Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is regarded as a promising photoanode candidate for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, but is limited by low efficiency of charge carrier transport and short carrier diffusion length. In this work, we report a strategy comprised of the gradient doping of W and back-to-back stacking of transparent photoelectrodes, where the 3-2 wt.% W gradient doping enhances charge carrier transport by optimizing the band bending degree and back-to-back stack configuration shortens carrier diffusion length without much sacrifice of photons. As a result, the photocurrent density of 3-2 % W:BiVO4 photoanode reaches 2.20 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. hydrogen electrode (RHE) with a charge transport efficiency of 76.1 % under AM 1.5 G illumination, and the back-to-back stacked 3-2 % W:BiVO4 photoanodes achieves a photocurrent of 4.63 mA cm-2 after loading Co-Pi catalyst and anti-reflective coating under AM 1.5 G illumination, with long-term stability of 10 hours.
钒酸铋(BiVO4)被认为是一种很有前途的光电化学(PEC)水分离光阳极候选材料,但却受到电荷载流子传输效率低和载流子扩散长度短的限制。在这项工作中,我们报告了一种由 W 的梯度掺杂和透明光电极背靠背堆叠组成的策略,其中 3-2 wt.% W 的梯度掺杂通过优化带弯曲度来增强电荷载流子传输,而背靠背堆叠配置在不牺牲太多光子的情况下缩短了载流子扩散长度。因此,3-2% W:BiVO4 光阳极在 1.23 V 相对于氢电极(RHE)电压下的光电流密度达到了 2.20 mA cm-2,在 AM 1.5G 光照下的电荷传输效率为 76.1%,而背靠背堆叠的 3-2% W:BiVO4 光阳极在加载 Co-Pi 催化剂和抗反射涂层后,在 AM 1.5G 光照下的光电流密度达到了 4.63 mA cm-2,并具有 10 小时的长期稳定性。
{"title":"Gradient-Doped BiVO<sub>4</sub> Dual Photoanodes for Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting.","authors":"Xuhao Yang, Shuang Liang, Jiaming Miao, Yilong Yang, sKan Zhang","doi":"10.1002/cphc.202400692","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphc.202400692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bismuth vanadate (BiVO<sub>4</sub>) is regarded as a promising photoanode candidate for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, but is limited by low efficiency of charge carrier transport and short carrier diffusion length. In this work, we report a strategy comprised of the gradient doping of W and back-to-back stacking of transparent photoelectrodes, where the 3-2 wt.% W gradient doping enhances charge carrier transport by optimizing the band bending degree and back-to-back stack configuration shortens carrier diffusion length without much sacrifice of photons. As a result, the photocurrent density of 3-2 % W:BiVO<sub>4</sub> photoanode reaches 2.20 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> at 1.23 V vs. hydrogen electrode (RHE) with a charge transport efficiency of 76.1 % under AM 1.5 G illumination, and the back-to-back stacked 3-2 % W:BiVO<sub>4</sub> photoanodes achieves a photocurrent of 4.63 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> after loading Co-Pi catalyst and anti-reflective coating under AM 1.5 G illumination, with long-term stability of 10 hours.</p>","PeriodicalId":9819,"journal":{"name":"Chemphyschem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142342509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shilpa Simon, Parvathy Harikumar, Sreeja P Balakrishnan
This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of recent progress in utilizing plant-based biochar for supercapacitors. It specifically focuses on biochar derived from plant biomass such as agricultural residues, weeds and aquatic plants, examining their potential in energy storage applications. It explores various synthesis methods like pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization and evaluates their impact on biochar's structure and electrochemical properties. Additionally, it examines the electrochemical performance of biochar-based supercapacitors, focusing on parameters such as capacitance, cycling stability, and rate capability. Strategies to enhance biochar's electrochemical performance, such as surface modification and composite fabrication, are also discussed. Furthermore, it addresses existing challenges and prospects in harnessing plant-based biochar for supercapacitor applications, highlighting its potential as a sustainable and efficient electrode material for next-generation energy storage devices.
