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Miscibility of Non-Uniform Aliphatic Polyamide Mixtures. 非均匀脂肪族聚酰胺混合物的混溶性。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400206
Stijn H M van Leuken, Judith J van Gorp, Rolf A T M van Benthem, Mark Vis, Remco Tuinier

Mixing different aliphatic polyamides provides opportunities to tune and optimize the properties of these semicrystalline polycondensates. Combining experiment and theory, we predict and explain the miscibility of aliphatic polyamide mixtures. Visual inspection and Raman spectroscopy of polyamide mixtures show that liquid/liquid phase demixing occurs in the melt due to limited miscibility. The large number of potential polyamide mixtures makes it challenging to test all miscibilities experimentally. Moreover, the dependence of miscibility on dispersity and the presence of water implies further challenges to a systematic experimental approach. Our theory predicts polyamide miscibility, while accounting for amide content, non-uniformity, and moisture content, using generalizations of Flory-Huggins theory. Predicted miscibilities align with experimental results obtained on tested mixed polyamides. The gained insights guide the optimization of functional polyamide blends.

混合不同的脂肪族聚酰胺为调整和优化这些半结晶聚缩聚物的特性提供了机会。结合实验和理论,我们预测并解释了脂肪族聚酰胺混合物的混溶性。聚酰胺混合物的目测和拉曼光谱显示,由于混溶性有限,熔体中会出现液相/液相脱混现象。由于可能存在大量聚酰胺混合物,因此通过实验测试所有的混溶性具有挑战性。此外,混溶性取决于分散性和水的存在,这对系统实验方法提出了更多挑战。我们的理论通过对 Flory-Huggins 理论的概括,预测了聚酰胺的混溶性,同时考虑了酰胺含量、不均匀性和水分含量。预测的混溶性与测试的混合聚酰胺的实验结果一致。这些见解为功能性聚酰胺混合物的优化提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
Thermodynamic Modeling of an Aqueous N,N-Dimethyldipropylenetriamine and Benzylamine Blend for Efficient CO2 Capture. 用于高效二氧化碳捕集的 N,N-二甲基二丙烯三胺和苄胺混合物水溶液的热力学模型。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400624
Sirshendu Banerjee, Amar Nath Samanta, Bimal Das, Bikash Kumar Mondal

This study evaluates the carbon dioxide (CO2) capture capabilities of a novel aqueous blend of N,N-dimethyldipropylenetriamine (DMDPTA) and benzylamine (BA). The solvent properties such density, vapor- liquid equilibrium (VLE) of CO2 in the solvent, CO2 absorption enthalpy are evaluated experimentally for solvent composition of (5 mass% DMDPTA + 25 mass% BA), (10 mass% DMDPTA + 20 mass% BA), and (15 mass% DMDPTA + 15 mass% BA). Solvent density were measured in the temperature range of 303.15K-333.15K and correlated using Redlich-Kister excess molar volume model, with a low average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 0.014. VLE data was measured using a custom-made stirred VLE cell, within CO2 partial pressure range of 2-200 kPa and at temperatures 313.15K, 323.15K and 333.15K. Equilibrium CO2 solubility data were correlated using a modified Kent-Eisenberg model, achieving an AARD of 1.5%. Enthalpy of CO2 absorption was measured at 313.15 K using a Meter Toledo reaction calorimeter. Results indicated that under similar process conditions and solvent composition, (DMDPTA+BA) blends exhibited significantly higher CO2 loading and low absorption enthalpy compared to aqueous BA and monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent alone indicating the potential of (DMDPTA+BA) blend as efficient CO2 capture solvent.

