逐渐被压缩，压力达到50 kPa，平均润湿锋速度从开放条件下的0.063 m·d - 1降至0.056 m·d - 1。气压的周期性波动进一步导致湿润锋下水流的不稳定，表明土壤气压的变化直接调节入渗速率。而在开放条件下，孔隙空气压力保持在0 kPa附近，润湿锋推进更加均匀。降雨和灌溉情景的对比分析表明，降雨引起的气压变化有限，对入渗影响不大。灌溉水则引起了强烈的气压波动，显著降低了入渗，降低了边坡的安全性。这些发现强调了非饱和黄土孔隙-空气动力学的重要性，并表明气压是湿润锋与地下水之间的关键联系。这项研究强调，在未来评估地下水迁移和非饱和地区的边坡稳定性时，需要考虑水和空气过程。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental controls on soil organic matter composition across a glacial-landscape gradient: A case study of debris-covered glaciers in Gongga Mountain, Southwest China 冰川-景观梯度下土壤有机质组成的环境控制——以贡嘎山碎屑覆盖冰川为例

IF 5.7 1区农林科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Catena

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109833

Wenjing Mao , Yi Hu , Yang Hu , Ziwei Wang , Qianqian Long , Zhuo Guan , Chen Liu , Qiao Liu , Xuyang Lu

Supraglacial debris forms distinct ecological interface on glacier surfaces, representing an early stage of soil development where organic matter accumulation and transformation reflect complex interactions between glacial and terrestrial systems. This study investigated the molecular chemical composition of supraglacial debris organic matter (SDOM) and its environmental controls using pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry on two debris-covered glaciers of Gongga Mountain, southwest China. Despite both glaciers share granite bedrock, they exhibit distinct characteristics in terms of glacier retreat speed, climate, vegetation types, and SDOM content. Pyrolysis products of SDOM identified 93 chemical compounds belonging to 12 molecular classes, which were grouped into eight primary categories: lipids, aromatics, terpenes, N-compounds, carbohydrate-derived, lignin-derived, phenols, and unidentified compounds. Lipids and aromatics were the dominant components, constituting 27.96% and 25.56% of the pyrolysis products, respectively. Spatial variations in SDOM composition were observed between the eastern (Hailuogou Glacier, HG) and western (Dagongba Glacier, DG) slopes, with DG exhibiting higher molecular diversity and abundance. Multiple environmental factors affected SDOM composition, including elemental composition (K and Na), nitrogen and phosphate contents, and debris texture (clay and silt content). The spatial distribution of SDOM characteristics showed systematic variations with elevation and aspect, reflecting the impact of temperature and humidity precipitation on early soil development processes. These findings demonstrate that SDOM composition and initial soil formation in these extreme glacial environments are driven by the combined effects of microbial activities and local environmental factors. Our findings provide new insights into the pedogenic trajectories of high-altitude soil-landscape systems under ongoing environmental change.

冰上碎屑在冰川表面形成独特的生态界面，代表了土壤发育的早期阶段，有机质的积累和转化反映了冰川和陆地系统之间复杂的相互作用。采用热解-气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究了贡嘎山两处冰上碎屑有机质（SDOM）的分子化学组成及其环境控制因素。尽管两个冰川共享花岗岩基岩，但它们在冰川退缩速度、气候、植被类型和SDOM含量等方面表现出明显的特征。SDOM热解产物共鉴定出12个分子类93种化合物，主要分为8类：脂类、芳烃类、萜烯类、n-化合物、碳水化合物衍生、木质素衍生、酚类和未识别化合物。脂类和芳烃是主要组分，分别占热解产物的27.96%和25.56%。东坡（海螺沟冰川）和西坡（大公坝冰川）SDOM组成存在空间差异，其中大公坝冰川的分子多样性和丰度更高。多种环境因素影响SDOM的组成，包括元素组成（K和Na）、氮和磷酸盐含量以及碎屑结构（粘土和粉砂含量）。SDOM特征的空间分布随海拔和坡向呈系统变化，反映了温湿度降水对土壤早期发育过程的影响。这些结果表明，极端冰川环境下SDOM的组成和初始土壤形成是由微生物活动和当地环境因素共同驱动的。研究结果为持续环境变化下高海拔土壤-景观系统的成土轨迹提供了新的认识。

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引用次数: 0

Contrasting biogeography of soil protists with broad versus narrow habitat ranges across forest types and climatic zones 不同森林类型和气候带土壤原生生物栖息地范围的生物地理学对比

