Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109802
Belén Caurapan , Franz Zehetner , Susana R. Valle
This study examined how land-use changes impact soil organic carbon (SOC) content and chemical speciation in four volcanic soils (Andisols and Ultisols) in southern Chile. Fixed depth (FD) and equivalent soil mass (ESM) approaches were used to analyze SOC stocks under different land uses, including native forest, cropland, grassland, and exotic tree plantations. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy provided insights into the soil organic matter (SOM) composition by highlighting changes in key bands associated with organic compounds. Methodological analyses showed that although both FD and ESM methods produced similar average SOC values, the ESM approach may better capture SOC variations in soils with different densities. SOC contents and stocks significantly decreased in croplands, particularly in Typic Hapludult and Acrudoxic Duraquand, most likely due to intensive management practices that promote SOM decomposition. Native forests and grasslands demonstrated higher SOC stocks and maintained complex organic inputs. These results underscore the need for soil-specific management practices to sustain SOC levels, particularly in older volcanic soils like Ultisols, which have a lower capacity to stabilize organic carbon and are more vulnerable to SOC losses under intensive land use. This research demonstrated that the ESM approach enhances the accuracy of SOC stock estimates in volcanic soils with contrasting densities. FTIR analyses effectively revealed changes in SOM composition related to land-use change. Applying both methods together improves the detection of biogeochemical changes and should be prioritized when assessing SOC vulnerability and guiding conservation strategies in volcanic soils.
{"title":"Effects of land use changes on soil organic matter content and speciation in volcanic soils of southern Chile","authors":"Belén Caurapan , Franz Zehetner , Susana R. Valle","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined how land-use changes impact soil organic carbon (SOC) content and chemical speciation in four volcanic soils (Andisols and Ultisols) in southern Chile. Fixed depth (FD) and equivalent soil mass (ESM) approaches were used to analyze SOC stocks under different land uses, including native forest, cropland, grassland, and exotic tree plantations. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy provided insights into the soil organic matter (SOM) composition by highlighting changes in key bands associated with organic compounds. Methodological analyses showed that although both FD and ESM methods produced similar average SOC values, the ESM approach may better capture SOC variations in soils with different densities. SOC contents and stocks significantly decreased in croplands, particularly in Typic Hapludult and Acrudoxic Duraquand, most likely due to intensive management practices that promote SOM decomposition. Native forests and grasslands demonstrated higher SOC stocks and maintained complex organic inputs. These results underscore the need for soil-specific management practices to sustain SOC levels, particularly in older volcanic soils like Ultisols, which have a lower capacity to stabilize organic carbon and are more vulnerable to SOC losses under intensive land use. This research demonstrated that the ESM approach enhances the accuracy of SOC stock estimates in volcanic soils with contrasting densities. FTIR analyses effectively revealed changes in SOM composition related to land-use change. Applying both methods together improves the detection of biogeochemical changes and should be prioritized when assessing SOC vulnerability and guiding conservation strategies in volcanic soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109802"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109825
Mingming Zhang , Wenkai Liu , Li Wang , Frank M. Chambers
The Changbaishan volcanic field ranks as one of China's largest active volcanic fields. Numerous peatlands developed in this area, serving as crucial carbon sink within the country. In this well-known volcanic field, climatic changes and volcanic eruptions are likely to have exerted a notable impact on the carbon accumulation processes of peatlands. That said, the specific carbon dynamics in these peatlands and the possible driving mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. To address these unresolved questions, this study chose the Dongfanghongnan peatland as research subject. Findings from the investigations indicate that this particular peatland began to store carbon during the Late Holocene epoch. From 4344 to 1000 cal. yr BP, temperature and precipitation functioned as major factors that regulating carbon dynamics of the Dongfanghongnan peatland. Nevertheless, since 1000 cal. yr BP up to now, tephra deposition has been the major affecting factor for the carbon dynamics of peatlands. Furthermore, two distinct types of high-efficiency carbon sequestration patterns can be distinguished in the Dongfanghongnan peatland. The first pattern is named the climate-nutrient type. In an environment with increased rainfall and intense solar radiation, higher temperature may boost the productivity of Carex. At the same time, moist conditions are beneficial for the conservation of peat, which in turn helps trap carbon. In addition, nutrient phosphorus was transported into peatland with a phosphorus accumulation rate (PAR) of 0.058 g P m−2 yr−1, raising the net primary productivity of plants growing in the peatland. These combined effects led to a high-efficiency apparent carbon accumulation rate (aCAR), reaching 21.88 g C m−2 yr−1. The second pattern is referred to as the tephra fertilization type. Tephra released a large amount of phosphorus (with a PAR of 0.071 g P m−2 yr−1). Abundant phosphorus supply promoted the net primary productivity of both Carex and mosses. This promotion eventually resulted in a high-efficiency aCAR, which was measured at 24.90 g C m−2 yr−1. These findings deepen understanding of the relationship between climate variations, volcanic activities, and carbon sequestration of peatlands. They also establish important basis for making forecasts about the future carbon dynamics of peatlands in Northeast Asia.