本研究评估了一种新型 N,N-二甲基二丙烯三胺(DMDPTA)和苄胺(BA)水溶液混合物的二氧化碳(CO2)捕获能力。实验评估了溶剂成分为(5 质量%的 DMDPTA + 25 质量%的 BA)、(10 质量%的 DMDPTA + 20 质量%的 BA)和(15 质量%的 DMDPTA + 15 质量%的 BA)时的溶剂特性,如密度、溶剂中二氧化碳的汽液平衡 (VLE)、二氧化碳吸收焓。在 303.15K-333.15K 的温度范围内测量了溶剂密度,并使用 Redlich-Kister 过量摩尔体积模型进行了相关分析,平均绝对相对偏差 (AARD) 低至 0.014。VLE 数据是在二氧化碳分压范围为 2-200 kPa 和温度为 313.15K、323.15K 和 333.15K 时,使用定制的搅拌 VLE 池测量的。利用改进的肯特-艾森伯格模型对二氧化碳的平衡溶解度数据进行了相关分析,得出的 AARD 值为 1.5%。在 313.15 K 时,使用 Meter Toledo 反应量热仪测量了二氧化碳吸收焓。结果表明,在类似的工艺条件和溶剂组成下,与单独的水性 BA 和单乙醇胺 (MEA) 溶剂相比,(DMDPTA+BA)混合物的二氧化碳装载量明显较高,吸收焓较低,这表明(DMDPTA+BA)混合物具有作为高效二氧化碳捕集溶剂的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Structure and Dynamics in Solid Electrolyte Composites of the Organic Ionic Plastic Crystal HMGFSI and Lithium Sulphonamide Functional Acrylate Polymer Nanoparticles. 有机离子塑料晶体 HMGFSI 和磺酰胺锂功能性丙烯酸酯聚合物纳米颗粒固态电解质复合材料的结构与动力学。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400440
Yady García, Luca Porcarelli, Colin Kang, Haijin Zhu, David Mecerreyes, Maria Forsyth, Luke A O'Dell

Solid electrolyte composites between organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) and polymers can potentially show enhanced mechanical properties and ion conduction. These properties can be determined by the formation of interfacial regions which affect the structure, thermal properties, and ion transport of the composite material. Here we studied the properties of composites between the OIPC hexamethylguanidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (HMGFSI) and acrylate polymer nanoparticles functionalised with lithium, using various techniques including solid-state NMR spectroscopy. An enhancement in ionic conductivity of three orders of magnitude as well as increased lithium and OIPC cation and anion dynamics were observed in the composite as prepared with 40 v% of polymer nanoparticles with respect to the pure OIPC at 50 °C. This was attributed to the increased overall structural disorder as a result of the formation of disordered interfacial regions, which were evidenced by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the importance of the thermal history of these composites is highlighted, with differences in the conductivity and ion dynamics observed after melting and recrystallizing the OIPC component, leading to less disordered interfacial regions. This study enriches our fundamental understanding of the formation of interfacial regions in OIPC composites and their effect on the bulk properties of the electrolyte.

有机离子塑料晶体(OIPC)与聚合物之间的固体电解质复合材料有可能显示出更强的机械性能和离子传导性。这些性能可由界面区的形成决定,而界面区的形成会影响复合材料的结构、热性能和离子传输。在这里,我们采用固态核磁共振光谱等多种技术,研究了 OIPC 六甲基胍双(氟磺酰)亚胺(HMGFSI)与锂功能化丙烯酸酯聚合物纳米粒子之间的复合材料特性。在 50 °C 下,与纯 OIPC 相比,聚合物纳米粒子含量为 40 v% 的复合材料的离子电导率提高了三个数量级,锂和 OIPC 阳离子和阴离子的动力学性能也有所提高。这归因于无序界面区的形成增加了整体结构的无序性,固态核磁共振光谱证明了这一点。此外,该研究还强调了这些复合材料热历史的重要性,在熔化和重结晶 OIPC 成分后观察到电导率和离子动力学方面的差异,从而导致界面区的无序程度降低。这项研究丰富了我们对 OIPC 复合材料中界面区的形成及其对电解质体积特性的影响的基本认识。
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引用次数: 0
Water as Solvent for the Dispersion of 2D Nanostructured Materials. 水作为二维纳米结构材料的分散溶剂。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400904
Vasilios Georgakilas

The development of large number of two-dimensional (2D) nanostructured materials that followed the success of graphene and the need for their handling and manipulation e.g in inks, brought to the fore the study of solvents and substances that contribute to the stabilization of 2D nanomaterials in the liquid phase. The successful dispersion of 2D materials in solvents is combined with one of the most widespread preparation methods, that of liquid phase exfoliation. In this article, a review for the role of water in the preparation of different 2D nanostructures and their stable dispersions in the liquid phase is discussed. The use of water as a solvent or dispersant is instrumental in promoting materials with an ecological footprint, low cost, and sustainability.