{"title":"Green Power: The Role of Plant-Based Biochar in Advanced Energy Storage.","authors":"Shilpa Simon, Parvathy Harikumar, Sreeja P Balakrishnan","doi":"10.1002/cphc.202400569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202400569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of recent progress in utilizing plant-based biochar for supercapacitors. It specifically focuses on biochar derived from plant biomass such as agricultural residues, weeds and aquatic plants, examining their potential in energy storage applications. It explores various synthesis methods like pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization and evaluates their impact on biochar's structure and electrochemical properties. Additionally, it examines the electrochemical performance of biochar-based supercapacitors, focusing on parameters such as capacitance, cycling stability, and rate capability. Strategies to enhance biochar's electrochemical performance, such as surface modification and composite fabrication, are also discussed. Furthermore, it addresses existing challenges and prospects in harnessing plant-based biochar for supercapacitor applications, highlighting its potential as a sustainable and efficient electrode material for next-generation energy storage devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":9819,"journal":{"name":"Chemphyschem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142342510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cyclopentanone is a potential bio-fuel which can be produced from bio-mass. Its gas phase dissociation chemistry has attracted several experimental and theoretical investigations. In the photochemical and thermal decomposition studies of cyclopentanone, ethylene and carbon monoxide were found to be dominant reaction products along with several other compounds in smaller quantities. For the formation of ethylene and carbon monoxide, a concerted mechanism has been proposed as the primary reaction pathway. In addition, a step-wise mechanism involving ring-opened radical intermediate has also been considered. The present work reports gas phase thermal decomposition of cyclopentanone at high temperatures investigated using electronic structure theory methods, Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) rate constant calculations, and Born-Oppenheimer direct classical trajectory simulations. The trajectory calculations were performed on density functional PBE96/6-31+G* potential energy surface using initial conditions selected from fixed energy normal mode distributions. Simulations showed that ethylene and carbon monoxide formed primarily via the concerted mechanism confirming the earlier predictions. In addition, step-wise pathways were also observed for the same products in lower fraction of trajectories. Furthermore, several other reaction products in smaller quantities and new mechanistic pathways were observed. The computed RRKM rate constants and simulation data are in agreement with experimental results and detailed atomic level dissociation mechanisms presented.
{"title":"Kinetics and Dynamics of Cyclopentanone Thermal Decomposition in Gas Phase.","authors":"Himani Priya, Ripan Halder, Manikandan Paranjothy","doi":"10.1002/cphc.202400825","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphc.202400825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cyclopentanone is a potential bio-fuel which can be produced from bio-mass. Its gas phase dissociation chemistry has attracted several experimental and theoretical investigations. In the photochemical and thermal decomposition studies of cyclopentanone, ethylene and carbon monoxide were found to be dominant reaction products along with several other compounds in smaller quantities. For the formation of ethylene and carbon monoxide, a concerted mechanism has been proposed as the primary reaction pathway. In addition, a step-wise mechanism involving ring-opened radical intermediate has also been considered. The present work reports gas phase thermal decomposition of cyclopentanone at high temperatures investigated using electronic structure theory methods, Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) rate constant calculations, and Born-Oppenheimer direct classical trajectory simulations. The trajectory calculations were performed on density functional PBE96/6-31+G* potential energy surface using initial conditions selected from fixed energy normal mode distributions. Simulations showed that ethylene and carbon monoxide formed primarily via the concerted mechanism confirming the earlier predictions. In addition, step-wise pathways were also observed for the same products in lower fraction of trajectories. Furthermore, several other reaction products in smaller quantities and new mechanistic pathways were observed. The computed RRKM rate constants and simulation data are in agreement with experimental results and detailed atomic level dissociation mechanisms presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":9819,"journal":{"name":"Chemphyschem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142342511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tommaso Pajola, Anika Padin, Benjamin E Blowers, Francesca Borghi, Alessandro Minguzzi, Emiliano Bonera, Alberto Vertova, Marcel Di Vece
In the drive towards increased lithium based battery capacity, germanium is an attractive material due to its very high lithium storage capacity, second only to silicon. The persistent down-side is the considerable embrittlement accompanying its remarkable volume expansion of close to 300 %. A proven method to accommodate for this lattice expansion is the reduction of the size towards the nanoscale at which the fracturing is prevented by "breathing". In this work we employed a novel magnetron sputtering gas aggregation nanoparticle generator to create unprecedented layers of well-defined germanium nanoparticles with sizes below 20 nm. The electrochemical lithium intercalation was monitored by a suite of techniques under which Raman spectroscopy, which provided clear evidence of the presence of lithium inside the germanium nanoparticles. Moreover, the degree of lattice order was measured and correlated to the initial phases of the lithium-germanium alloy. This was corroborated by electron diffraction and optical absorption spectroscopy, of which the latter provided a strong dielectric change upon lithium intercalation. This study of low lithium concentrations inside layers of well-defined and very small germanium nanoparticles, forms a new avenue towards significantly increasing the lithium battery capacity.