长白山火山田是中国最大的活火山田之一。该地区开发了许多泥炭地，成为该国至关重要的碳汇。在这个众所周知的火山区，气候变化和火山喷发可能对泥炭地的碳积累过程产生了显著影响。也就是说，这些泥炭地的具体碳动态和可能的驱动机制仍然没有得到充分的了解。为了解决这些尚未解决的问题，本研究选择东方红南泥炭地作为研究对象。调查结果表明，这片特殊的泥炭地在全新世晚期开始储存碳。4344 ~ 1000 cal. yr BP期间，温度和降水是东方红南泥炭地碳动态的主要调节因子。然而，自1000 cal. yr BP至今，泥炭沉积一直是泥炭地碳动态的主要影响因素。此外，东方红南泥炭地还存在两种不同类型的高效固碳模式。第一种模式被称为气候-营养型。在降雨增加和太阳辐射强烈的环境下，较高的温度可能会提高苔草的生产力。与此同时，潮湿的环境有利于泥炭的保存，从而有助于捕获碳。此外，营养磷以0.058 g P m−2 yr−1的磷积累速率（PAR）进入泥炭地，提高了泥炭地植物的净初级生产力。这些综合作用导致高效率的表观碳积累速率（aCAR）达到21.88 g C m−2 yr−1。第二种模式被称为花药受精类型。Tephra释放出大量的磷（PAR为0.071 g P m−2 yr−1）。丰富的磷供应促进了苔类和苔类植物的净初级生产力。这种促进最终产生了高效率的aCAR，其测量值为24.90 g C m−2 yr−1。这些发现加深了对气候变化、火山活动和泥炭地碳固存之间关系的理解。为预测东北亚泥炭地未来碳动态提供了重要依据。
{"title":"The carbon dynamic and driving mechanisms of peatland in the Changbaishan volcanic field of China","authors":"Mingming Zhang , Wenkai Liu , Li Wang , Frank M. Chambers","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Changbaishan volcanic field ranks as one of China's largest active volcanic fields. Numerous peatlands developed in this area, serving as crucial carbon sink within the country. In this well-known volcanic field, climatic changes and volcanic eruptions are likely to have exerted a notable impact on the carbon accumulation processes of peatlands. That said, the specific carbon dynamics in these peatlands and the possible driving mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. To address these unresolved questions, this study chose the Dongfanghongnan peatland as research subject. Findings from the investigations indicate that this particular peatland began to store carbon during the Late Holocene epoch. From 4344 to 1000 cal. yr BP, temperature and precipitation functioned as major factors that regulating carbon dynamics of the Dongfanghongnan peatland. Nevertheless, since 1000 cal. yr BP up to now, tephra deposition has been the major affecting factor for the carbon dynamics of peatlands. Furthermore, two distinct types of high-efficiency carbon sequestration patterns can be distinguished in the Dongfanghongnan peatland. The first pattern is named the climate-nutrient type. In an environment with increased rainfall and intense solar radiation, higher temperature may boost the productivity of <em>Carex</em>. At the same time, moist conditions are beneficial for the conservation of peat, which in turn helps trap carbon. In addition, nutrient phosphorus was transported into peatland with a phosphorus accumulation rate (PAR) of 0.058 g P m<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>, raising the net primary productivity of plants growing in the peatland. These combined effects led to a high-efficiency apparent carbon accumulation rate (aCAR), reaching 21.88 g C m<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>. The second pattern is referred to as the tephra fertilization type. Tephra released a large amount of phosphorus (with a PAR of 0.071 g P m<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>). Abundant phosphorus supply promoted the net primary productivity of both <em>Carex</em> and mosses. This promotion eventually resulted in a high-efficiency aCAR, which was measured at 24.90 g C m<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>. These findings deepen understanding of the relationship between climate variations, volcanic activities, and carbon sequestration of peatlands. They also establish important basis for making forecasts about the future carbon dynamics of peatlands in Northeast Asia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109825"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109817
Layla M. San-Emeterio , Nicasio T. Jiménez-Morillo , José A. Vega , Cristina Fernández , Teresa Fontúrbel , Gonzalo Almendros , José.A. González-Pérez
Fire severity is key in shaping soil organic matter (SOM) composition, affecting biogeochemical cycles and post-fire recovery. However, accurately assessing fire severity is highly challenging, requiring the implementation of soil burn severity (SBS) indexes. This study employs a multi-isotope and elemental approach (C, N, H, O) to assess fire-induced changes in SOM quantity and quality across soil burn severity (SBS) levels in 0–2 cm mineral soil samples from wildfires and controlled experimental burns on intact soil monoliths in pine forests of Galicia (NW Spain). Results indicate that total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) decreased with increasing burn severity, with TOC losses reaching up to 90% in the most severe burns. Stable isotope analyses revealed divergent fractionation patterns: carbon isotope (δ13C) depletion in wildfire-affected soils suggested preferential combustion of lignin-derived compounds, whereas experimental burns exhibited slight δ13C enrichment due to the removal of thermolabile organic fractions. Similarly, nitrogen isotope (δ15N) values increased with burn severity, which may be linked to the alteration soil microbial community and selective nitrogen volatilization. Hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes showed distinct evaporative and oxidative fractionation trends, with experimental fires displaying stronger δ2H enrichment due to more controlled combustion conditions. These findings highlight the utility of elemental and stable isotope analysis in distinguishing between fire types and assessing fire impacts on SOM. These results confirm the suitability of this system of visual indicators for assessing changes in the quality of organic matter in a simple way after a fire.