IF 5.7 1区农林科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Catena

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109829

Kai Fang , Yong-Ping Kou , Na Tang , Jia Liu , Xiao-Ying Zhang , Xiao-Hu Wang , Wen-Qiang Zhao , Hai-Jian Bing , Yan-Hong Wu , Qing Liu

Soil protists are diverse and functionally important components of belowground ecosystems. Distinct subgroups, such as multi-habitat and single-habitat taxa, may exhibit different biogeographic patterns and environmental responses; however, these differences remain poorly understood at large spatial scales. We analysed 310 soil samples from 22 mountain forests across China using high-throughput sequencing to examine protistan diversity, community composition, and environmental drivers across forest types and climatic zones. Protistan diversity was lowest in mixed broadleaf-conifer forests and subtropical zones, likely associated with higher temperatures and soil acidification, as reflected by negative correlations with temperature and reduced diversity under low pH conditions. Geographic and climatic factors jointly explained most variation in community composition. Across climatic zones, multi- and single-habitat taxa exhibited contrasting diversity patterns and opposite responses to environmental gradients, despite sharing similar community drivers. In contrast, across forest types, these taxa showed no clear opposing diversity patterns, and their community structures responded to different environmental factors. Trophic strategies predicted habitat preferences: consumers and phototrophs were more abundant in cooler and drier soils, while parasites dominated in warmer and more humid environments. The complementary abundance patterns of multi- and single-habitat consumers suggest niche differentiation that may promote coexistence and soil ecosystem stability. Geographic effects on protistan communities were both direct and indirect, mediated through climate–vegetation–soil interactions, with underlying mechanisms varying across diversity metrics and taxonomic groups. These findings provide a basis for using habitat-associated protists as indicators in biodiversity monitoring and offer insights into soil ecosystem responses to future climate change.

土壤原生生物是地下生态系统的重要组成部分。不同的亚群，如多生境和单生境分类群，可能表现出不同的生物地理格局和环境响应；然而，这些差异在大空间尺度上仍然知之甚少。我们利用高通量测序技术分析了中国22个山地森林的310个土壤样本，以研究不同森林类型和气候带的原生生物多样性、群落组成和环境驱动因素。原生生物多样性在阔叶针叶林和亚热带地区最低，这可能与较高的温度和土壤酸化有关，在低pH条件下与温度和多样性降低呈负相关。地理和气候因素共同解释了群落组成的大部分变化。在不同气候带中，多生境和单生境分类群表现出截然不同的多样性模式和对环境梯度的相反响应，尽管它们具有相似的群落驱动因素。在不同的林型中，这些类群没有明显的对立多样性格局，群落结构对不同的环境因子有响应。营养策略预测了生境偏好：在凉爽和干燥的土壤中，消费者和光养生物更丰富，而在温暖和潮湿的环境中，寄生虫占主导地位。多生境和单一生境消费者的互补丰度模式表明生态位分化可能促进共存和土壤生态系统的稳定性。对原生生物群落的地理影响是直接和间接的，通过气候-植被-土壤相互作用介导，其潜在机制因多样性指标和分类类群而异。这些发现为利用生境相关原生生物作为生物多样性监测的指标提供了基础，并为土壤生态系统对未来气候变化的响应提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Shrub dendrochronology reveals the last 150 years of spatiotemporal patterns of desertification in the Tengger Desert 灌木年代学揭示了腾格里沙漠近150年来沙漠化的时空格局

IF 5.7 1区农林科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Catena

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109844

Yu Ren , Shengchun Xiao , Xiaomei Peng , Aijun Ding , Quanyan Tian , Jiakang Wang