随着石墨烯的成功问世,大量二维(2D)纳米结构材料应运而生,而在油墨等方面对二维纳米材料的处理和操作需求,又将有助于二维纳米材料在液相中稳定的溶剂和物质的研究推到了风口浪尖。二维材料在溶剂中的成功分散与最广泛的制备方法之一--液相剥离相结合。本文综述了水在制备不同二维纳米结构及其在液相中稳定分散过程中的作用。使用水作为溶剂或分散剂有助于促进材料的生态足迹、低成本和可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
A PERICYCLIC REACTION IN THE GAS PHASE IDENTIFIED BY ROTATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY: REACTION OF A THIOCARBOXYLIC ACID WITH SULFUR TRIOXIDE. 气相中通过旋转光谱确定的周环反应:硫代羧酸与三氧化硫的反应。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400844
Aaron J Reynolds, Kenneth J Koziol, Kenneth Leopold

The reaction of sulfur trioxide (SO3) and thiobenzoic acid (C6H5COSH) is investigated in the gas phase under supersonic jet conditions. Rotational spectroscopy of the parent and several isotopically substituted derivatives, in conjunction with DFT calculations at the M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory, identify the product as thiobenzoic sulfuric anhydride, C6H5C(=S)OSO2OH. Single point CCSD(T)/CBS(D-T)//M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd) calculations place the electronic energy of the product anhydride 114 kJ/mol lower than that of SO3 + C6H5COSH at infinite separation. The calculations further indicate that the reaction proceeds through a cyclic transition state which lies 11.3 kJ/mol higher in energy than a C6H5COSH·SO3 complex, but 83.3 kJ/mol lower in energy than that of the separated reactants. The reaction is rapid under the experimental conditions of this study: based on the duration of the collisional phase of the supersonic expansion, it is clear that the product is formed within tens of microseconds after mixing. While the analogous reaction of carboxylic acids with SO3 has been demonstrated, the ability of a thiocarboxylic acid to undergo similar chemistry has not previously been established. Although rotational spectroscopy is best known for its precise interrogation of molecular and electronic structure, this work demonstrates its ability to study chemical transformations as well.

研究了三氧化硫(SO3)和硫代苯甲酸(C6H5COSH)在超音速喷射条件下的气相反应。母体和几种同位素取代衍生物的旋转光谱与 M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd) 理论水平的 DFT 计算相结合,确定产物为硫代苯甲酸酐 C6H5C(=S)OSO2OH。单点 CCSD(T)/CBS(D-T)//M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd) 计算表明,在无限分离条件下,生成物酸酐的电子能比 SO3 + C6H5COSH 的电子能低 114 kJ/mol。计算进一步表明,反应是通过一个循环过渡态进行的,该过渡态的能量比 C6H5COSH-SO3 复合物高 11.3 kJ/mol,但比分离的反应物的能量低 83.3 kJ/mol。在本研究的实验条件下,反应速度很快:根据超音速膨胀碰撞阶段的持续时间,可以清楚地看出,产物是在混合后几十微秒内形成的。虽然羧酸与 SO3 的类似反应已经得到证实,但硫代羧酸发生类似化学反应的能力还没有得到证实。虽然旋转光谱法因其对分子结构和电子结构的精确分析而闻名,但这项工作证明了它在研究化学变化方面的能力。
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引用次数: 0
MULTI-LAYER KESTERITE-BASED PHOTOCATHODES FOR NH3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS FROM N2 REDUCTION REACTION. 利用 N2 还原反应进行 NH3 光合作用的多层 Kesterite 基光电阴极。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400737
Juliana Ferreira de Brito, Marina Medina, Hugo Leandro Sousa Santos, Mileny Dos Santos Araujo, Marcos Antônio Santana Andrade, Lucia Helena Mascaro