{"title":"Effects of fire severity on soil organic matter: a multi-isotope (C, N, H, O) comparison of wildfires and experimental burns","authors":"Layla M. San-Emeterio , Nicasio T. Jiménez-Morillo , José A. Vega , Cristina Fernández , Teresa Fontúrbel , Gonzalo Almendros , José.A. González-Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fire severity is key in shaping soil organic matter (SOM) composition, affecting biogeochemical cycles and post-fire recovery. However, accurately assessing fire severity is highly challenging, requiring the implementation of soil burn severity (SBS) indexes. This study employs a multi-isotope and elemental approach (C, N, H, O) to assess fire-induced changes in SOM quantity and quality across soil burn severity (SBS) levels in 0–2 cm mineral soil samples from wildfires and controlled experimental burns on intact soil monoliths in pine forests of Galicia (NW Spain). Results indicate that total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) decreased with increasing burn severity, with TOC losses reaching up to 90% in the most severe burns. Stable isotope analyses revealed divergent fractionation patterns: carbon isotope (δ<sup>13</sup>C) depletion in wildfire-affected soils suggested preferential combustion of lignin-derived compounds, whereas experimental burns exhibited slight δ<sup>13</sup>C enrichment due to the removal of thermolabile organic fractions. Similarly, nitrogen isotope (δ<sup>15</sup>N) values increased with burn severity, which may be linked to the alteration soil microbial community and selective nitrogen volatilization. Hydrogen (δ<sup>2</sup>H) and oxygen (δ<sup>18</sup>O) isotopes showed distinct evaporative and oxidative fractionation trends, with experimental fires displaying stronger δ<sup>2</sup>H enrichment due to more controlled combustion conditions. These findings highlight the utility of elemental and stable isotope analysis in distinguishing between fire types and assessing fire impacts on SOM. These results confirm the suitability of this system of visual indicators for assessing changes in the quality of organic matter in a simple way after a fire.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109817"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109821
Jiangjie Yang , Zhijun Dai , Xuefei Mei , Fangyuan Bu , Yizhuang Liu
Dongting Lake (DTL), one of China's largest freshwater lakes and a critical wetland ecosystem, has shrunk rapidly due to both natural and human factors. This study presents one of the longest continuous analyses of wetland vegetation dynamics from 1989 to 2023 by combining long-term hydrological data with high-resolution remote sensing imagery, explicitly examining the impacts of hydrological alterations before and after the construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Results revealed that the vegetation area of DTL increased at a rate of 5.08 km2/yr, with regional rates of 1.88 km2/yr (East), 2.54 km2/yr (South), and 1.46 km2/yr (West), advancing lakeward at average rates of 27.56 ± 27.03 m/yr (East), 13.74 ± 14.45 m/yr (South), and 22.45 ± 20.67 m/yr (West), corresponding with water retreat and a downward shift of vegetation zones. Hydrological alterations caused by the TGD, including lower water levels (∼0.6 m) and longer dry seasons (35 days), strongly shaped wetland vegetation dynamics, with East DTL mainly responding to water level decline and South and West DTL being more sensitive to dry season duration. Sediment input supported vegetation expansion, and vegetation-sediment feedback accelerated wetland evolution by trapping sediments and raising floodplain elevation. Local reclamation and sand mining resulted in a substantial wetland loss of 117.7 km2. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the coupled effects of hydrological drivers and ecological feedback on wetland evolution, offering critical insights for the sustainable management and restoration of lake ecosystems.
