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Phenolic syntactic foams: Low-density composites for structural and thermostructural applications 酚醛合成泡沫:用于结构和热结构应用的低密度复合材料
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1177/02624893221101147
B. John, CP Reghunadhan Nair
Syntactic foams, low density composites consisting of hollow microballoons or microspheres dispersed in a matrix, find application in various fields. The properties of these light weight composites can be easily tuned by suitably selecting the matrix and the hollow microsphere filler and their composition. Among the various matrices employed in syntactic foams, phenolic resins have enticed the researchers owing to their salient features viz. high thermal stability, high char yield, structural integrity etc. This review gives an overview of phenolic syntactic foams with a focus on various phenolic resin based syntactic foams and modified syntactic foams. Finally, applications of phenolic syntactic foams are also covered.
合成泡沫是由分散在基质中的空心微球或微球组成的低密度复合材料,在各个领域都有应用。通过适当选择基质和中空微球填料及其组成,可以很容易地调节这些轻质复合材料的性能。在复合泡沫中使用的各种基质中,酚醛树脂以其热稳定性高、炭产率高、结构完整性等显著特点吸引了研究人员。本文综述了酚醛复合泡沫的概况,重点介绍了各种酚醛树脂基复合泡沫和改性复合泡沫。最后,还介绍了酚醛复合泡沫的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis and properties of foams from a blend of vegetable oil based polyhydroxyurethane and epoxy resin 植物油基聚羟基聚氨酯与环氧树脂共混泡沫的合成及性能研究
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS Pub Date : 2022-05-13 DOI: 10.1177/02624893221101170
Z. Ahmad, P. Mahanwar
This article aims to highlight the synthesis of foams from a blend of hydroxyurethane of castor oil and epoxy resin. An epoxidized castor oil of 4% oxirane oxygen was first converted to cyclic carbonate of castor oil at 120°C, 1 atm CO2 pressure and then it was reacted with three different aliphatic diamines to yield amine terminated Polyhydroxyurethane (PHU). Foams were prepared in a metal mould from the blend of PHU, epoxy resin, epoxy hardener and polymethylhydrogensiloxane blowing agent which releases hydrogen gas upon reaction with amine. FTIR and 1H NMR of cyclic carbonate of castor oil and PHU of castor oil were done to confirm their chemical structures. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of foams was done to assess their cellular morphology along with DSC and TGA to evaluate their thermal properties. Both flexible and rigid type of foams were synthesised in this study. Resilience of flexible foams was inspected using a ball rebound test and compression-recovery test while thermal insulation property was checked by measuring thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and R-values of rigid foams from heat transfer study using a heat transfer apparatus.
本文旨在重点介绍由蓖麻油的羟基氨基甲酸酯和环氧树脂的混合物合成泡沫。首先在120°C、1个大气压的CO2压力下,将4%环氧乙烷氧的环氧化蓖麻油转化为蓖麻油的环状碳酸酯,然后将其与三种不同的脂肪族二胺反应,得到胺封端的聚羟基氨基甲酸酯(PHU)。在金属模具中由PHU、环氧树脂、环氧硬化剂和聚甲基氢硅氧烷发泡剂的混合物制备泡沫,该发泡剂在与胺反应时释放氢气。对蓖麻油的环状碳酸酯和蓖麻油的PHU进行了红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱分析,确定了它们的化学结构。对泡沫进行了光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜检查以评估其细胞形态,并对DSC和TGA进行了评估以评估其热性能。本研究合成了柔性和刚性两种类型的泡沫。使用球回弹试验和压缩恢复试验检查柔性泡沫的弹性,同时通过使用传热设备测量传热研究中刚性泡沫的热导率、热扩散率和R值来检查隔热性能。
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引用次数: 1
Effect of strain rate and load orientation on cyclic response of anisotropic polyurethane foam 应变速率和载荷方向对各向异性聚氨酯泡沫循环响应的影响
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS Pub Date : 2022-04-13 DOI: 10.1177/02624893221084895
Dorra Ben Abdeljelil, S. Chatti, Raja O Ahmed Ben Ali
Anisotropic cellular materials, such as polymeric foams, play an important role in structures subjected to cyclic loadings. The present paper provides an experimental investigation of the mechanical behavior of an anisotropic polyurethane foam subjected to cyclic compressive loadings under two perpendicular orientations: the rising and perpendicular directions. The foam samples are loaded under three different strain rates and various deformations. The experimental results are presented in terms of elasticity modulus, maximal compressive stress, effective energy absorption capacity, and residual strain. It is proved that the investigated polyurethane foam presents a macroscopic mechanical anisotropy caused by microscopic cell elongation in the foaming direction. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the mechanical behavior of the foam is fully influenced by both deformation rates and imposed strains. The experimental stress–strain curves are modelized using an empirical model considering an adjustable modulus of elasticity. The analytical results show a good agreement with the experiments.
