Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.1177/0262489319951401003
A. Parfondry, E. Cassidy
{"title":"Recent Developments in “Waterlily” Comfort Cushioning for the Flexible Slabstock Industry","authors":"A. Parfondry, E. Cassidy","doi":"10.1177/0262489319951401003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0262489319951401003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9816,"journal":{"name":"Cellular Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141060630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.1177/0262489319951401006
{"title":"CONFERENCES AND SEMINARS","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0262489319951401006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0262489319951401006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9816,"journal":{"name":"Cellular Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141060572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1177/02624893241242193
Haihui Luo, Xuanle Ou, Zhixian Dong, R. Xu, C. Lei, Dahua Chen
The crystallization behavior during foaming directly affects the foaming properties. For crystalline polymers, there is no consensus on the influence of the crystallization behavior during foaming process on the stabilization of the cell structure. In this work, PBAT foamed bead and unfoamed pellets were prepared by controlling the saturated temperatures in supercritical CO2, soaking step (one or two) and the depressurization rate, respectively. Double melting peaks were observed in the DSC curve of supercritical CO2 foamed PBAT beads. By comparing the outgassing rates we find that the stretching-induced crystallization caused by the rapid expansion of the gas during foaming plays an important role in the stabilization of the cells. Although the crystalline perfection or crystal size at this time is much smaller than that of the crystalline grains formed during static cooling, the rapid crystallization is effective in stabilizing the cell structure of the foamed pores. Compared to normal supercritical foaming processes, the two-step foaming process of soaking CO2 at high temperatures followed by foaming at low temperatures results in an increase in cell size and expansion ratio. At high temperatures, more CO2 diffuses into the PBAT pellets, increasing the instantaneous gas concentration in the pellets for foaming, and the rapid stretching produces stretching-induced crystallization that raises the average size of the cells, further increasing the expansion multiplicity of individual cells. The average cell size of foam beads rises from 37.8 to 48.8 µm and the expansion ratio also increases to 8.6 with saturated temperature increasing form 95 to 105°C. The two-step soaking foaming method is a more efficient way of manufacturing industrial foamed beads, allowing for the preparation of better foam beads at low temperatures.
{"title":"Influence of foaming-induced crystallization behavior on the structure of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) supercritical foamed beads","authors":"Haihui Luo, Xuanle Ou, Zhixian Dong, R. Xu, C. Lei, Dahua Chen","doi":"10.1177/02624893241242193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02624893241242193","url":null,"abstract":"The crystallization behavior during foaming directly affects the foaming properties. For crystalline polymers, there is no consensus on the influence of the crystallization behavior during foaming process on the stabilization of the cell structure. In this work, PBAT foamed bead and unfoamed pellets were prepared by controlling the saturated temperatures in supercritical CO2, soaking step (one or two) and the depressurization rate, respectively. Double melting peaks were observed in the DSC curve of supercritical CO2 foamed PBAT beads. By comparing the outgassing rates we find that the stretching-induced crystallization caused by the rapid expansion of the gas during foaming plays an important role in the stabilization of the cells. Although the crystalline perfection or crystal size at this time is much smaller than that of the crystalline grains formed during static cooling, the rapid crystallization is effective in stabilizing the cell structure of the foamed pores. Compared to normal supercritical foaming processes, the two-step foaming process of soaking CO2 at high temperatures followed by foaming at low temperatures results in an increase in cell size and expansion ratio. At high temperatures, more CO2 diffuses into the PBAT pellets, increasing the instantaneous gas concentration in the pellets for foaming, and the rapid stretching produces stretching-induced crystallization that raises the average size of the cells, further increasing the expansion multiplicity of individual cells. The average cell size of foam beads rises from 37.8 to 48.8 µm and the expansion ratio also increases to 8.6 with saturated temperature increasing form 95 to 105°C. The two-step soaking foaming method is a more efficient way of manufacturing industrial foamed beads, allowing for the preparation of better foam beads at low temperatures.","PeriodicalId":9816,"journal":{"name":"Cellular Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140369793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past decades, natural rubber (NR) foams became popular in the automotive, construction and aerospace industries because of their lightweight, flexibility and shock-absorbing