The necessity of new methods to substitute the Haber-Bosch process in the NH3 synthesis, generating fewer greenhouse gases, and dispensing less energy, drove the investigation of the photoelectrocatalytic approach in the N2 reduction reaction (N2RR). For that, this work presents the synthesis and characterization of the layered CZTSSe/CdS/TiO2 photocathode decorated with Pt nanoparticles for application in NH3 production using the photoelectrocatalysis technique. The CZTSSe/CdS/TiO2-Pt characterization showed a well-designed and stable photocatalyst synthesized layer by layer with an important contribution of the Pt nanoparticles for the catalyst performance, improving the photocurrent density and the charge transfer. The N2RR in a two-compartment photochemical cell with 0.1 mol L-1 Na2SO3 and 0.05 mol L-1 H2SO4 in the cathodic and anodic chamber, respectively, using CZTSSe/CdS/TiO2-Pt and under 1 sun of light incidence and applied potential of -0.4 VAg/AgCl reached 0.22 mmol L-1 cm-2 NH3, a value 28 folds higher than using the catalyst without Pt modification. The superiority of N2RR under the photoelectrocatalysis technique was demonstrated compared to photocatalytic and electrocatalytic techniques, together with the investigation of the supporting electrolyte influence in the cathodic compartment. Additionally, that is the first time a kesterite-based photocathode has been applied to NH3 photosynthesis, showing excellent photoconversion capability.

在合成 NH3 的过程中,需要用新方法替代哈伯-博什工艺,以减少温室气体的产生和能源的消耗,这推动了对 N2 还原反应(N2RR)中光电催化方法的研究。为此,本研究报告介绍了用铂纳米粒子装饰的层状 CZTSSe/CdS/TiO2 光阴极的合成和表征,以利用光电催化技术应用于 NH3 生产。CZTSSe/CdS/TiO2-Pt的表征结果表明,逐层合成的光催化剂设计合理、性能稳定,其中铂纳米粒子对催化剂性能的贡献很大,提高了光电流密度和电荷转移。使用 CZTSSe/CdS/TiO2-Pt 的两室光化学电池在阴极室和阳极室分别装有 0.1 mol L-1 Na2SO3 和 0.05 mol L-1 H2SO4,在 1 太阳光入射和 -0.4 VAg/AgCl 的外加电位下,N2RR 达到 0.22 mmol L-1 cm-2 NH3,比使用未经 Pt 修饰的催化剂高出 28 倍。与光催化和电催化技术相比,光电催化技术下的 N2RR 更为优越,同时还研究了阴极区支持电解质的影响。此外,这是首次将基于钾长石的光电阴极应用于 NH3 光合作用,显示出卓越的光电转换能力。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling the Inhibitory Effect of Magnolol in the Aggregation of Human Calcitonin (hCT): A Comprehensive In-Silico Study. 揭示木兰醇对人降钙素(hCT)聚集的抑制作用:一项综合体内研究
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400679
Mira JHawar, Sandip Paul

Amyloid fibril formation by some peptides leads to several neurogenetic disorders. This limits their biological activity and increases cytotoxicity. Human calcitonin (hCT), 32 residue containing peptide, known for regulating calcium and phosphate concentration in the blood tends to form amyloids in aqueous medium. Polyphenols are very effective in inhibiting fibril formation. As part of our research, we have taken Magnolol (Mag), which is extracted from the Chinese herb Magnolia officinalis. To evaluate its effectiveness as an inhibitor in preventing hCT aggregation, we conducted an all-atom classical molecular dynamics simulation with varying concentrations of Mag. In presence of Mag, hCT maintains its helical conformation in higher order. Magnolol primarily interacts with hCT via van der Waals interaction. Asp15 residue of hCT, resides in the amyloid region (D15FNKF19) forms strong hydrogen bonding interaction with Mag. Moreover, aromatic residues of hCT interact with Mag through π-π stacking interactions. Our work gives insights into the molecular mechanism of Magnolol in the inhibition of hCT fibril formation to use it as a potential candidate for medicinal purpose.