各向异性细胞材料,如聚合物泡沫,在受循环载荷的结构中起着重要的作用。本文研究了各向异性聚氨酯泡沫材料在垂直方向和垂直方向下循环压缩载荷作用下的力学行为。泡沫试样在三种不同的应变速率和不同的变形下加载。实验结果包括弹性模量、最大压应力、有效能量吸收能力和残余应变。结果表明,所研究的聚氨酯泡沫在发泡方向上表现出微观细胞伸长引起的宏观力学各向异性。此外,研究表明,泡沫的力学行为完全受变形速率和施加应变的影响。实验应力-应变曲线采用考虑弹性模量可调的经验模型进行建模。分析结果与实验结果吻合较好。
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引用次数: 1
Micro foaming performance of scCO2-aid glutaraldehyde/hexametaphosphate/thermoplastic starch foams modified by alkali treatment and montmorillonite nano-platelets 碱处理和蒙脱土纳米片改性scco2助戊二醛/六偏磷酸酯/热塑性淀粉泡沫的微发泡性能
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1177/02624893211073539
Keng-ben Wang, Ya‐qiong Huang, Xiaoming Cheng, J. Yeh
The micro foaming performance, moisture resistance and dynamic viscosity of scCO2-aid glutaraldehyde/hexametaphosphate/thermoplastic tapioca starch (GA/SHMP/TOS) foams were considerably improved by proper NaOH treatment. The expansion ratio, resilience rate, dynamic viscosity values of these NaOH modified foams improved to a maximum, as the time for NaOH treatment approached a proper value. The dynamic viscosity, expansion ratio and resilience rate of the scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS foams modified using 110 atm scCO2-pressure, the proper alkali treatment time, SHMP loading and varying montmorillonite (MMT) loadings improved further, as their MMT loadings approached a proper value of 2.5 part per hundred parts of tapioca starch (PHTOS). Relatively large dynamic viscosity (7.1x104 Pa·s), extremely large expansion ratio (∼75), cell density (1.1x109 cells/cm3) and/or resilience rate (∼80%) were acquired for the scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foam modified using the proper alkali treatment time and MMT loading. Thermal analyses results showed that crystallization onset temperatures and crystallization rates of scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foams modified using the proper alkali treatment time and varying MMT loadings improved to a highest value by adding 2.5 PHTOS of MMT nano-platelets. Possible reasons accounting for the considerably improved micro foaming performance of scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foams modified using the proper alkali treatment time and MMT loading are proposed in this study.