properties. The selection of optimal formulation and processing parameters is critical to produce foam with specific properties depending on the application. In this study, the effect of foaming agent concentration, foaming temperature and time on the morphological and mechanical properties of NR foams was investigated. First, increasing the foaming agent content from 5 to 9 phr (parts per hundred rubber) increased the cell size (16%), while decreasing the compression modulus (28%). In the second part, increasing the foaming temperature (145 to 155°C) resulted in larger cell size (163%); while decreasing the cell density (28%), compression modulus (2%), and hardness (1%). In the third part, increasing the foaming time (25 to 45 min) led to smaller cell size (63%) combined with higher cell density (100%), compression modulus (16%), and hardness (3%). Based on all the results obtained, the best NR foam was obtained with 7 phr of foaming agent and produced at 150°C for 35 min leading to superior morphological and mechanical performance: the smallest cell size (25 µm) and the most uniform cell size distribution ( Đ = 1.03) generating the highest compression modulus (3.36 MPa). Finally, the experimental compression results were combined to build a nonlinear regression model to optimize the formulation and processing conditions leading to 6.5 phr of OBSH molded at 150°C for 36 min. The model showed good agreement with a validation test with less than 2% deviation observed for both compression modulus and strength.
{"title":"Optimization of natural rubber foams: Effect of foaming agent content and processing conditions on the cellular structure and mechanical properties","authors":"Ehsan Rostami-Tapeh-Esmaeil, Hibal Ahmad, Hossein Kazemi, Denis Rodrigue","doi":"10.1177/02624893241241680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02624893241241680","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decades, natural rubber (NR) foams became popular in the automotive, construction and aerospace industries because of their lightweight, flexibility and shock-absorbing properties. The selection of optimal formulation and processing parameters is critical to produce foam with specific properties depending on the application. In this study, the effect of foaming agent concentration, foaming temperature and time on the morphological and mechanical properties of NR foams was investigated. First, increasing the foaming agent content from 5 to 9 phr (parts per hundred rubber) increased the cell size (16%), while decreasing the compression modulus (28%). In the second part, increasing the foaming temperature (145 to 155°C) resulted in larger cell size (163%); while decreasing the cell density (28%), compression modulus (2%), and hardness (1%). In the third part, increasing the foaming time (25 to 45 min) led to smaller cell size (63%) combined with higher cell density (100%), compression modulus (16%), and hardness (3%). Based on all the results obtained, the best NR foam was obtained with 7 phr of foaming agent and produced at 150°C for 35 min leading to superior morphological and mechanical performance: the smallest cell size (25 µm) and the most uniform cell size distribution ( Đ = 1.03) generating the highest compression modulus (3.36 MPa). Finally, the experimental compression results were combined to build a nonlinear regression model to optimize the formulation and processing conditions leading to 6.5 phr of OBSH molded at 150°C for 36 min. The model showed good agreement with a validation test with less than 2% deviation observed for both compression modulus and strength.","PeriodicalId":9816,"journal":{"name":"Cellular Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140204399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.1177/02624893241232379
Huanyu Zou, Jiawei Lu, Pengfei Zhou, Tao Liu
In this study, we investigated the effect of recycling process on the molecular structure, viscoelasticity and foaming behavior of low density polyethylene (LDPE). A series of LDPE samples with different recycling process was prepared by multiple extrusion using a twin-screw extruder. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) was characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Wider MWD indicated the generation of higher molecular weight products. Small-amplitude oscillation rheology showed reduced loss factors, indicating that the chain entanglement was more difficult to relax. Moreover, nonlinear viscoelasticity was investigated using elongational rheology and molecular stress function (MSF) model. The results showed a steeper strain hardening exhibited in recycled LDPE. The correlated parameter β in the MSF model indicated that the recycling did not significantly change the branches regularity in LDPE, while the increasing [Formula: see text], the other correlated parameter, indicated that the chain entanglement was enhanced, which was corresponded to the improvement of high molecular weight component. The foaming results revealed that the recycled LDPE had finer cellular structure and higher nucleation density. Moreover, despite adding PP and active CaCO3 to simulate the impurities, the foamability loss of these mixed samples was well restricted and still valuable. Recycled LDPE is instead better than its corresponding virgin one in foaming performance, exhibiting the application potential for further developments.