{"title":"Hydrological alterations induced lakeward expansion of wetland vegetation in Dongting Lake, China's second-largest lake","authors":"Jiangjie Yang , Zhijun Dai , Xuefei Mei , Fangyuan Bu , Yizhuang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dongting Lake (DTL), one of China's largest freshwater lakes and a critical wetland ecosystem, has shrunk rapidly due to both natural and human factors. This study presents one of the longest continuous analyses of wetland vegetation dynamics from 1989 to 2023 by combining long-term hydrological data with high-resolution remote sensing imagery, explicitly examining the impacts of hydrological alterations before and after the construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Results revealed that the vegetation area of DTL increased at a rate of 5.08 km<sup>2</sup>/yr, with regional rates of 1.88 km<sup>2</sup>/yr (East), 2.54 km<sup>2</sup>/yr (South), and 1.46 km<sup>2</sup>/yr (West), advancing lakeward at average rates of 27.56 ± 27.03 m/yr (East), 13.74 ± 14.45 m/yr (South), and 22.45 ± 20.67 m/yr (West), corresponding with water retreat and a downward shift of vegetation zones. Hydrological alterations caused by the TGD, including lower water levels (∼0.6 m) and longer dry seasons (35 days), strongly shaped wetland vegetation dynamics, with East DTL mainly responding to water level decline and South and West DTL being more sensitive to dry season duration. Sediment input supported vegetation expansion, and vegetation-sediment feedback accelerated wetland evolution by trapping sediments and raising floodplain elevation. Local reclamation and sand mining resulted in a substantial wetland loss of 117.7 km<sup>2</sup>. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the coupled effects of hydrological drivers and ecological feedback on wetland evolution, offering critical insights for the sustainable management and restoration of lake ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109821"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109795
Danni Zhu , Yi Li , Lihua Niu , Changsong Zhou , Lianjie Fan , Haiping Lu , Li Lin
Karst groundwater, a critical global drinking water source, exhibits heightened vulnerability to nitrate (NO3−) contamination due to rapid hydraulic connectivity and redox fluctuations. Microbial nitrogen (N) cycling influenced by hydrological conditions is crucial to accurately identify the NO3− fate in karst aquifers. However, how karst hydrological conditions affect microbial N-cycling and NO3− turnover remains unclear. Herein, NO3− sources, transformation, and underlying microbial mechanisms of N-cycling were investigated by coupling hydrochemistry, stable isotopes, and microbial sequencing in two karst conduit systems (velocity: 54 and 37 m h−1) and a matrix aquifer (velocity: 0.8 m h−1). Hydrochemistry and stable isotope signatures indicated broader sources of NO3−-N in conduit systems than in the matrix aquifer, yet conduit groundwater possessed lower NO3− concentrations, suggesting active nitrate attenuation. The microbes and functional genes of N-cycling revealed that NO3− reduction potentials involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction, assimilatory nitrate reduction, and denitrification were significantly enhanced in conduit systems compared to the matrix aquifer. Additionally, conduit systems exhibited stronger community cohesion and a higher proportion of deterministic processes than the matrix aquifer. Generalized linear models further confirmed that community coalescence and assembly synergistically drive the enrichment of nitrate-reducing taxa in conduit systems. Partial least squares path modeling finally identified ORP, DIC, turbidity, and velocity as key hydrological drivers shaping N-cycling functions via community coalescence and assembly. These results link karst hydrodynamics to NO3− attenuation via microbially mediated ecological mechanisms, providing insights for NO3− pollution mitigation in karst aquifers.
岩溶地下水是全球重要的饮用水源，由于快速的水力连通性和氧化还原波动，其对硝酸盐（NO3−）污染的脆弱性增加。受水文条件影响的微生物氮循环是准确识别岩溶含水层NO3−命运的关键。然而，喀斯特水文条件如何影响微生物n循环和NO3−周转尚不清楚。本文通过耦合水化学、稳定同位素和微生物测序，研究了两个岩溶管道系统（流速为54和37 m h−1）和基质含水层（流速为0.8 m h−1）中NO3−的来源、转化和n循环的潜在微生物机制。水化学和稳定同位素特征表明，管道系统中NO3−-N的来源比基质含水层更广泛，但管道地下水的NO3−浓度较低，表明硝酸盐的活性衰减。氮循环的微生物和功能基因表明，与基质含水层相比，管道系统中参与异化硝酸盐还原、同化硝酸盐还原和反硝化的NO3−还原电位显著增强。此外，管道系统比基质含水层表现出更强的群落凝聚力和更高比例的确定性过程。广义线性模型进一步证实了群落聚合和组装协同驱动管道系统中硝酸盐还原类群的富集。偏最小二乘路径模型最终确定ORP、DIC、浊度和流速是通过群落聚合和组装形成n循环函数的关键水文驱动因素。这些结果通过微生物介导的生态机制将岩溶水动力学与NO3−衰减联系起来，为岩溶含水层的NO3−污染缓解提供了见解。
{"title":"Discrepancies in microbial nitrogen cycling among diverse karst hydrological systems: enhanced nitrate reduction potential in karst conduits","authors":"Danni Zhu , Yi Li , Lihua Niu , Changsong Zhou , Lianjie Fan , Haiping Lu , Li Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Karst groundwater, a critical global drinking water source, exhibits heightened vulnerability to nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) contamination due to rapid hydraulic connectivity and redox fluctuations. Microbial nitrogen (N) cycling influenced by hydrological conditions is crucial to accurately identify the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> fate in karst aquifers. However, how karst hydrological conditions affect microbial N-cycling and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> turnover remains unclear. Herein, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> sources, transformation, and underlying microbial mechanisms of N-cycling were investigated by coupling hydrochemistry, stable isotopes, and microbial