通过适当的NaOH处理,scCO2辅助戊二醛/六偏磷酸盐/热塑性木薯淀粉(GA/SHMP/TOS)泡沫的微发泡性能、耐水性和动态粘度得到了显著改善。随着NaOH处理时间的接近,这些NaOH改性泡沫的膨胀比、回弹率和动态粘度值都达到了最大值。使用110大气压scCO2压力、适当的碱处理时间、SHMP负载量和不同的蒙脱石(MMT)负载量改性的scCO2助剂GA/SHMP/TOS泡沫的动态粘度、膨胀比和回弹率进一步提高,因为它们的MMT负载量接近每百份木薯淀粉(PHTOS)2.5份的适当值。使用适当的碱处理时间和MMT负载量改性的scCO2助剂GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT泡沫获得了相对较大的动态粘度(7.1x104 Pa·s)、极高的膨胀比(~75)、胞密度(1.1x109个胞/cm3)和/或回弹率(~80%)。热分析结果表明,通过添加2.5PHTOS的MMT纳米片,使用适当的碱处理时间和不同的MMT负载量改性的scCO2助剂GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT泡沫的结晶起始温度和结晶速率提高到最高值。本研究提出了采用适当的碱处理时间和MMT负载量改性的scCO2助剂GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT泡沫微发泡性能显著提高的可能原因。
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引用次数: 0
Fire retardancy, thermal, and physico-mechanical properties of semi-rigid water-blown polyurethane foam from palm oil-based polyol 棕榈油基多元醇制备的半刚性水吹聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性、热性能和物理机械性能
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/02624893211061633
M. H. Dzulkifli, M. Yahya, R. A. Majid
This paper presents the experimental work undertaken to assess rigid palm oil-based polyurethane (PU) foam. The bio-composite foam was characterized to determine its foaming kinetics and morphology, as well as fire retardancy, thermal, and mechanical responses, which was later compared with its petrochemical-based counterpart. The palm oil-based foam displayed poor fire-retardancy performance based on Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and UL-94 Vertical Combustion Test. Although less char residue was produced, the palm oil-based PU foam exhibited higher onset degradation temperatures, indicating improved thermal stability. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed finer cell sizes for the bio-based foam and a higher fraction of open cell structures, which affected its density and compressive properties. As a conclusion, the palm oil-based PU foam is a viable alternative to be utilized in low load-bearing and thermal environment applications.
本文介绍了评估硬质棕榈油基聚氨酯(PU)泡沫的实验工作。研究人员对生物复合泡沫进行了表征,以确定其发泡动力学和形态,以及阻燃性、热学和力学响应,随后将其与石化泡沫进行了比较。根据极限氧指数(LOI)和UL-94垂直燃烧试验,棕榈油基泡沫的阻燃性能较差。虽然产生的炭渣较少,但棕榈油基PU泡沫表现出更高的起始降解温度,表明热稳定性得到改善。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示,生物基泡沫的细胞尺寸更小,开孔结构的比例更高,这影响了其密度和压缩性能。综上所述,棕榈油基聚氨酯泡沫是一种可行的替代品,可用于低负荷和热环境应用。
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引用次数: 2
Development and investigation of the applicability of computed tomography data-based modelling technique for polymeric high-density foams 基于计算机断层扫描数据的聚合物高密度泡沫建模技术的发展和适用性研究
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS Pub Date : 2021-12-23 DOI: 10.1177/02624893211061631
Anna Hössinger-Kalteis, M. Reiter, M. Jerabek, Z. Major
As foams have become very important in several areas and since characterizing their properties is a crucial task, a finite element simulation model for high-density closed cell foams based on computed tomography (CT) measurements is developed. The model includes realistic microstructural features like cell size distribution due to the utilization of CT data. Moreover, a ‘skin-core-skin’ microstructure resulting from the manufacturing process (injection moulding) of the foams is also considered in the model. The mechanical behaviour of the foam’s core layer under tension and compression load is characterized based on the microstructural model to develop constitutive material models of the foam. These constitutive models enable further mechanical characterization of the foam with less computational effort. Compression and bending test simulations of injection moulded foams with three different densities are validated with corresponding experimental results. Thus, conclusions can be drawn regarding the reliability, applicability and possible further extensions of the high-density foam model.