{"title":"Effect of thermal-oxidative and mechanical degradation of recycled LDPE on foaming","authors":"Huanyu Zou, Jiawei Lu, Pengfei Zhou, Tao Liu","doi":"10.1177/02624893241232379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02624893241232379","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated the effect of recycling process on the molecular structure, viscoelasticity and foaming behavior of low density polyethylene (LDPE). A series of LDPE samples with different recycling process was prepared by multiple extrusion using a twin-screw extruder. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) was characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Wider MWD indicated the generation of higher molecular weight products. Small-amplitude oscillation rheology showed reduced loss factors, indicating that the chain entanglement was more difficult to relax. Moreover, nonlinear viscoelasticity was investigated using elongational rheology and molecular stress function (MSF) model. The results showed a steeper strain hardening exhibited in recycled LDPE. The correlated parameter β in the MSF model indicated that the recycling did not significantly change the branches regularity in LDPE, while the increasing [Formula: see text], the other correlated parameter, indicated that the chain entanglement was enhanced, which was corresponded to the improvement of high molecular weight component. The foaming results revealed that the recycled LDPE had finer cellular structure and higher nucleation density. Moreover, despite adding PP and active CaCO3 to simulate the impurities, the foamability loss of these mixed samples was well restricted and still valuable. Recycled LDPE is instead better than its corresponding virgin one in foaming performance, exhibiting the application potential for further developments.","PeriodicalId":9816,"journal":{"name":"Cellular Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139868874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.1177/02624893241232379
Huanyu Zou, Jiawei Lu, Pengfei Zhou, Tao Liu
In this study, we investigated the effect of recycling process on the molecular structure, viscoelasticity and foaming behavior of low density polyethylene (LDPE). A series of LDPE samples with different recycling process was prepared by multiple extrusion using a twin-screw extruder. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) was characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Wider MWD indicated the generation of higher molecular weight products. Small-amplitude oscillation rheology showed reduced loss factors, indicating that the chain entanglement was more difficult to relax. Moreover, nonlinear viscoelasticity was investigated using elongational rheology and molecular stress function (MSF) model. The results showed a steeper strain hardening exhibited in recycled LDPE. The correlated parameter β in the MSF model indicated that the recycling did not significantly change the branches regularity in LDPE, while the increasing [Formula: see text], the other correlated parameter, indicated that the chain entanglement was enhanced, which was corresponded to the improvement of high molecular weight component. The foaming results revealed that the recycled LDPE had finer cellular structure and higher nucleation density. Moreover, despite adding PP and active CaCO3 to simulate the impurities, the foamability loss of these mixed samples was well restricted and still valuable. Recycled LDPE is instead better than its corresponding virgin one in foaming performance, exhibiting the application potential for further developments.