sequencing in two karst conduit systems (velocity: 54 and 37 m h<sup>−1</sup>) and a matrix aquifer (velocity: 0.8 m h<sup>−1</sup>). Hydrochemistry and stable isotope signatures indicated broader sources of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>-N in conduit systems than in the matrix aquifer, yet conduit groundwater possessed lower NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> concentrations, suggesting active nitrate attenuation. The microbes and functional genes of N-cycling revealed that NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> reduction potentials involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction, assimilatory nitrate reduction, and denitrification were significantly enhanced in conduit systems compared to the matrix aquifer. Additionally, conduit systems exhibited stronger community cohesion and a higher proportion of deterministic processes than the matrix aquifer. Generalized linear models further confirmed that community coalescence and assembly synergistically drive the enrichment of nitrate-reducing taxa in conduit systems. Partial least squares path modeling finally identified ORP, DIC, turbidity, and velocity as key hydrological drivers shaping N-cycling functions via community coalescence and assembly. These results link karst hydrodynamics to NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> attenuation via microbially mediated ecological mechanisms, providing insights for NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> pollution mitigation in karst aquifers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109795"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109823
Puyu Wang , Fengchen Yu , Fanglong Wang , Puchen Chen , Hongliang Li , Ming Zhang
The increasing frequency of extreme climate events has drawn widespread attention, particularly regarding their impacts on glacier ablation. As the only glacier in the Sawir Mountains with long-term monitoring, the Muz Taw Glacier provides continuous records and serves as an important reference for glaciers in the regions of high latitude and low altitude. Using RClimDex model combination with measurements, ERA5-Land reanalysis, and multi-source remote sensing data, this study analyzed the evolution of extreme climate events in this typical glacier area from 2000 to 2024. Over the past 25 years, all extreme temperature indices show rapid warming in the glacier area, accompanied by differences in temporal pattern, with nighttime warming faster than daytime, and warming magnitude during the non-ablation period exceeding that during the ablation period. Except for R1Xday and R5Xday, extreme precipitation indices showed increasing duration and cumulative intensity, with greater intensity during the ablation period. The stronger correlation between extreme temperature indices and glacier albedo with mass balance suggests that rising extreme warm events and declining albedo contribute to the accelerated glacier mass loss. Particularly in 2024, the Muz Taw Glacier experienced the highest temperature and the greatest amount of mass loss ever recorded.
{"title":"Impacts of increasing extreme climate events on Muz Taw glacier, Central Asia","authors":"Puyu Wang , Fengchen Yu , Fanglong Wang , Puchen Chen , Hongliang Li , Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing frequency of extreme climate events has drawn widespread attention, particularly regarding their impacts on glacier ablation. As the only glacier in the Sawir Mountains with long-term monitoring, the Muz Taw Glacier provides continuous records and serves as an important reference for glaciers in the regions of high latitude and low altitude. Using RClimDex model combination with measurements, ERA5-Land reanalysis, and multi-source remote sensing data, this study analyzed the evolution of extreme climate events in this typical glacier area from 2000 to 2024. Over the past 25 years, all extreme temperature indices show rapid warming in the glacier area, accompanied by differences in temporal pattern, with nighttime warming faster than daytime, and warming magnitude during the non-ablation period exceeding that during the ablation period. Except for R1Xday and R5Xday, extreme precipitation indices showed increasing duration and cumulative intensity, with greater intensity during the ablation period. The stronger correlation between extreme temperature indices and glacier albedo with mass balance suggests that rising extreme warm events and declining albedo contribute to the accelerated glacier mass loss. Particularly in 2024, the Muz Taw Glacier experienced the highest temperature and the greatest amount of mass loss ever recorded.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109823"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109816
Zhijie Cai , Xiujie Wu , Zhongyuan Xu , Weini Hu , Longwei Hao , Zongxu Liu , Jiani Li
High density plateau pika activity in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau reforms soil properties and affects hydrological processes. However, studies focusing on the ecohydrology of pika burrows are sparse. This study, based on field investigations, applies sandbox experiments to investigate the effects of plateau pika burrows on preferential flow. Numerical simulations are conducted using COMSOL to explore the influence of various burrow structural parameters on water infiltration, including burrow diameter, depth, bottom length, and the separated burrow entrance and bottom section. Additionally, the impact of different burrow densities on water infiltration is analyzed.