{"title":"Magnetron Sputtering Formation of Germanium Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Lithium Intercalation.","authors":"Tommaso Pajola, Anika Padin, Benjamin E Blowers, Francesca Borghi, Alessandro Minguzzi, Emiliano Bonera, Alberto Vertova, Marcel Di Vece","doi":"10.1002/cphc.202400594","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphc.202400594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the drive towards increased lithium based battery capacity, germanium is an attractive material due to its very high lithium storage capacity, second only to silicon. The persistent down-side is the considerable embrittlement accompanying its remarkable volume expansion of close to 300 %. A proven method to accommodate for this lattice expansion is the reduction of the size towards the nanoscale at which the fracturing is prevented by \"breathing\". In this work we employed a novel magnetron sputtering gas aggregation nanoparticle generator to create unprecedented layers of well-defined germanium nanoparticles with sizes below 20 nm. The electrochemical lithium intercalation was monitored by a suite of techniques under which Raman spectroscopy, which provided clear evidence of the presence of lithium inside the germanium nanoparticles. Moreover, the degree of lattice order was measured and correlated to the initial phases of the lithium-germanium alloy. This was corroborated by electron diffraction and optical absorption spectroscopy, of which the latter provided a strong dielectric change upon lithium intercalation. This study of low lithium concentrations inside layers of well-defined and very small germanium nanoparticles, forms a new avenue towards significantly increasing the lithium battery capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":9819,"journal":{"name":"Chemphyschem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cr2+ and Cr3+ ions are shown to mediate the formation, morphology, and organization of arachidic acid (AA) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers. This finding, based on cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements, show that Langmuir monolayer formation depends on subphase pH and metal ion concentration. Following monolayer deposition on indium tin oxide (ITO), the LB monolayer organization can be modified reversibly through control of the Cr oxidation state, which has not been shown before by other monolayers formed with other divalent metal ions. The dynamics and the mobility of a chromophore (perylene) incorporated into the monolayer sense changes in Cr oxidation state-dependent organization of the LB monolayer. Demonstrating reversible changes in monolayer organization provides an opportunity to control chemical and electron access to the interface support.
研究表明,Cr2+ 和 Cr3+ 离子介导了花生四烯酸(AA)朗缪尔-布洛杰特(LB)单层的形成、形态和组织。这一发现基于循环伏安法(CV)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV)和光漂白后荧光恢复(FRAP)测量,表明朗姆伊尔单层的形成取决于底相的 pH 值和金属离子浓度。单层沉积在 ITO 上后,可以通过控制铬的氧化态来可逆地改变枸杞单层的组织结构,这在其他二价金属离子形成的单层中还没有出现过。加入单层中的发色团(苝)的动力学和流动性可感知枸杞单层组织随铬氧化态而发生的变化。展示单层组织的可逆变化为控制化学和电子进入界面支持提供了机会。
{"title":"Reversible in situ Control over Monolayer Organization.","authors":"Neelanjana Mukherjee, G J Blanchard","doi":"10.1002/cphc.202400646","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphc.202400646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Cr<sup>3+</sup> ions are shown to mediate the formation, morphology, and organization of arachidic acid (AA) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers. This finding, based on cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements, show that Langmuir monolayer formation depends on subphase pH and metal ion concentration. Following monolayer deposition on indium tin oxide (ITO), the LB monolayer organization can be modified reversibly through control of the Cr oxidation state, which has not been shown before by other monolayers formed with other divalent metal ions. The dynamics and the mobility of a chromophore (perylene) incorporated into the monolayer sense changes in Cr oxidation state-dependent organization of the LB monolayer. Demonstrating reversible changes in monolayer organization provides an opportunity to control chemical and electron access to the interface support.</p>","PeriodicalId":9819,"journal":{"name":"Chemphyschem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>This article corrects the following: https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202300997</p><p>In our previous paper<sup>[1]</sup> entitled “Role of the vibrational and translational energies in the CN(<i>v</i>) + C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(<i>ν</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>ν</i><sub>2</sub>, <i>ν</i><sub>5</sub> and <i>ν</i><sub>9</sub>) reactions. A theoretical QCT study” (DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300997) we have theoretically analysed the impact of reactant vibrational excitations on reactivity, with particular emphasis on mode selectivity, at two total energies of 9.6 and 20.0 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>. Note that this total energy is the sum of the initial collision energy plus the vibrational excitation, and in the vibrational ground-state the total energy and the initial collision energy obviously coincide. The following vibrational modes were analysed: ν<sub>1</sub>, ν<sub>2</sub>, ν<sub>5</sub> and ν<sub>9</sub>. The modes ν<sub>1</sub> (3011 