Desertification is among the most pressing ecological and environmental challenges worldwide, characterized by its long-term and complex dynamics. Long records are essential to reveal its historical evolution and underlying drivers, yet satellite-based monitoring spans only the past four decades, and reconstructions from historical documents, archaeology, or sediments often lack spatial representativeness and temporal precision. Here we take the Tengger Desert as a case study and develop an integrated framework that couples shrub ring-width indices (RWI) with multi-source remote sensing indices and a desertification index (DI). Using this approach, we reconstruct desertification in the desert's peripheral zones since 1850 and investigate its drivers and cyclicity. Results show that desertification has generally weakened over the past 150 years: the northern (NTD), western (WTD), and southern (STD) margins exhibit declining trends, while the eastern margin (ETD) remains relatively stable. At the interannual scale, the reconstructed DI displays strong fluctuations, showing synchronous highs in 1972 and lows in 1978 across the four marginal zones; at the decadal scale, it reveals coherent phases, with synchronous periods in 1917–1920, 1926–1930, and 1978–1989. The dominant cycles of DI range from 2 to 10 years. NTD and WTD are controlled mainly by precipitation and drought, whereas human disturbance increasingly shapes STD and dominates ETD. Large-scale climate teleconnections modulate desertification variability, but their influence lacks consistency and persistence. Our findings provide a new framework for reconstructing long-term ecological change in arid deserts and offer scientific guidance for desertification control.

荒漠化是世界范围内最紧迫的生态和环境挑战之一，其特点是其长期和复杂的动态。长期记录对于揭示其历史演变和潜在驱动因素至关重要，但基于卫星的监测仅涵盖过去40年，而且从历史文献、考古或沉积物中重建的结果往往缺乏空间代表性和时间精度。本文以腾格里沙漠为例，建立了灌木环宽指数（RWI）与多源遥感指数和沙漠化指数（DI）耦合的综合框架。利用这种方法，我们重建了1850年以来沙漠边缘地带的沙漠化，并研究了其驱动因素和周期性。结果表明：近150年来，沙漠化总体呈减弱趋势，北缘（NTD）、西缘（WTD）和南缘（STD）呈下降趋势，而东缘（ETD）保持相对稳定；在年际尺度上，重建DI表现出较强的波动，在4个边缘带均同步出现1972年的高点和1978年的低点；在年代际尺度上，它显示出连贯的阶段，在1917-1920年、1926-1930年和1978-1989年具有同步周期。DI的主要周期为2 ~ 10年。NTD和WTD主要受降水和干旱的控制，而人为干扰对STD的影响越来越大，并对ETD起主导作用。大尺度气候遥相关调节荒漠化变率，但其影响缺乏一致性和持久性。研究结果为重建干旱沙漠长期生态变化提供了新的框架，为荒漠化防治提供了科学指导。

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引用次数: 0

Recurrent historical lahars in Jamapa Gorge, Pico de Orizaba volcano, Mexico: Geological and dendrochronological evidence 墨西哥Pico de Orizaba火山的Jamapa峡谷中反复出现的历史火山泥流：地质和树木年代学证据

IF 5.7 1区农林科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Catena

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109832

Teodoro Carlón-Allende , José Luis Macías , Guillermo Cisneros-Máximo , Jesús Alcalá-Reygosa , Juan Manuel Sánchez-Núñez , Ricardo Saucedo , José Luis Arce , Jorge Iván Lara , Julio César Pineda Serrano , Juan Salvador Fernández-Peña

Lahars are a recurring phenomenon in volcanic areas and have a high potential to cause economic losses and fatalities. In recent decades, tree-ring records combined with stratigraphic correlations have proven valuable for reconstructing the spatiotemporal occurrence of these events. This study analyzes lahars exposed in the upper Jamapa Gorge, located on the northern flank of Pico de Orizaba volcano, at elevations between 3760 and 4000 m above sea level. We employed an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to generate an orthomosaic and a digital elevation model (DEM), enabling the production of a detailed geological map of the study area. Fieldwork included the construction of stratigraphic columns, the collection of volcaniclastic samples, and dendrochronological sampling of 163 Pinus hartwegii tree cores. Stratigraphic analysis identified three distinct ancient terraces formed by lahar activity, composed of heterolithological massive deposits made of boulder-gravel fragments supported by a coarse sandy matrix. The terrace tops are semi-flat and currently colonized by Pinus hartwegii. We generated three tree-ring chronologies providing minimum ages for terrace formation of ≤292, ≤96, and ≤79 years. The lahar deposit dated at ≤96 years correlates with the Mw 6.4 Jalapa earthquake of January 3rd, 1920, whereas the ≤79 years deposit may be associated with extreme rainfall produced by a category 3 hurricane in September 1931. The oldest deposit (≤292) may be related to snowmelt processes or extreme rainfall events. These results provide new insights into the historical occurrence of lahars in Mexican volcanoes, which have been comparatively understudied. Establishing more accurate lahar chronologies is essential for improving hazard assessments, as these events pose significant risks of damage to infrastructure and populations located at the base of active volcanoes.