由于泡沫在几个领域变得非常重要,并且表征其性能是一项至关重要的任务,因此开发了一个基于计算机断层扫描(CT)测量的高密度闭孔泡沫的有限元模拟模型。由于利用了CT数据,该模型包括真实的微观结构特征,如细胞大小分布。此外,模型中还考虑了泡沫制造过程(注塑)产生的“皮芯皮”微观结构。基于微观结构模型表征了泡沫芯层在拉伸和压缩载荷下的力学行为,以开发泡沫的本构材料模型。这些本构模型能够以较少的计算工作量对泡沫进行进一步的机械表征。用相应的实验结果验证了三种不同密度注塑泡沫的压缩和弯曲试验模拟。因此,可以得出关于高密度泡沫模型的可靠性、适用性和可能的进一步扩展的结论。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of rare earth nucleating agent on supercritical CO2 foaming behavior of block copolymerized polypropylene 稀土成核剂对嵌段共聚聚丙烯超临界CO2发泡行为的影响
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS Pub Date : 2021-11-14 DOI: 10.1177/02624893211053678
Yun Zhang, Yadong He, C. Xin, Yan-Qun Su
The rare earth nucleating agent was used to modify block copolymerized polypropylene (PPB) in foaming process. The results show that the crystallization of PPB and the melting temperature of β-crystal increased gradually with increased β-crystal nucleating agent content. The total crystallinity decreased with amount of addition increasing, and the relative content of β-crystal increased first and then decreased. When β-crystal nucleating agent content was 0.4 wt%, the relative β-crystal content reached the maximum value of 95.27%, and the final crystal grain refinement significantly. The addition of rare earth β-crystal nucleating agent has a good effect on improving the uniformity of foam cells. Under the same content of β-crystal nucleating agent and pressure, the average cell diameter and expansion ratio increased with the saturation temperature increasing. After the foaming temperature reaches 155°C, the expansion ratio began to decrease, which was also consistent with the changed trend of relative β-crystal content. At the same content of temperature and relative β-crystal, as the foaming pressure increased, the cell diameter decreased gradually, and the expansion ratio increased first, and then decreased.
采用稀土成核剂对嵌段共聚聚丙烯(PPB)进行发泡改性。结果表明,随着β晶核剂含量的增加,PPB的结晶度和β晶的熔融温度逐渐升高。总结晶度随添加量的增加而降低,β-晶体的相对含量先增加后降低。当β晶核剂含量为0.4wt%时,相对β晶含量达到95.27%的最大值,最终晶粒细化明显。稀土β晶核剂的加入对提高泡沫细胞的均匀性有很好的效果。在相同的β-结晶成核剂含量和压力下,平均泡孔直径和膨胀率随饱和温度的升高而增加。发泡温度达到155°C后,膨胀率开始下降,这也与相对β-晶体含量的变化趋势一致。在相同的温度和相对β-晶体含量下,随着发泡压力的增加,泡孔直径逐渐减小,膨胀率先增大后减小。
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引用次数: 0
Theoretical modeling of longitudinal piezoelectric characteristic for cellular polymers 多孔聚合物纵向压电特性的理论建模
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1177/02624893211055830
Ikram Najihi, C. Ennawaoui, A. Hajjaji, Y. Boughaleb
Efficient energy harvesting is a difficult challenge that consists in the development of systems allowing charging autonomous and low-power devices. In addition to traditional piezoelectric polymers, mono-crystals, and ceramics, cellular electrets offer consistent solutions by converting wasted vibration energy from the environment to usable electrical energy. This paper presents an electromechanical model to study the energy harvesting capability of cellular polymers. The theoretical study models the response of these materials to investigate the effect of different parameters on the piezoelectric coefficient d33, particularly. The model considers the percentage of porosity, surface charge density in each polymer–gas surface, the properties of the polymer matrix and the gas encapsulated in the pores, and the Young’s modulus of the porous film. For poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), the results showed that the piezoelectric performance of the film declines with the increase of the film thickness. However, the variation of the d33 as a function of the percentage of porosity is exponential and can achieve 4.24 pC/N for a porosity of 80%. Compared to a previously published experiment, the theoretical results have proven a good agreement with only 3.3% error.
