ChemistryOpen最新文献

Sensors are devices that can detect and enumerate the physical and/or chemical aspects in real time. The generation of novel sensory materials for sensing/recognition of chemical entities are significant for protecting both the environment and humanity. This review article reveals the achievements made in the designed synthesis and molecular recognition of Hamilton-type receptors since first report by Hamilton in 1988 to till date. This is the first elaborative manuscript in which Hamilton receptor is being exposed in detail. This manuscript is divided into three parts, in which the first portion highlights the importance and urgency of molecular recognition along with the historic background of Hamilton receptor. Whereas, the middle section discloses potential applications of Hamilton receptor in sensing and recognition of barbiturate molecules, anions, neutral molecules, drug molecules, amino acids, and racemic guest molecules. Additionally, this portion also covers the exciting applications of these receptors in the domain of rotaxanes and supramolecular catalysis. The final section highlights the future aspects of Hamilton receptor. The authors believe that this review will be useful to the inspiring researchers around the world thereby, boosting the field of receptors in the territory of supramolecular chemistry and other domains of scientific fields.

The exploration of green chemistry approaches for novel nanoparticles derived from microalgae presents a promising frontier in the realm of biomedical applications, harnessing the unique properties of these microorganisms for innovative solutions in healthcare. Microalgae, mainly due to their rapid growth rates and ability to synthesize diverse bioactive compounds, have become an environmentally friendly, green chemistry method to produce nanoparticles, overcoming current toxic chemical approaches. This review study aims to clarify the processes that underlie the biosynthesis of different microalgal species’ nanoparticles and the following biomedical uses. The study investigates the manufacturing of copper, gold, iron, and silver nanoparticles and the optimization of other parameters, including pH and metal ion concentration. Characterization techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, and XRD revealed particle sizes ranging from 2 to 149 nm with distinct crystalline structures. Notably, microalgae-derived silver nanoparticles exhibited strong antioxidant activity (e.g., 77.01% DPPH and 88.12% ABTS scavenging at 500 µg mL⁻¹), potent antibacterial action (minimum inhibitory concentrations as low as 5 μg mL⁻¹ for Escherichia coli), and selective cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines (IC50 values: 25–30 µg mL⁻¹ for HeLa and MCF-7; as low as 0.16 μg mL⁻¹ for MCF7). These nanoparticles also demonstrated high biocompatibility, with minimal toxicity to normal human cells at effective concentrations. Overall, this study emphasizes how crucial it is to conduct further studies in this area to create safe and efficient nanomaterials for use in medical applications.

Nanocrystalline NiFe₂O₄ was synthesized using high-energy ball milling. The effect of milling time on structural and magnetic properties was investigated. X-ray diffraction results revealed a progressive transformation from mixed NiO–Fe₂O₃ precursor phases to a single-phase cubic spinel NiFe₂O₄ structure with crystallite sizes ranging from 33.64 to 41.17 nm. The scanning electron microscopy showed small grains attaching to big grains for 1 h milled sample. The big grains disappear with increasing milling time. Homogeneous nanoparticles, spherically shaped and agglomerated nanoparticles, were observed for samples that were milled for 5, 10, and 15 h. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of all expected elements. The nature of M–H loops for all the samples shows soft ferromagnetic behavior. The Electron spin resonace (ESR) results revealed the reduction of resonance field with increasing milling time. The g-values increased with milling time. The obtained high g-values make NiFe₂O₄ oxides suitable for applications in high-frequency devices. The spin–spin (τ₁) relaxation time decreased with increasing milling, time while the spin–lattice (τ₂) showed improvement.

The extensive use of pharmaceutical compounds poses a growing threat to environmental and public health. Carbamazepine (CBZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), widely used in veterinary and human medicine, are persistent pollutants often detected in water bodies. Their presence at trace levels can contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance. In this study, a novel electrochemical sensor based on manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO₂NPs) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was fabricated for the detection of CBZ and SMX. The effects of pH, scan rate, and analyte concentration were systematically investigated. Under optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity with detection limits of 0.106 nanomolar (CBZ) and 0.082 nanomolar (SMX), respectively within a linear range of 0.97–5.82 nanomolar. The sensor showed outstanding selectivity and stability, and its effectiveness was confirmed by recovery tests in real wastewater samples, with values ranging from 95% to 110% (CBZ) and 90% to 105% (SMX), respectively. These findings demonstrate the practical potential of MnO₂NPs/SPCE-based sensors for monitoring emerging contaminants.