The results showed that both the experiments and the model confirmed the occurrence of preferential flow in rodent burrows under varying rainfall intensity conditions. In the experiments, the soil water content at the same location was being up to 16.2% higher compared to non-burrow. Moreover, the bottom drainage of the burrow sandbox occurred first, and the total drainage volume was 8.6 times that of the non-burrow. Simulations demonstrate that burrow depth is the most significant factor among structural parameters of burrow. A 150% increase in depth led to a 62.67% increase in infiltration flux. Burrow diameter ranks second, while the burrow bottom length has the least effect. And the contribution of the burrow bottom alone to promoting water infiltration is very limited. Furthermore, excessive burrow density led to overly localized infiltration, weakening the overall enhancement. The findings enhance our understanding of rodent burrows on soil water movement and hydrological cycles, providing valuable scientific support for ecohydrology and water resource assessment.
{"title":"Impact of plateau pika burrows on soil water infiltration: Insights from controlled experiments and numerical simulation","authors":"Zhijie Cai , Xiujie Wu , Zhongyuan Xu , Weini Hu , Longwei Hao , Zongxu Liu , Jiani Li","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High density plateau pika activity in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau reforms soil properties and affects hydrological processes. However, studies focusing on the ecohydrology of pika burrows are sparse. This study, based on field investigations, applies sandbox experiments to investigate the effects of plateau pika burrows on preferential flow. Numerical simulations are conducted using COMSOL to explore the influence of various burrow structural parameters on water infiltration, including burrow diameter, depth, bottom length, and the separated burrow entrance and bottom section. Additionally, the impact of different burrow densities on water infiltration is analyzed.</div><div>The results showed that both the experiments and the model confirmed the occurrence of preferential flow in rodent burrows under varying rainfall intensity conditions. In the experiments, the soil water content at the same location was being up to 16.2% higher compared to non-burrow. Moreover, the bottom drainage of the burrow sandbox occurred first, and the total drainage volume was 8.6 times that of the non-burrow. Simulations demonstrate that burrow depth is the most significant factor among structural parameters of burrow. A 150% increase in depth led to a 62.67% increase in infiltration flux. Burrow diameter ranks second, while the burrow bottom length has the least effect. And the contribution of the burrow bottom alone to promoting water infiltration is very limited. Furthermore, excessive burrow density led to overly localized infiltration, weakening the overall enhancement. The findings enhance our understanding of rodent burrows on soil water movement and hydrological cycles, providing valuable scientific support for ecohydrology and water resource assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109816"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109800
Weiyu Cao , Fang Tian , Zixin Liu , Meijiao Chen , Xianyong Cao
Knowledge of the long-term land-use history and human-environment interaction processes in broad valleys is essential for the harmonious development of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we analyzed high-resolution multi-proxy records derived from Ruba Lake in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, including pollen, grain-size, End-member modelling, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, black carbon (BC), and δ13C of black carbon (δ13CBC), to reconstruct the valley agriculture history and its environmental background over the last 2600 years. There is possible evidence that agriculture was practiced in the Ruba Basin since ca. 2000 cal yr BP, while it flourished after ca. 500 cal yr BP, as represented by increases in the pollen abundance and frequency of cereal Poaceae. Increased Artemisia and Nitraria indicate a regional aridification trend on the southern Tibetan Plateau, while elevated BC concentrations and enriched δ13CBC values reflect intensified human activities. The increase in coarse-grained sediments further suggests enhanced soil erosion under these conditions. Our results confirm that regional drought at ca. 500 cal yr BP (middle Ming Dynasty) did not apparently affect the valley agriculture directly because of advanced cultivation technology and the relatively plentiful water resources.
了解青藏高原广阔河谷的长期土地利用历史和人-环境相互作用过程对青藏高原的和谐发展至关重要。本文利用雅鲁藏布江中游鲁巴湖的花粉、粒度、端元模拟、总有机碳、总氮、黑碳（BC）和黑碳δ13C （δ13CBC）等高分辨率多代记录，重建了流域2600年来的农业历史及其环境背景。有可能的证据表明，鲁巴盆地的农业活动始于约2000 cal yr BP，而在约500 cal yr BP之后，农业活动蓬勃发展，表现为禾本科植物花粉丰度和频率的增加。青藏高原南部蒿属和白刺属的增加反映了区域干旱化趋势，而BC浓度的升高和δ13CBC值的富集反映了人类活动的加剧。粗粒沉积物的增加进一步表明在这些条件下土壤侵蚀加剧。研究结果表明，约500 calyr BP（明代中期）的区域干旱对流域农业的直接影响并不明显，这主要是由于流域耕作技术先进，水资源相对丰富。
{"title":"Valley agriculture in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River was buffered against the drought event during the last millennium","authors":"Weiyu Cao , Fang Tian , Zixin Liu , Meijiao Chen , Xianyong Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knowledge of the long-term land-use history and human-environment interaction processes in broad valleys is essential for the harmonious development of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we analyzed high-resolution multi-proxy records derived from Ruba Lake in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, including pollen, grain-size, End-member modelling, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, black carbon (BC), and δ<sup>13</sup>C of black carbon (δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>BC</sub>), to reconstruct the valley agriculture history and its environmental background over the last 2600 years. There is possible evidence that agriculture was practiced in the Ruba Basin since ca. 2000 cal yr BP, while it flourished after ca. 500 cal yr BP, as represented by increases in the pollen abundance and frequency of cereal Poaceae. Increased <em>Artemisia</em> and <em>Nitraria</em> indicate a regional aridification trend on the southern Tibetan Plateau, while elevated BC concentrations and enriched δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>BC</sub> values reflect intensified human activities. The increase in coarse-grained sediments further suggests enhanced soil erosion under these conditions. Our results confirm that regional drought at ca. 500 cal yr BP (middle Ming Dynasty) did not apparently affect the valley agriculture directly because of advanced cultivation technology and the relatively plentiful water resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109800"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2026.109822