cm<sup>−1</sup> ~8.6 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>) and ν<sub>5</sub> (2996 cm<sup>−1</sup> ~ 8.6 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>) correspond to the symmetric and asymmetric C-H stretching modes, respectively, and were chosen to study mode selectivity because they differ by only 15 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The modes ν<sub>2</sub> (1428 cm<sup>−1</sup> ~ 4.1 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>) and ν<sub>9</sub> (1006 cm<sup>−1</sup> ~ 2.9 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>) correspond to ethane bending modes and were chosen to study the effect of bending excitations. In that paper, we showed that at these two total energies, providing a certain amount of energy as translational energy resulted in a slightly lower reactivity than providing the equivalent amount of energy as vibrational energy. This effect was more pronounced at low energies, which is a counterintuitive scenario in an ‘early’ transition state reaction.</p><p>During the revision process of the paper, a reviewer suggested that it would be very useful to show excitation functions (integral reaction cross section vs. collision energy) in the case of both ground-state and vibrationally excited reactants to observe the effect of initial translational energy. In the response letter we agreed with the referee's suggestion, but noted that it was challenging to perform these calculations in the short time of a review process, as they represent a huge computational effort, and could be considered in future research in our group. These new calculations are presented and analysed in the present Corrigendum.</p><p>Bimolecular reactions represent fundamental processes that govern diverse phenomena observed across chemistry, physics and biology. A crucial aspect of the study and characterisation of these reactions is the concept of excitation functions, which represent the dependence of reaction cross section on the energy of the colliding reactants. The insights offered by this concept include an understanding of the threshold energies required for the initiation of reactions, the presence of energy barriers along the reaction c
{"title":"Corrigendum: Role of the vibrational and translational energies in the CN(v)+C2H6(ν1, ν2, ν5 and ν9) reactions. A theoretical QCT study","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/cphc.202400512","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphc.202400512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article corrects the following: https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202300997</p><p>In our previous paper<sup>[1]</sup> entitled “Role of the vibrational and translational energies in the CN(<i>v</i>) + C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(<i>ν</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>ν</i><sub>2</sub>, <i>ν</i><sub>5</sub> and <i>ν</i><sub>9</sub>) reactions. A theoretical QCT study” (DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300997) we have theoretically analysed the impact of reactant vibrational excitations on reactivity, with particular emphasis on mode selectivity, at two total energies of 9.6 and 20.0 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>. Note that this total energy is the sum of the initial collision energy plus the vibrational excitation, and in the vibrational ground-state the total energy and the initial collision energy obviously coincide. The following vibrational modes were analysed: ν<sub>1</sub>, ν<sub>2</sub>, ν<sub>5</sub> and ν<sub>9</sub>. The modes ν<sub>1</sub> (3011 cm<sup>−1</sup> ~8.6 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>) and ν<sub>5</sub> (2996 cm<sup>−1</sup> ~ 8.6 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>) correspond to the symmetric and asymmetric C-H stretching modes, respectively, and were chosen to study mode selectivity because they differ by only 15 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The modes ν<sub>2</sub> (1428 cm<sup>−1</sup> ~ 4.1 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>) and ν<sub>9</sub> (1006 cm<sup>−1</sup> ~ 2.9 kcal mol<sup>−1</sup>) correspond to ethane bending modes and were chosen to study the effect of bending excitations. In that paper, we showed that at these two total energies, providing a certain amount of energy as translational energy resulted in a slightly lower reactivity than providing the equivalent amount of energy as vibrational energy. This effect was more pronounced at low energies, which is a counterintuitive scenario in an ‘early’ transition state reaction.</p><p>During the revision process of the paper, a reviewer suggested that it would be very useful to show excitation functions (integral reaction cross section vs. collision energy) in the case of both ground-state and vibrationally excited reactants to observe the effect of initial translational energy. In the response letter we agreed with the referee's suggestion, but noted that it was challenging to perform these calculations in the short time of a review process, as they represent a huge computational effort, and could be considered in future research in our group. These new calculations are presented and analysed in the present Corrigendum.