有效的能量收集是一项艰巨的挑战,包括开发允许自动充电和低功耗设备的系统。除了传统的压电聚合物、单晶和陶瓷外,细胞驻极体通过将环境中浪费的振动能量转化为可用的电能,提供了一致的解决方案。本文提出了一种用于研究细胞聚合物能量收集能力的机电模型。理论研究对这些材料的响应进行了建模,重点研究了不同参数对压电系数d33的影响。该模型考虑了孔隙率百分比、每个聚合物-气体表面的表面电荷密度、聚合物基质和孔隙中封装的气体的性质以及多孔膜的杨氏模量。对于聚醋酸乙烯-乙烯基薄膜,随着薄膜厚度的增加,薄膜的压电性能下降。然而,d33作为孔隙率百分比的函数的变化是指数的,当孔隙率为80%时,d33可以达到4.24 pC/N。与先前发表的实验结果相比,理论结果具有良好的一致性,误差仅为3.3%。
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引用次数: 5
Preparation and properties of high melt strength PBS and its environmentally friendly foaming materials 高熔体强度PBS及其环保发泡材料的制备与性能
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.1177/02624893211053674
Xiao-Ming Zhou, Yi-fan Liu
In order to improve the melt strength of Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) resin, the silane graft-crosslinked PBS copolyester materials were prepared by melt blending method with vinyltriethyl silane as graft material and benzyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. At the same time, the environmentally friendly compound foaming agent (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate) was used as foaming agent. The results showed that the tensile properties and melt strength of PBS resin were greatly improved after silane grafting and cross-linking, and the graft and cross-linking reaction between PBS resin and silane occurred, forming a three-dimensional space network structure, and the viscosity and elasticity of polymer melt was changed, which increased the entropy elasticity of the material and strengthened the polymer melt strength. The additional amount of compound foaming agent and the cross-linking degree of material had important influence on the diameter and distribution of PBS foaming material.
为了提高聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)树脂的熔融强度,以乙烯三乙基硅烷为接枝材料,过氧化苄(BPO)为引发剂,采用熔融共混法制备了硅烷接枝交联PBS共聚酯材料。同时采用环保型复合发泡剂(柠檬酸和碳酸氢钠)作为发泡剂。结果表明,经过硅烷接枝交联后,PBS树脂的拉伸性能和熔体强度得到了很大的提高,PBS树脂与硅烷发生接枝交联反应,形成三维空间网络结构,聚合物熔体的粘度和弹性发生改变,增加了材料的熵弹性,增强了聚合物熔体强度。复合发泡剂的添加量和材料的交联度对PBS发泡材料的直径和分布有重要影响。
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引用次数: 0
Microbubble technology for natural rubber latex foam production: The use of various gas-filled microbubbles 天然胶乳泡沫生产中的微气泡技术:各种充气微气泡的使用
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS Pub Date : 2021-10-23 DOI: 10.1177/02624893211053672
Kuntida Katkeaw, M. Khangkhamano, R. Kokoo
In recent years, microbubble technology has attracted great attention in many application fields including water treatment, food processing, oil recovery, surface cleaning, and therapeutic applications. In this paper, microbubbles (MBs) of air, nitrogen, and argon were applied to produce natural rubber latex foams (NRLFs). The bubbles were generated by flowing the gas through a porous diffuser and latex. The effect of gas source on cellular structure, density, elasticity, indentation hardness, and flammability of the bubbled foams was discussed. Argon MBs offered the latex foams with fine cell diameters and uniform cell size distribution resulting in enhanced elasticity and physical properties of the foams. Indentation hardness index and limiting oxygen index value depended significantly on the gas used. By using the microbubble technique, the future prospects in NRLF production can be expected due to its ability in controllable cellular structure.
近年来,微气泡技术在水处理、食品加工、采油、表面清洁和治疗应用等许多应用领域引起了极大的关注。本文采用空气、氮气和氩气的微气泡(MBs)制备了天然胶乳泡沫(NRLFs)。气泡是通过使气体流过多孔扩散器和乳胶而产生的。讨论了气源对发泡泡沫的结构、密度、弹性、压痕硬度和可燃性的影响。氩气MBs为乳胶泡沫提供了精细的孔直径和均匀的孔尺寸分布,从而增强了泡沫的弹性和物理性能。压痕硬度指数和极限氧指数值与所用气体有很大关系。通过使用微气泡技术,由于其在可控细胞结构方面的能力,可以预期NRLF生产的未来前景。
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引用次数: 2
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Cellular Polymers
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