一些多肽形成的淀粉样纤维会导致多种神经遗传疾病。这限制了它们的生物活性并增加了细胞毒性。人降钙素(hCT)是一种含有 32 个残基的多肽,具有调节血液中钙和磷酸盐浓度的作用,在水介质中容易形成淀粉样蛋白。多酚在抑制纤维形成方面非常有效。作为研究的一部分,我们服用了从中草药厚朴中提取的 Magnolol(Mag)。为了评估 Magnolol 作为一种抑制剂在防止 hCT 聚集方面的有效性,我们对不同浓度的 Mag 进行了全原子经典分子动力学模拟。在 Mag 的存在下,hCT 保持高阶螺旋构象。Magnolol 主要通过范德华相互作用与 hCT 发生作用。hCT 的 Asp15 残基位于淀粉样区域(D15FNKF19),与 Mag 形成强烈的氢键相互作用。此外,hCT 的芳香残基通过 π-π 堆积相互作用与 Mag 相互作用。我们的研究揭示了木兰醇抑制 hCT 纤维形成的分子机制,从而将其作为一种潜在的候选药物。
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引用次数: 0
Microstructure Morphology of Chemical and Structural Phase Separation in Thermally treated KxFe2-ySe2 Superconductor. 热处理 KxFe2-ySe2 超导体中化学和结构相分离的微观结构形态学。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400363
Gaetano Campi, Giovanni Tomassucci, Masashi Tanaka, Hiroyuki Takeya, Yoshihiko Takano, Takashi Mizokawa, Naurang L Saini

The iron-based KxFe2-ySe2 superconductor displays phase separation, leading to the coexisting metallic phase embedded in an antiferromagnetic matrix. The metallic character of the system is believed to arise from a percolative granular network affecting normal as well as superconducting state properties. This network can be manipulated and controlled through thermal treatments. In this study, we have used scanning X-ray micro-fluorescence to visualize morphology of the phase separation and the percolation in KxFe2-ySe2, manipulated by distinct thermal treatments, i.e., fast quenching and slow cooling. We find a differing spatial correlation between Fe and K in differently treated samples, ascribed to different Fe vacancy ordering. We have identified an intermediate phase that acts as an interface between the two phases. The high temperature quenching produces oriented clustered microstructure in which the percolation threshold is lower and hence a more effective network for the transport pathways. Instead, the slow cooling results in larger interfaces around the percolation threshold affecting the superconducting properties of the system. The results provide a quantitative characterization of microstructural morphology of differently grown KxFe2-ySe2 showing potential for the design of electronic devices based on sub-micron scale chemical phase separation, thus opening avenues for further studies of complex heterogeneous structures.

铁基 KxFe2-ySe2 超导体出现了相分离现象,导致嵌入反铁磁性基体的金属相共存。据信,该系统的金属特性源于影响正常和超导态特性的渗滤颗粒网络。这种网络可以通过热处理进行操纵和控制。在这项研究中,我们使用扫描 X 射线显微荧光来观察 KxFe2-ySe2 在不同热处理(即快速淬火和缓慢冷却)下的相分离和渗流形态。我们发现,在不同处理的样品中,铁和钾之间存在不同的空间相关性,这归因于不同的铁空位排序。我们确定了一种中间相,它是这两种相之间的界面。高温淬火产生了取向成簇的微观结构,其中的渗流阈值较低,因此形成了更有效的传输路径网络。相反,缓慢冷却会导致渗流阈值附近的界面增大,从而影响系统的超导特性。研究结果对不同生长方式的 KxFe2-ySe2 的微观结构形态进行了定量表征,显示了基于亚微米尺度化学相分离设计电子器件的潜力,从而为进一步研究复杂的异质结构开辟了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Size Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on Surface Plasmon Resonance Assays for DNA Hybridization. 金纳米粒子对 DNA 杂交表面等离子共振检测的尺寸效应
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400484
Qing Kang, Zhen Li, Deming Yan, Tianbao Dong, Chaowei Han, Meng Jiang, Pengcheng Wang, Yanhui Wang, Wenjuan Guo, Feimeng Zhou