</p><p>Bimolecular reactions represent fundamental processes that govern diverse phenomena observed across chemistry, physics and biology. A crucial aspect of the study and characterisation of these reactions is the concept of excitation functions, which represent the dependence of reaction cross section on the energy of the colliding reactants. The insights offered by this concept include an understanding of the threshold energies required for the initiation of reactions, the presence of energy barriers along the reaction c","PeriodicalId":9819,"journal":{"name":"Chemphyschem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cphc.202400512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142280980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is shown, by examining the variations in off-nucleus isotropic magnetic shielding around a molecule, that thiophene which is aromatic in its electronic ground state (S0) becomes antiaromatic in its lowest triplet state (T1) and then reverts to being aromatic in T2. Geometry relaxation has an opposite effect on the aromaticities of the ππ* vertical T1 and T2: The antiaromaticity of T1 is reduced whereas the aromaticity of T2 is enhanced. The shielding picture around T2 is found to closely resemble those around certain second singlet ππ* excited states (S2), for example, those of benzene and cyclooctatetraene, thought to be "strongly aromatic" because of their very negative nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) values. It is argued that while NICS values correctly follow the changes in aromaticity along the potential energy surface of a single electronic state, the use of NICS values for the purpose of quantitative comparisons between the aromaticities of different electronic states cannot be justified theoretically and should be avoided. "Strongly aromatic" S2 and T2 states should be referred to simply as "aromatic" because detailed comparisons between the properties of these states and those of the corresponding S0 states do not suggest higher levels of aromaticity.
{"title":"Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity Reversals between the Electronic Ground State and the Two Lowest Triplet States of Thiophene.","authors":"Edward Cummings, Peter B Karadakov","doi":"10.1002/cphc.202400758","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphc.202400758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is shown, by examining the variations in off-nucleus isotropic magnetic shielding around a molecule, that thiophene which is aromatic in its electronic ground state (S<sub>0</sub>) becomes antiaromatic in its lowest triplet state (T<sub>1</sub>) and then reverts to being aromatic in T<sub>2</sub>. Geometry relaxation has an opposite effect on the aromaticities of the ππ* vertical T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub>: The antiaromaticity of T<sub>1</sub> is reduced whereas the aromaticity of T<sub>2</sub> is enhanced. The shielding picture around T<sub>2</sub> is found to closely resemble those around certain second singlet ππ* excited states (S<sub>2</sub>), for example, those of benzene and cyclooctatetraene, thought to be \"strongly aromatic\" because of their very negative nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) values. It is argued that while NICS values correctly follow the changes in aromaticity along the potential energy surface of a single electronic state, the use of NICS values for the purpose of quantitative comparisons between the aromaticities of different electronic states cannot be justified theoretically and should be avoided. \"Strongly aromatic\" S<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>2</sub> states should be referred to simply as \"aromatic\" because detailed comparisons between the properties of these states and those of the corresponding S<sub>0</sub> states do not suggest higher levels of aromaticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":9819,"journal":{"name":"Chemphyschem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142280979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mario Prejanò, Isabella Romeo, Luis Felipe Hernández-Ayala, Eduardo Gabriel Guzmán-López, Stefano Alcaro, Annia Galano, Tiziana Marino
Quinoline represents a promising scaffold for developing potential drugs because of the wide range of biological and pharmacological activities that it exhibits. In the present study, quinoline derivatives obtained from CADMA-Chem docking protocol were investigated in the mean of molecular dynamics simulations as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The examined species can be partitioned between neutral, dq815 (2,3 dihydroxyl-quinoline-4-carbaldehyde), dq829 (2,3 dihydroxyl-quinoline-8-carboxylic acid methane ester), dq1356 (3,4 dihydroxyl-quinoline-6-carbaldehyde), dq1368 (3,4 dihydroxyl-quinoline-8-carboxylic acid methane ester) and dq2357 (5,6 dihydroxyl-quinoline-8-carboxylic acid methane ester), and deprotonated, dq815_dep, dq829_dep, dq1356_dep and dq2357_dep. Twelve molecular dynamics simulations were performed including those of natural acetylcholine, of the well-known donepezil inhibitor and of the founder quinoline chosen as reference. Key intermolecular interactions were detected and discussed to describe the different dynamic behavior of all the considered species. Binding energies calculation from MMPBSA well accounts for the dynamic behavior observed in the simulation time proposing dq1368 as promising candidate for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Retrosynthetic route for the production of the investigated compounds is also proposed.