火山泥流是火山地区反复出现的现象，极有可能造成经济损失和死亡。近几十年来，结合地层相关性的树木年轮记录已被证明对重建这些事件的时空发生有价值。本研究分析了位于Pico de Orizaba火山北侧海拔3760至4000米之间的贾帕帕峡谷上部暴露的火山泥流。我们使用无人驾驶飞行器（UAV）来生成正射影和数字高程模型（DEM），从而能够生成研究区域的详细地质图。野外工作包括地层柱的构建、火山碎屑样品的采集和163个哈尔滨松树芯的树木年代学采样。地层分析确定了三个不同的古阶地，由泥流活动形成，由粗砂基质支撑的砾石碎片组成的异岩性块状矿床。露台顶部是半平的，目前被哈特威吉松（Pinus hartwegii）占据。我们生成了三种树轮年表，提供了≤292年、≤96年和≤79年梯田形成的最小年龄。泥流沉积年代≤96年，与1920年1月3日发生的6.4级地震有关；泥流沉积年代≤79年，与1931年9月发生的3级飓风造成的极端降雨有关。最古老的沉积物（≤292）可能与融雪过程或极端降雨事件有关。这些结果为墨西哥火山泥流的历史发生提供了新的见解，这方面的研究相对较少。建立更准确的火山泥流年表对于改进危害评估至关重要，因为这些事件对位于活火山底部的基础设施和人口造成了重大破坏风险。

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引用次数: 0

Soil carbon stocks and nutrient stratification differ across age-related development stages of oriental beech forests in northwestern Türkiye 东北山毛榉林不同年龄发育阶段土壤碳储量和养分分层存在差异

IF 5.7 1区农林科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Catena

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2025.109786

Şükrü Teoman Güner , Aydın Çömez

Studies on stand development and nutrient dynamics in temperate forests have reported inconsistent patterns, indicating that underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study examined soil and forest floor properties across four stand development stages (young, middle-aged, mature, and overmature) in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests in Northwestern Türkiye, integrating forest floor chemistry with soil carbon and nutrient stocks across the full 0–100 cm soil profile. A total of 32 plots (eight per stage) were established, and soil samples were collected from four depth intervals (0–10, 10–30, 30–60, and 60–100 cm). Soil analyses covered bulk density, fine earth content (<2 mm), texture, pH, electrical conductivity, carbonate, organic carbon, and nutrients. Forest floor samples were analyzed for mass and nutrients. Differences among stand development stages were tested using ANOVA and Duncan's test. Stand development affected soil attributes, with young stands having lower bulk density but higher concentrations of C, N, S, Fe, Cu, and Zn. Variations across soil depths were significant for all properties except P and Cu. Organic C and N stocks were highest in young stands (127 and 12 t ha⁻¹). Forest floor N declined (15.2 → 12.2 mg g⁻¹) and the C/N ratio increased (29 → 36) with stand development. Fe and Cu also varied significantly, with their stocks ranging from 41.5 to 67.5 kg ha⁻¹ and 0.28–0.55 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. Overall, young stands exhibited more favorable soil and forest floor nutrient conditions than older stands. These results demonstrate that stand development strongly regulates below- and aboveground organic matter and nutrient dynamics, providing a basis for ecological assessment, silvicultural planning, and sustainable management of Oriental beech forests.

关于温带森林林分发育和营养动态的研究报告了不一致的模式，表明潜在的机制仍然不完全清楚。本研究在挪威西北部的东方山毛榉（Fagus orientalis Lipsky）森林中研究了四个林分发育阶段（年轻、中年、成熟和过成熟）的土壤和森林地面特性，将森林地面化学与土壤碳和养分储量在整个0-100 cm土壤剖面中进行了整合。共建立32个样地（每期8个），在0-10、10-30、30-60和60-100 cm 4个深度区间采集土壤样品。土壤分析包括体积密度、细土含量（2毫米）、质地、pH值、电导率、碳酸盐、有机碳和营养物质。分析了森林地面样品的质量和营养成分。采用方差分析和邓肯检验检验林分发育阶段的差异。林分发育影响土壤属性，幼林容重较低，但C、N、S、Fe、Cu和Zn含量较高。除磷和铜外，所有性状在不同土壤深度的变化都很显著。有机碳和氮储量以幼林最高（127和12 t ha−1）。随着林分的发育，地表氮含量呈下降趋势（15.2→12.2 mg g−1），C/N比值呈上升趋势（29→36）。铁和铜储量变化也很显著，分别在41.5 ~ 67.5 kg ha - 1和0.28 ~ 0.55 kg ha - 1之间。总体而言，幼林表现出比老林更有利的土壤和林地养分条件。结果表明，林分发育对地上、地下有机质和养分动态具有重要的调控作用，可为山毛榉林生态评价、造林规划和可持续经营提供依据。