{"title":"Effect of thermal-oxidative and mechanical degradation of recycled LDPE on foaming","authors":"Huanyu Zou, Jiawei Lu, Pengfei Zhou, Tao Liu","doi":"10.1177/02624893241232379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02624893241232379","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated the effect of recycling process on the molecular structure, viscoelasticity and foaming behavior of low density polyethylene (LDPE). A series of LDPE samples with different recycling process was prepared by multiple extrusion using a twin-screw extruder. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) was characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Wider MWD indicated the generation of higher molecular weight products. Small-amplitude oscillation rheology showed reduced loss factors, indicating that the chain entanglement was more difficult to relax. Moreover, nonlinear viscoelasticity was investigated using elongational rheology and molecular stress function (MSF) model. The results showed a steeper strain hardening exhibited in recycled LDPE. The correlated parameter β in the MSF model indicated that the recycling did not significantly change the branches regularity in LDPE, while the increasing [Formula: see text], the other correlated parameter, indicated that the chain entanglement was enhanced, which was corresponded to the improvement of high molecular weight component. The foaming results revealed that the recycled LDPE had finer cellular structure and higher nucleation density. Moreover, despite adding PP and active CaCO3 to simulate the impurities, the foamability loss of these mixed samples was well restricted and still valuable. Recycled LDPE is instead better than its corresponding virgin one in foaming performance, exhibiting the application potential for further developments.","PeriodicalId":9816,"journal":{"name":"Cellular Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139809265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1177/02624893241232129
M. H. Dzulkifli, R. A. Majid, Siti Khairunisah Ghazali, Mohd Yazid Yahya
Incorporating nano-sized fillers into bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams typically enhances their properties. In present investigation, palm oil-based PU foams are fabricated with varied loadings (0 to 5 wt%) of fumed nanosilica. The foams are then characterized for their fire-retardancy, thermal stability, foam morphology, and also mechanical properties. Marginal improvement in Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values, as well as failure to be rated under UL-94 Vertical Combustion Test indicate limited potential of fumed silica in improving flammability of organic polymeric foams; suggesting exorbitant amount is required for any distinguishable effect to manifest. Interestingly; results from Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) shows marked improvements in terms of char residue with more than seven-fold increase at 5 wt% filler loading, possibly owed to the inert filler nature of fumed nanosilica forming a char barrier and acting as fuel diluent. Filled PU foams displayed an increased open-cell content, likely because the filler functioned as a cell opener. Removing the influence of density, the normalized compressive properties showed notable improvement up until a certain loading, which could be credited to the increased stiffness imparted by the filler itself. The results portray the potential of fumed nanosilica as filler for bio-based PU foams, offering enhanced thermal stability and limited fire retardancy.
{"title":"Fumed nanosilica as filler for semi-rigid palm oil-based polyurethane foam: Mechanical, material, thermal, and fire response","authors":"M. H. Dzulkifli, R. A. Majid, Siti Khairunisah Ghazali, Mohd Yazid Yahya","doi":"10.1177/02624893241232129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02624893241232129","url":null,"abstract":"Incorporating nano-sized fillers into bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams typically enhances their properties. In present investigation, palm oil-based PU foams are fabricated with varied loadings (0 to 5 wt%) of fumed nanosilica. The foams are then characterized for their fire-retardancy, thermal stability, foam morphology, and also mechanical properties. Marginal improvement in Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values, as well as failure to be rated under UL-94 Vertical Combustion Test indicate limited potential of fumed silica in improving flammability of organic polymeric foams; suggesting exorbitant amount is required for any distinguishable effect to manifest. Interestingly; results from Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) shows marked improvements in terms of char residue with more than seven-fold increase at 5 wt% filler loading, possibly owed to the inert filler nature of fumed nanosilica forming a char barrier and acting as fuel diluent. Filled PU foams displayed an increased open-cell content, likely because the filler functioned as a cell opener. Removing the influence of density, the normalized compressive properties showed notable improvement up until a certain loading, which could be credited to the increased stiffness imparted by the filler itself. The results portray the potential of fumed nanosilica as filler for bio-based PU foams, offering enhanced thermal stability and limited fire retardancy.","PeriodicalId":9816,"journal":{"name":"Cellular Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139816975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1177/02624893241232129
M. H. Dzulkifli, R. A. Majid, Siti Khairunisah Ghazali, Mohd Yazid Yahya
Incorporating nano-sized fillers into bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams typically enhances their properties. In present investigation, palm oil-based PU foams are fabricated with varied loadings (0 to 5 wt%) of fumed nanosilica. The foams are then characterized for their fire-retardancy, thermal stability, foam morphology, and also mechanical properties. Marginal improvement in Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values, as well as failure to be rated under UL-94 Vertical Combustion Test indicate limited potential of fumed silica in improving flammability of organic polymeric foams; suggesting exorbitant amount is required for any distinguishable effect to manifest. Interestingly; results from Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) shows marked improvements in terms of char residue with more than seven-fold increase at 5 wt% filler loading, possibly owed to the inert filler nature of fumed nanosilica forming a char barrier and acting as fuel diluent. Filled PU foams displayed an increased open-cell content, likely because the filler functioned as a cell opener. Removing the influence of density, the normalized compressive properties showed notable improvement up until a certain loading, which could be credited to the increased stiffness imparted by the filler itself. The results portray the potential of fumed nanosilica as filler for bio-based PU foams, offering enhanced thermal stability and limited fire retardancy.