{"title":"Evaluating Quinolines: Molecular Dynamics Approach to Assess Their Potential as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Mario Prejanò, Isabella Romeo, Luis Felipe Hernández-Ayala, Eduardo Gabriel Guzmán-López, Stefano Alcaro, Annia Galano, Tiziana Marino","doi":"10.1002/cphc.202400653","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphc.202400653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quinoline represents a promising scaffold for developing potential drugs because of the wide range of biological and pharmacological activities that it exhibits. In the present study, quinoline derivatives obtained from CADMA-Chem docking protocol were investigated in the mean of molecular dynamics simulations as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The examined species can be partitioned between neutral, dq815 (2,3 dihydroxyl-quinoline-4-carbaldehyde), dq829 (2,3 dihydroxyl-quinoline-8-carboxylic acid methane ester), dq1356 (3,4 dihydroxyl-quinoline-6-carbaldehyde), dq1368 (3,4 dihydroxyl-quinoline-8-carboxylic acid methane ester) and dq2357 (5,6 dihydroxyl-quinoline-8-carboxylic acid methane ester), and deprotonated, dq815_dep, dq829_dep, dq1356_dep and dq2357_dep. Twelve molecular dynamics simulations were performed including those of natural acetylcholine, of the well-known donepezil inhibitor and of the founder quinoline chosen as reference. Key intermolecular interactions were detected and discussed to describe the different dynamic behavior of all the considered species. Binding energies calculation from MMPBSA well accounts for the dynamic behavior observed in the simulation time proposing dq1368 as promising candidate for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Retrosynthetic route for the production of the investigated compounds is also proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9819,"journal":{"name":"Chemphyschem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142280982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalytic reactions occurring in an adsorbed overlayer on metallic alloy nanoparticles are of high interest in the context of applications in the chemical industry. The understanding of the corresponding kinetics is, however, still limited. One of the reasons of this state of the art is the interplay between adsorption and adsorbate-influenced segregation of metal atoms inside alloy nanoparticles. I scrutinize this interplay by using a generic field model of segregation and the mean-field approximation in order to describe adsorption, desorption, and elementary catalytic reactions. Under steady-state conditions, the segregation is demonstrated to be manifested in the change of the dependence of the activation energies of desorption or elementary reactions on coverage, and the sign of this change is positive. The effect of this change on the apparent reaction orders is briefly discussed as well.