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引用次数: 0

Sediment yield in mountain regions in the context of climate change: A systematic review 气候变化背景下山区产沙量：系统综述

IF 5.7 1区农林科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Catena

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109834

M.A. Ayele , K. Kaffas , P. Borrelli , N. Evelpidou , D. Penna , M. Righetti

Climate change notably affects rainfall patterns, temperature regimes, vegetation dynamics, and soil stability, which in turn can directly or indirectly influence soil erosion and sediment yields. This systematic review aims to evaluate the current understanding and modeling practices regarding climate-induced sediment yield in mountain environments, which are highly sensitive to climate variations. Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, 72 peer-reviewed studies, published between 2011 and 2024, were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. A multilevel database consisting of 12 sections and 56 subsections was developed to systematically extract relevant information from the studies considered. The review reveals a predominant use of conceptual (∼69%) and empirical models (∼25%), typically driven by coarse-resolution climate data. Most studies have been conducted at the catchment scale, with notable geographic bias toward Asia and Europe, and limited coverage in Oceania and South America. Stream sediment transport methods are the most common for estimating sediment yield, while sediment delivery ratios and rating curves are less frequently applied, limiting insight into sediment deposition and connectivity. Although many studies project increasing sediment yields under climate change (69.4%), others report decreasing or mixed trends, shaped by regional factors such as vegetation, land use, and conservation practices. The findings underscore the need for improved model validation (only ∼60% of studies reported any form of validation), greater geographic representation, and wider adoption of high-resolution, ensemble-based climate inputs. This review highlights that climate change acts both as a direct and indirect driver of sediment yield variability in mountain environments, and that addressing current modeling and data limitations is essential for producing reliable future projections that can inform sediment management and climate adaptation strategies.

气候变化显著影响降雨模式、温度状况、植被动态和土壤稳定性，这反过来又可以直接或间接影响土壤侵蚀和产沙量。本系统综述旨在评价当前对气候变化高度敏感的山地环境中气候诱导产沙的认识和模拟实践。在系统评价和荟萃分析首选报告项目（PRISMA）框架的指导下，根据预定义的纳入标准，选择了2011年至2024年间发表的72项同行评议研究。开发了一个由12节和56节组成的多层数据库，以便系统地从所审议的研究中提取有关信息。该综述揭示了概念模式（~ 69%）和经验模式（~ 25%）的主要使用，通常由粗分辨率气候数据驱动。大多数研究都是在流域尺度上进行的，地理上明显偏向亚洲和欧洲，在大洋洲和南美洲的覆盖范围有限。水系输沙法是估算产沙量最常用的方法，而输沙比和分级曲线的应用频率较低，限制了对沉积物沉积和连通性的了解。尽管许多研究预测在气候变化下泥沙产量会增加（69.4%），但其他研究报告称，受植被、土地利用和保护措施等区域因素影响，泥沙产量呈减少或混合趋势。这些发现强调需要改进模式验证（只有~ 60%的研究报告了任何形式的验证）、更大的地理代表性和更广泛地采用高分辨率、基于整体的气候输入。这篇综述强调，气候变化既是山区环境产沙变率的直接驱动因素，也是间接驱动因素，解决当前的建模和数据限制对于产生可靠的未来预测至关重要，这些预测可以为沉积物管理和气候适应战略提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Topography and rainfall variability shaping dryland vegetation self-organisation: Insights from a numerical modelling study 地形和降雨变化塑造旱地植被自组织：来自数值模拟研究的见解

IF 5.7 1区农林科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Catena

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109791

Daniel Caviedes-Voullième , Yolanda Pueyo , Christoph Hinz

The coevolution of hydrological and vegetation dynamics in semi-arid regions often leads to vegetation self-organisation (VSO). While numerous hypotheses on the ecohydrological processes driving VSO have been explored through mathematical models, these have struggled to capture the multiscale complexity emerging from short-term surface runoff over heterogeneous topographies under variable rainfall. This limitation hinders understanding of how natural topography and rainfall variability shape long-term vegetation patterns.