{"title":"Fumed nanosilica as filler for semi-rigid palm oil-based polyurethane foam: Mechanical, material, thermal, and fire response","authors":"M. H. Dzulkifli, R. A. Majid, Siti Khairunisah Ghazali, Mohd Yazid Yahya","doi":"10.1177/02624893241232129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02624893241232129","url":null,"abstract":"Incorporating nano-sized fillers into bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams typically enhances their properties. In present investigation, palm oil-based PU foams are fabricated with varied loadings (0 to 5 wt%) of fumed nanosilica. The foams are then characterized for their fire-retardancy, thermal stability, foam morphology, and also mechanical properties. Marginal improvement in Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values, as well as failure to be rated under UL-94 Vertical Combustion Test indicate limited potential of fumed silica in improving flammability of organic polymeric foams; suggesting exorbitant amount is required for any distinguishable effect to manifest. Interestingly; results from Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) shows marked improvements in terms of char residue with more than seven-fold increase at 5 wt% filler loading, possibly owed to the inert filler nature of fumed nanosilica forming a char barrier and acting as fuel diluent. Filled PU foams displayed an increased open-cell content, likely because the filler functioned as a cell opener. Removing the influence of density, the normalized compressive properties showed notable improvement up until a certain loading, which could be credited to the increased stiffness imparted by the filler itself. The results portray the potential of fumed nanosilica as filler for bio-based PU foams, offering enhanced thermal stability and limited fire retardancy.","PeriodicalId":9816,"journal":{"name":"Cellular Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139876560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, glycerol was chemically modified into novel toluene diisocyanate (TDI) based trifunctional polyol (NTP) by a two step process, involving the reaction of TDI with glycerol to form an isocyanate-terminated pre-polymer, followed by the reaction with glycol. A thermal and mechanical property of water-blown rigid polyurethane foam (WB-PUF) was enhanced by the partial substitution (30 & 50 wt%) of castor oil with glycerol or synthesized NTP. The effects of glycerol content and NTP on the WB-PUF properties were investigated using various characterization techniques including ATR-FTIR, TGA, SEM, compression test, and Shore-A hardness test. Notably, the introduction of NTP substitution into the formulation of WB-PUF foams had beneficial impact on the structure of materials enhancing foam density from 77 kg/m 3 to 117 kg/m 3 and also exhibited superior thermal and mechanical properties compared to those with glycerol and unmodified foams. Shore A hardness and compression strength of those foams ranged from 50 to 69.5 °Sh A and 1.88-3.28 MPa, respectively. These findings suggest potential applications of the modified WB-PUF in areas such as rigid tissue engineering.