{"title":"Elementary steps of catalytic reactions occurring on metallic alloy nanoparticles.","authors":"Vladimir P Zhdanov","doi":"10.1002/cphc.202400521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202400521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Catalytic reactions occurring in an adsorbed overlayer on metallic alloy nanoparticles are of high interest in the context of applications in the chemical industry. The understanding of the corresponding kinetics is, however, still limited. One of the reasons of this state of the art is the interplay between adsorption and adsorbate-influenced segregation of metal atoms inside alloy nanoparticles. I scrutinize this interplay by using a generic field model of segregation and the mean-field approximation in order to describe adsorption, desorption, and elementary catalytic reactions. Under steady-state conditions, the segregation is demonstrated to be manifested in the change of the dependence of the activation energies of desorption or elementary reactions on coverage, and the sign of this change is positive. The effect of this change on the apparent reaction orders is briefly discussed as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":9819,"journal":{"name":"Chemphyschem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142280981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Light patternable colorless liquid crystalline (LC) polymers are promising materials for functional photonic devices with broad applications in optical communication, diffractive optics, and displays. This work reports photoinduced optical anisotropy in thin films of azobenzene-containing (Azo) LC block copolymer supramolecular complexes, which can be decolorized after light patterning providing colorless patterned birefringent polymer films. The supramolecular complexes are prepared via intermolecular pyridine-phenol hydrogen bonding between a low-molecular-weight Azo phenol and host LC AB diblock and ABA triblock copolymers consisted of LC phenylbenzoate (PhM) blocks and poly(vinylpyridine) units. The molecular architecture of the host polymers and the morphological pattern formed by the complexes can affect orientational behavior of Azo groups under irradiation with linearly polarized light. Photoorientation of hydrogen-bonded Azo groups is accompanied by the cooperative orientation of non-photochromic PhM units, which form individual microphases and stabilize the orientation of Azo groups. This effect is specific for block copolymer complexes and it is absent for random copolymer complex, which is used as a reference sample. Optical anisotropy induced in films of the block copolymer complexes can be amplified by heating above the glass transition temperature and subsequent rinsing with diethyl ether allows colorless birefringent polymer films to be prepared.
可光照图案化的无色液晶(LC)聚合物是功能性光子器件的理想材料,在光通信、衍射光学和显示领域有着广泛的应用。这项研究报告了含偶氮苯(Azo)液晶嵌段共聚物超分子复合物薄膜中光诱导的光学各向异性,这种复合物在光图案化后可以脱色,形成无色图案双折射聚合物薄膜。这种超分子复合物是通过低分子量偶氮苯酚与由 LC 苯甲酸(PhM)嵌段和聚乙烯吡啶)单元组成的 LC AB 二嵌段和 ABA 三嵌段共聚物宿主之间的分子间吡啶-苯酚氢键作用制备的。在线性偏振光照射下,主聚合物的分子结构和复合物形成的形态模式会影响偶氮基团的取向行为。氢键偶氮基团的光取向伴随着非光致变色 PhM 单元的协同取向,后者形成单独的微相并稳定偶氮基团的取向。这种效应是嵌段共聚物复合物所特有的,而用作参考样品的无规共聚物复合物则不存在这种效应。将嵌段共聚物复合物加热到玻璃转化温度以上,可以放大薄膜中的光学各向异性,随后用二乙醚漂洗,可以制备出无色双折射聚合物薄膜。
{"title":"Photoinduced Anisotropy in Thin Films of Azobenzene-Containing Liquid Crystalline Supramolecular Complexes of Various Polymer Architecture.","authors":"Miron Bugakov, Valery Shibaev, Natalia Boiko","doi":"10.1002/cphc.202400677","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphc.202400677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Light patternable colorless liquid crystalline (LC) polymers are promising materials for functional photonic devices with broad applications in optical communication, diffractive optics, and displays. This work reports photoinduced optical anisotropy in thin films of azobenzene-containing (Azo) LC block copolymer supramolecular complexes, which can be decolorized after light patterning providing colorless patterned birefringent polymer films. The supramolecular complexes are prepared via intermolecular pyridine-phenol hydrogen bonding between a low-molecular-weight Azo phenol and host LC AB diblock and ABA triblock copolymers consisted of LC phenylbenzoate (PhM) blocks and poly(vinylpyridine) units. The molecular architecture of the host polymers and the morphological pattern formed by the complexes can affect orientational behavior of Azo groups under irradiation with linearly polarized light. Photoorientation of hydrogen-bonded Azo groups is accompanied by the cooperative orientation of non-photochromic PhM units, which form individual microphases and stabilize the orientation of Azo groups. This effect is specific for block copolymer complexes and it is absent for random copolymer complex, which is used as a reference sample. Optical anisotropy induced in films of the block copolymer complexes can be amplified by heating above the glass transition temperature and subsequent rinsing with diethyl ether allows colorless birefringent polymer films to be prepared.</p>","PeriodicalId":9819,"journal":{"name":"Chemphyschem","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142280983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}