Previous studies suggest that intra-storm water redistribution at the hillslope scale – controlled by topography and storm intensity – plays a key role in VSO. However, these factors have rarely been considered together due to methodological constraints in numerical solvers. We argue that accurately representing these processes is essential to investigate their interactions.

This study systematically examines the effects of hillslope topography and intra-annual rainfall distributions on vegetation band formation using a physically based model that couples the Zero-Inertia (Diffusive Wave) approximation of the shallow water equations with the HilleRisLambers–Rietkerk vegetation model. Idealised 30-year simulations were conducted at second-scale hydrodynamic resolution across different hillslope forms (plane, convex, concave), slopes, and rainfall regimes along a semi-arid gradient.

Results show that both topography and rainfall variability strongly influence band formation through their control on water redistribution and hydrological balance. Steeper slopes enhance runoff over infiltration, reducing water availability and altering band geometry and migration. Concave hillslopes exhibit distinct runoff convergence and redistribution patterns compared to plane or convex slopes. Rainfall intermittency interacts with topography to further affect pattern stability and morphology. While both drivers shape pattern characteristics differently, their joint effects mainly influence band migration without providing a strong stabilising mechanism.

These results demonstrate the feasibility of long-term, physically based ecohydrological simulations, paving the way for more comprehensive models including sediment transport and geomorphic feedbacks.

半干旱区水文与植被动态的共同演化往往导致植被自组织。虽然已经通过数学模型探索了驱动VSO的生态水文过程的许多假设，但这些假设很难捕捉到在可变降雨量下异质地形上的短期地表径流所产生的多尺度复杂性。这一限制阻碍了对自然地形和降雨变化如何塑造长期植被格局的理解。以往的研究表明，在地形和暴雨强度的控制下，暴雨内雨水在山坡尺度上的再分配在VSO中起着关键作用。然而，由于数值求解方法的限制，这些因素很少被一起考虑。我们认为，准确地表示这些过程是必不可少的，以调查他们的相互作用。本研究采用基于物理的模型，将浅水方程的零惯性（扩散波）近似与HilleRisLambers-Rietkerk植被模型相结合，系统地考察了山坡地形和年内降雨分布对植被带形成的影响。理想的30年模拟在二级尺度水动力分辨率下进行，跨越不同的山坡形式（平面、凸、凹）、斜坡和沿半干旱梯度的降雨制度。结果表明，地形和降雨变率都通过控制水分再分配和水文平衡而强烈影响带的形成。更陡的斜坡增加了入渗径流，减少了水分的有效性，改变了带的几何形状和迁移。与平面或凸坡相比，凹坡表现出明显的径流汇聚和再分配模式。降雨间歇性与地形相互作用，进一步影响格局的稳定性和形态。虽然两个驱动因素形成的模式特征不同，但它们的共同作用主要影响波段迁移，而不提供强大的稳定机制。这些结果证明了长期的、基于物理的生态水文模拟的可行性，为更全面的模型包括泥沙输运和地貌反馈铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Automatic gully mapping using deep learning with boundary-stratified sampling and pixel balancing optimization: a case study of the Yuanjiang dry-hot valley 基于边界分层采样和像素平衡优化的深度学习自动沟制图——以沅江干热河谷为例

IF 5.7 1区农林科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Catena

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109835

Jiajun Song , Yifan Dong , Li Shen , Wenyue Cao , Xiaoxi Zhou , Ronghua Zhong

The Yuanjiang dry-hot valley is a typical severe gully erosion region in southwest China. However, due to the steep terrain of canyon areas, implementing traditional field contact-based monitoring methods is challenging, which highlights the high potential of deep learning-based automatic gully monitoring. The complex morphology and small area proportion are the key limiting factors in automatic gully mapping using deep learning methods. This study established a gully classification strategy that distinguishes between gully with clear boundary lines (GC) and unclear boundary lines (GU) across 3 representative locations characterized by high heterogeneity in soil properties and gully size/morphology. Five deep learning models were trained on distinct gully-type datasets to evaluate this framework. The results revealed that SegFormer achieved the highest Precision (69.67%) when mapping undifferentiated gullies. For GC, Twins exhibited the optimal performance (72.16% Precision), whereas DeepLabV3+ achieved the best Precision (59.47%) for GU. These findings confirm that exclusive training on GC gullies yields higher mapping accuracy, whereas detecting GU gullies requires incorporating GC samples to optimize performance. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that low gully area proportion adversely affects the mapping accuracy of deep learning-based models and proposes a pixel-balancing mechanism – specifically, inverse frequency weighting based on pixel quantity – to mitigate this systematic bias, resulting in an average Precision improvement of 7.12%. This integrated approach provides a methodological foundation for large-scale gully erosion mapping in similar extreme environments.