{"title":"Improved thermal and mechanical properties of water-blown rigid polyurethane foams synthesized with renewable castor oil and toluene diisocyanate-based trifunctional polyols","authors":"Vennila Srinivasan, Sumalatha Vasam, Sankar Govindarajan","doi":"10.1177/02624893231204620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02624893231204620","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, glycerol was chemically modified into novel toluene diisocyanate (TDI) based trifunctional polyol (NTP) by a two step process, involving the reaction of TDI with glycerol to form an isocyanate-terminated pre-polymer, followed by the reaction with glycol. A thermal and mechanical property of water-blown rigid polyurethane foam (WB-PUF) was enhanced by the partial substitution (30 & 50 wt%) of castor oil with glycerol or synthesized NTP. The effects of glycerol content and NTP on the WB-PUF properties were investigated using various characterization techniques including ATR-FTIR, TGA, SEM, compression test, and Shore-A hardness test. Notably, the introduction of NTP substitution into the formulation of WB-PUF foams had beneficial impact on the structure of materials enhancing foam density from 77 kg/m 3 to 117 kg/m 3 and also exhibited superior thermal and mechanical properties compared to those with glycerol and unmodified foams. Shore A hardness and compression strength of those foams ranged from 50 to 69.5 °Sh A and 1.88-3.28 MPa, respectively. These findings suggest potential applications of the modified WB-PUF in areas such as rigid tissue engineering.","PeriodicalId":9816,"journal":{"name":"Cellular Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135588399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1177/02624893231204773
Ugur SOYKAN, Sedat CETIN, Ugur YAHSI
This study brokes new ground to understand the insulation and permeability performances of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) containing the different contents of micron-sized turkey feather powders (TFPs) depending on the free volume change for the first time. The effects of TFPs loading on the RPUFs were investigated by the examination of their structural and chemical features (particle size and ATR-FTIR analyses), free volume property (PALS analysis), insulation features (thermal conductivity and sound absorption tests), permeability performance (air and water vapor permeability tests) and cellular topology (SEM). PALS analysis results revealed that the addition of TFPs into the foams led to the sharp decrease in all free volume parameters since TFPs caused the formation of the disordered cells by occupying the holes in the matrix. Furthermore, both thermal conductivity and acoustic performance of the resulting foams get worse when compared to unfilled RPUF. This results were attributed to the formation of thinner and weaker cells during polymerization, reduction in the amount of CO 2 inside the cells, enhancement in the solid-phase level in the matrix due to the increasing of volumetric density. Additionally, the foam samples with high content of TFPs showed considerably lower air and water vapor permeabilities when compared to neat RPUFs due to the dominant hydrophobic character of the keratin and reduction in the degree of vacancies in the matrix. SEM analysis also revealed that TFPs showed good compatibility with RPUF, but the distorted and irregular shaped cellular morphology was obtained at high contents.
{"title":"Detailed investigation on the insulation and permeability characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam loaded with micron-sized Turkey feather powder depending on the free volume change","authors":"Ugur SOYKAN, Sedat CETIN, Ugur YAHSI","doi":"10.1177/02624893231204773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02624893231204773","url":null,"abstract":"This study brokes new ground to understand the insulation and permeability performances of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) containing the different contents of micron-sized turkey feather powders (TFPs) depending on the free volume change for the first time. The effects of TFPs loading on the RPUFs were investigated by the examination of their structural and chemical features (particle size and ATR-FTIR analyses), free volume property (PALS analysis), insulation features (thermal conductivity and sound absorption tests), permeability performance (air and water vapor permeability tests) and cellular topology (SEM). PALS analysis results revealed that the addition of TFPs into the foams led to the sharp decrease in all free volume parameters since TFPs caused the formation of the disordered cells by occupying the holes in the matrix. Furthermore, both thermal conductivity and acoustic performance of the resulting foams get worse when compared to unfilled RPUF. This results were attributed to the formation of thinner and weaker cells during polymerization, reduction in the amount of CO 2 inside the cells, enhancement in the solid-phase level in the matrix due to the increasing of volumetric density. Additionally, the foam samples with high content of TFPs showed considerably lower air and water vapor permeabilities when compared to neat RPUFs due to the dominant hydrophobic character of the keratin and reduction in the degree of vacancies in the matrix. SEM analysis also revealed that TFPs showed good compatibility with RPUF, but the distorted and irregular shaped cellular morphology was obtained at high contents.","PeriodicalId":9816,"journal":{"name":"Cellular Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134995303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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