Recent advancements in signal amplifiers, such as biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have improved the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) performance. However, the correlation between the sizes of DNA-Au conjugates and the SPR chips remains elusive. We investigated how the size of AuNPs functioned with DNA detection probes (D-AuNPs) affect SPR signals in sandwich DNA hybridization assays. The effects of three sizes (5, 13, and 29 nm) of D-AuNPs with an equal surface probe density were systematically compared to delineate the relationship between signal amplification and steric hindrance. Sporadically adsorbed target DNA on sparse capture probe-coated chips led to a growth of signal amplification with larger D-AuNPs. In contrast, on dense capture probe-coated SPR chips, when the target DNA concentration was above 1.5 nM, the medium-sized 13-nm AuNPs displayed 1.7- and 1.3-fold enhancement factors than 5-nm and 29-nm ones, respectively. Our results indicate the steric hindrance disturbs the capture of D-AuNPs on dense target DNA-modified chips, rendering the surface density of captured D-AuNPs a determining factor of the sensor response. Alternatively, the sensor sensitivity to D-AuNP surface density is crucial on chips with sparse target DNA. These insights should stimulate and guide future research on surface functionalization toward SPR sensors and AuNPs.

生物功能化金纳米粒子(AuNPs)等信号放大器的最新进展提高了表面等离子体共振(SPR)的性能。然而,DNA-金共轭物的尺寸与 SPR 芯片之间的相关性仍然难以捉摸。我们研究了与 DNA 检测探针(D-AuNPs)一起发挥作用的 AuNPs 的尺寸如何影响夹心 DNA 杂交检测中的 SPR 信号。我们系统地比较了表面探针密度相同的三种尺寸(5、13 和 29 nm)D-AuNPs 的影响,以确定信号放大与立体阻碍之间的关系。在稀疏的捕获探针涂层芯片上零星吸附靶 DNA 会导致较大的 D-AuNPs 信号放大率增加。相反,在密集捕获探针涂层的 SPR 芯片上,当目标 DNA 浓度超过 1.5 nM 时,中等尺寸的 13-nm AuNPs 比 5-nm 和 29-nm AuNPs 的增强因子分别高出 1.7 倍和 1.3 倍。我们的研究结果表明,立体阻碍干扰了高密度靶 DNA 改性芯片上 D-AuNPs 的捕获,使捕获的 D-AuNPs 的表面密度成为传感器响应的决定因素。另外,在稀疏靶 DNA 的芯片上,传感器对 D-AuNP 表面密度的敏感性也至关重要。这些见解应能激励和指导未来针对 SPR 传感器和 AuNPs 的表面功能化研究。
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引用次数: 0
Converting second-order saddle points to transition states: New principles for the design of 4π photoswitches. 将二阶鞍点转换为过渡状态:设计 4π 光电开关的新原则。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400786
Lukas Muechler, Amir Mirzanejad

Molecular photoswitches have demonstrated potential for storing solar energy at the molecular level, with power densities comparable to commercial batteries and hydroelectric energy storage. However, development of efficient photoswitches is hindered by limitations in cyclability and optical properties of existing materials.  We here demonstrate that certain limitations in photoswitches based on electrocyclizations stem from the issue of controlling competition between Woodward-Hoffmann allowed and forbidden pathways.  Our approach moves beyond the traditional view of activation barriers and reveals that second-order saddle points are crucial in dictating the competition between disrotatory and conrotatory pathways. These insights suggest new opportunities to manipulate the competition between these pathways through geometric constraints, fundamentally altering the connectivity of the potential energy surface. Our study also emphasizes the necessity of multi-reference methods and the need to conduct higher-dimensional explorations for competing pathways beyond photoswitch design.

分子光开关已证明具有在分子水平储存太阳能的潜力,其功率密度可与商用电池和水电储能相媲美。然而,现有材料在可循环性和光学特性方面的局限性阻碍了高效光开关的开发。 我们在此证明,基于电环化的光开关的某些局限性来自于控制伍德沃德-霍夫曼允许途径和禁止途径之间的竞争问题。 我们的方法超越了活化障碍的传统观点,揭示了二阶鞍点在决定非旋转和旋转途径之间的竞争方面至关重要。这些见解为通过几何约束操纵这些途径之间的竞争提供了新的机会,从根本上改变了势能面的连通性。我们的研究还强调了多参考方法的必要性,以及在光开关设计之外对竞争途径进行更高维探索的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
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