沅江干热河谷是中国西南典型的严重沟蚀区。然而，由于峡谷地区地形陡峭，实现传统的基于现场接触的监测方法具有挑战性，这凸显了基于深度学习的峡谷自动监测的巨大潜力。地形复杂、面积比例小是制约深度学习自动绘制沟壑地图的关键因素。本研究建立了一种沟壑分类策略，在土壤性质和沟壑大小/形态高度异质性的3个代表性地点区分具有明确边界线（GC）和不明确边界线（GU）的沟壑。在不同的沟壑类型数据集上训练了五个深度学习模型来评估该框架。结果表明，SegFormer在绘制未分化沟壑时精度最高（69.67%）。对于GC， Twins表现出最佳的精度（72.16%），而对于GU， DeepLabV3+表现出最佳的精度（59.47%）。这些发现证实，对GC沟壑进行单独训练可以提高制图精度，而检测GU沟壑则需要结合GC样本来优化性能。此外，本研究表明，低沟壑面积比例会对基于深度学习的模型的映射精度产生不利影响，并提出了一种像素平衡机制，即基于像素数量的逆频率加权，以减轻这种系统偏差，从而使平均精度提高7.12%。这种综合方法为类似极端环境下的大规模沟蚀制图提供了方法论基础。

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引用次数: 0

Holocene wildfire activity archived in East Asian marginal sea: Linkages to climate variability and human civilization 东亚边缘海全新世野火活动记录：与气候变率和人类文明的联系

IF 5.7 1区农林科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Catena

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109824

Linlin Chen , Yazhi Bai , Zhigang Guo , Weini Chong , Yuying Zhang , Jinming Bai , Yaru Liu , Haiyan Fang , Limin Hu

The evolution of wildfire activity in the Holocene was closely linked to climate change, vegetation dynamics, and the development of human civilization. Compared to terrestrial archives, marginal sea sediments offer broader watershed-scale spatial coverage and longer temporal sequences, providing a unique perspective on interactions among fire activity, climate variability, and human influence. This study is a systematic compilation and review of Holocene fire histories and their climatic and environmental responses within East Asian marginal seas. Under the coupled impacts of climate change and human activity across the East Asian monsoon region, sedimentary black carbon records from the Eastern China seas indicated a decline in fire frequency and intensity during the mid- to late Holocene. This trend was likely linked to reduced biomass fuel availability, driven by climate variation and extensive anthropogenic activity. The spatiotemporal distribution of fire activity showed strong latitudinal differences, as fire intensity was closely correlated with regional hydrological conditions and vegetation patterns. At the centennial scale, wildfire records exhibited strong associations with anthropogenic drivers, particularly during Chinese dynastic transitions. As global warming continues to intensify, wildfire regimes across East Asia are expected to become increasingly complex and severe. Future studies should investigate into the mechanisms underlying wildfire regimes and their long-term trajectories to obtain scientific insights for regional fire risk assessment and the development of effective management strategies.

全新世野火活动的演变与气候变化、植被动态和人类文明发展密切相关。与陆地档案相比，边缘海沉积物提供了更广泛的流域尺度空间覆盖和更长的时间序列，为研究火灾活动、气候变率和人类影响之间的相互作用提供了独特的视角。本研究是对东亚边缘海全新世火史及其气候环境响应的系统整理和综述。在东亚季风区气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下，东海沉积黑碳记录表明，全新世中后期中国东部海域的火灾频率和强度呈下降趋势。这一趋势可能与气候变化和广泛的人为活动导致的生物质燃料供应减少有关。火灾活动的时空分布表现出强烈的纬度差异，火灾强度与区域水文条件和植被格局密切相关。在百年尺度上，野火记录表现出与人为驱动因素的强烈关联，特别是在中国朝代过渡时期。随着全球变暖的持续加剧，预计东亚地区的野火制度将变得越来越复杂和严重。未来的研究应探讨野火的潜在机制及其长期轨迹，以获得区域火灾风险评估和有效管理策略制定的科学见解。

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引用次数: 0

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