Gustavo Vieira Veloso , Danilo César de Mello , Lucas Vieira Silva , Elpídio Inácio Fernandes-Filho , Jorge Tadeu Fim Rosas , Fellipe Alcantara de Oliveira Mello , José João Lelis Leal de Souza , Márcio Rocha Francelino , Sara Ramos dos Santos , Francis Henrique Tenório Firmino , Nícolas Augusto Rosin , Gabriel Pimenta Barbosa de Sousa , Tiago Osório Ferreira , Arnaldo Barros e Souza , José A.M. Demattê
<div><div>Pedology, the study of pedogenesis, includes soil classification and mapping. Digital soil mapping (DSM) has evolved from traditional methods to creating comprehensive spatial soil information systems. This advancement is achieved by integrating field and laboratory data with environmental covariates and incorporating new geotechnologies such as geophysical techniques and remote sensing data, alongside machine learning approaches. This integration in DSM provides novel insights into soil survey and mapping, offering detailed information on soil variability both vertically and laterally. It also raises new research questions that traditional pedology may not have addressed. In this study, we proposed and compared three strategies for DSM in Brazil, creating predictive pedological mapping. These strategies integrate data from three geophysical sensors, remote sensing data, relief, and lithology as input in a machine learning approach testing five algorithms. The four proposed strategies were: <em>i)</em> the combined use of geophysical variables and remote sensing data (G + RS + DEM); <em>ii)</em> the use of remote sensing data only (RS + DEM); <em>iii)</em> the use of geophysical variables only (G + DEM) and; iv) relief data (DEM). Lithology and relief were used as common input data in the predictive pedological mapping modeling process for all four strategies. We conducted a statistical analysis to evaluate the models' performance employing the Kruskal-Walli's test, the F1-score, Kappa, Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity. Additionally, the best strategy was chosen based on the Kruskal-Walli's test and Overall Agreement and Disagreement statistical validation method, utilizing the reference map generated by an expert pedologist. Results revealed that the Random Forest algorithm presented the best performance for modeling predictive pedological mapping in all proposed strategies. Among the predictor variables, the Synthetic Soil Image (a synthetic multi-temporal soil image created by selecting and integrating bare soil observations from satellite data to capture key soil properties for mapping and analysis), relief, and geophysical data had the most significant contributions. While variables associated with remote sensing displayed stronger correlations with surface pedological attributes, geophysical variables demonstrated stronger associations with subsurface pedological attributes and diagnostic horizons. The most effective strategies for predictive digital pedological mapping were the G + RS, while the least effective was DEM. The individual performances of G and RS were comparable. The final predictive digital pedological map had a strong correlation with the traditional one, considering the Agreement/Disagreement validation method. The most significant prediction errors occurred in the transitional zones between pedological and lithological classes. Within the predicted classes, the most substantial errors were observed in class
{"title":"Strategies for predictive digital soil mapping by geophysical, remote sensing and machine learning approaches","authors":"Gustavo Vieira Veloso , Danilo César de Mello , Lucas Vieira Silva , Elpídio Inácio Fernandes-Filho , Jorge Tadeu Fim Rosas , Fellipe Alcantara de Oliveira Mello , José João Lelis Leal de Souza , Márcio Rocha Francelino , Sara Ramos dos Santos , Francis Henrique Tenório Firmino , Nícolas Augusto Rosin , Gabriel Pimenta Barbosa de Sousa , Tiago Osório Ferreira , Arnaldo Barros e Souza , José A.M. Demattê","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2026.109822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pedology, the study of pedogenesis, includes soil classification and mapping. Digital soil mapping (DSM) has evolved from traditional methods to creating comprehensive spatial soil information systems. This advancement is achieved by integrating field and laboratory data with environmental covariates and incorporating new geotechnologies such as geophysical techniques and remote sensing data, alongside machine learning approaches. This integration in DSM provides novel insights into soil survey and mapping, offering detailed information on soil variability both vertically and laterally. It also raises new research questions that traditional pedology may not have addressed. In this study, we proposed and compared three strategies for DSM in Brazil, creating predictive pedological mapping. These strategies integrate data from three geophysical sensors, remote sensing data, relief, and lithology as input in a machine learning approach testing five algorithms. The four proposed strategies were: <em>i)</em> the combined use of geophysical variables and remote sensing data (G + RS + DEM); <em>ii)</em> the use of remote sensing data only (RS + DEM); <em>iii)</em> the use of geophysical variables only (G + DEM) and; iv) relief data (DEM). Lithology and relief were used as common input data in the predictive pedological mapping modeling process for all four strategies. We conducted a statistical analysis to evaluate the models' performance employing the Kruskal-Walli's test, the F1-score, Kappa, Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity. Additionally, the best strategy was chosen based on the Kruskal-Walli's test and Overall Agreement and Disagreement statistical validation method, utilizing the reference map generated by an expert pedologist. Results revealed that the Random Forest algorithm presented the best performance for modeling predictive pedological mapping in all proposed strategies. Among the predictor variables, the Synthetic Soil Image (a synthetic multi-temporal soil image created by selecting and integrating bare soil observations from satellite data to capture key soil properties for mapping and analysis), relief, and geophysical data had the most significant contributions. While variables associated with remote sensing displayed stronger correlations with surface pedological attributes, geophysical variables demonstrated stronger associations with subsurface pedological attributes and diagnostic horizons. The most effective strategies for predictive digital pedological mapping were the G + RS, while the least effective was DEM. The individual performances of G and RS were comparable. The final predictive digital pedological map had a strong correlation with the traditional one, considering the Agreement/Disagreement validation method. The most significant prediction errors occurred in the transitional zones between pedological and lithological classes. Within the predicted classes, the most substantial errors were observed in class","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109822"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2025.109746
Antonio Ganga , Ludmila Ribeiro Roder , Iraê Amaral Guerrini , Rafael Barroca Silva , Emmanuele Farris , Alfredo Maccioni , Gian Franco Capra
Soil plays a pivotal role in the processes and behavior of the global carbon cycle, with soil organic carbon stocks (SOCs) representing the largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool. Mediterranean areas are among the world's biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. The island of Sardinia (southern Italy), due to the rare convergence of environmental and historical land use factors, is characterized by extremely peculiar soil conditions. This study investigated SOCs and their behavior in two contrasting Mediterranean pedosystems: Cambisols developed on granite (the most common pedosystem) vs Luvisols on limestone (one of the rarest), featuring different land covers with a gradient varying from agricultural (vineyard at different ages) to more natural areas (remnants of natural potential vegetation cover). Several soil physico-chemical features were assessed. An ANOVA was conducted to determine significant differences (p < 0.05) between and among investigated horizons and land uses. The variability and complex multiple relationships were analyzed by factor (FA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results revealed that areas with natural or near-natural features exhibited significantly higher SOCs compared to more intensively managed and human-influenced land covers. Interestingly, the two investigated pedosystems, originating from diverse substrates and thus contributing to different soil formation processes, are characterized by significantly different SOC amounts and behaviors. Overall, soil features have a greater influence on SOCs than usually expected and previously reported. Consequently, this study suggests that SOC investigations, if not conducted in conjunction with a thorough soil analysis, may lead to inaccurate or misleading outcomes and subsequent conclusions.
{"title":"The influence of soil physico-chemical properties and land uses on organic carbon stocks in contrasting Mediterranean pedosystems","authors":"Antonio Ganga , Ludmila Ribeiro Roder , Iraê Amaral Guerrini , Rafael Barroca Silva , Emmanuele Farris , Alfredo Maccioni , Gian Franco Capra","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil plays a pivotal role in the processes and behavior of the global carbon cycle, with soil organic carbon stocks (SOCs) representing the largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool. Mediterranean areas are among the world's biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. The island of Sardinia (southern Italy), due to the rare convergence of environmental and historical land use factors, is characterized by extremely peculiar soil conditions. This study investigated SOCs and their behavior in two contrasting Mediterranean pedosystems: Cambisols developed on granite (the most common pedosystem) <em>vs</em> Luvisols on limestone (one of the rarest), featuring different land covers with a gradient varying from agricultural (vineyard at different ages) to more natural areas (remnants of natural potential vegetation cover). Several soil physico-chemical features were assessed. An ANOVA was conducted to determine significant differences (<em>p</em> < 0.05) between and among investigated horizons and land uses. The variability and complex multiple relationships were analyzed by factor (FA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results revealed that areas with natural or near-natural features exhibited significantly higher SOCs compared to more intensively managed and human-influenced land covers. Interestingly, the two investigated pedosystems, originating from diverse substrates and thus contributing to different soil formation processes, are characterized by significantly different SOC amounts and behaviors. Overall, soil features have a greater influence on SOCs than usually expected and previously reported. Consequently, this study suggests that SOC investigations, if not conducted in conjunction with a thorough soil analysis, may lead to inaccurate or misleading outcomes and subsequent conclusions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 109746"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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