Interest in piperazine scaffolds continues to rise due to their broad relevance across anti-infective, anticancer, and neuroactive research. This review examines reports published from 2014 to 2024 and organizes current developments by therapeutic class, structural modification strategy, and computational assessment. Substitution patterns involving aryl, heterocyclic, and hybrid groups show consistent effects on target affinity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties. Several series demonstrate strong activity in early biological evaluation, supported by docking and pharmacodynamic trends that highlight recurring structural motifs. Synthetic approaches, including N-functionalization, reductive routes, cross-coupling, CH activation, microwave-assisted reactions, and flow-based methods, provide diverse access to optimized derivatives. Combined interpretation of synthetic, biological, and computational results outlines reproducible structure–property relationships that guide piperazine-focused design. Future progress is expected to arise from hybrid scaffold engineering, improved strategies for central nervous system delivery, and the integration of predictive machine-learning methods into lead refinement.

The demand for novel, selective anticancer agents, driven by drug resistance and systemic toxicity of current treatments, underscores the importance of targeted drug discovery. Present research involved cytotoxic screening of a series of synthesized copper nanocatalyzed carbonyl-functionalized triazoles (3a–p), where 3i and 3j have shown highest selectivity index (SI) scores of 2.30 and 4.44, respectively. Computational validation of the lead compounds demonstrated specific interaction with BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) and BCL2, characterized by strong binding affinities ranging between −6.73 and −7.70 kcal/mol. Corresponding protein–ligand complexes demonstrated robust conformational stability throughout their 100 ns of molecular dynamics simulation. Subsequent in vitro validation using MCF-7 cells firmly corroborated the in silico findings, by revealing significant upregulation of BAX (p < 0.001) and downregulation of BCL2 (p < 0.001). Compound induced cellular stress, elevated the ROS-producing cell population up to 40%. Resulting cellular oxidative stress, rapidly depleted the glutathione reserves up to 50% (p < 0.001), consequently compromising the mitochondrial membrane potential leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the compound induced S-phase cell cycle arrest (upto 51.5%), played a pivotal role in promoting apoptosis by activating DNA damage response pathways. In conclusion, this study has successfully identified two lead compounds (3i & 3j) that modulate multiple converging oncogenic pathways, providing compelling preclinical candidates for targeted management of breast cancer.

Although corrosion prevention methods have been studied for many years, they still maintain their relevance and popularity. Today's metal protection methods are desired to be cheap, easy to use, permanent, and effective, as well as environmentally friendly. Organic-based inhibitors are preferred due to their effectiveness and environmental benefits. Among these, organic acids, such as quinic acid, are particularly valued for their corrosion inhibition properties. Quinic acid, an organic acid found in various plants, serves as an effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M HCl solutions. This study evaluates its corrosion inhibition efficiency and stability under different storage conditions. Electrochemical techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curve analysis, are employed to assess the inhibition performance. Surface characterization is conducted using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. Additionally, density functional theory analysis is performed to elucidate the molecular interactions of quinic acid. Experimental results demonstrate that quinic acid, at a concentration of 80 ppm in 0.5 M HCl, achieves a corrosion inhibition efficiency of 92% and maintains stability for up to 144 h. Environmentally friendly quinic acid has a high potential for use as inhibitors of mild steel corrosion.

Synthetic vaccines represent a promising avenue in cancer immunotherapy by promoting targeted immune responses. Liposomal technologies have further advanced synthetic vaccinology by enabling the efficient delivery of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Despite this progress, the toxicity and reproducibility of such platforms remain underexplored. In this preliminary study, we synthesized a series of neoglycolipids bearing the Thomsen–Nouveau (Tn) antigen using bio-orthogonal thiol–ene click chemistry. Here we present the results obtained using a set of neoglycolipids that were evaluated for their ability to self-assemble into liposomal vesicles and for in vitro cytotoxicity. The resulting neoglycolipids exhibited no detectable cytotoxicity and formed stable liposomal structures when formulated with palmitic acid and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine via a freeze–thaw/extrusion process. This early-stage work presents a proof of concept for a tunable, liposomal-based synthetic vaccine platform.

This study introduces a new class of α-helical antimicrobial peptides designed to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. The peptides were created using a structure-based approach guided by the main mechanical forces (MMFs) methodology, which promotes stable helical conformations by considering chemical interactions between amino acid side chains. Key features of the design of these peptides include: (1) amphipathic nature: hydrophobic and cationic residues are strategically positioned on opposite sides of the helix to disrupt bacterial membranes and (2) MMFs approach: enables precise control over the peptide's 3D structure through dihedral angle calculation. The peptides exhibited antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, as well as a multidrug-resistant pathogen. This effect was particularly enhanced when coadministered with allomaltol, a chelating agent capable of sequestering essential metals (such as iron), thereby disrupting bacterial metabolism and providing a secondary mechanism of action. This work validates the MMFs methodology as an accurate prediction tool for peptide secondary structure, reproducing NMR-derived helical features of the HT2 peptide and enabling rational design of new analogs. Moreover, the covalent introduction of a chelating group markedly improved antimicrobial potency (MIC 18.75 μM vs. 300 μM), confirming the functional synergy between amphipathic helicity and metal-ion sequestration.

To promote the comprehensive utilization of renewable lignocellulosicbiomass, a practical technology for the nonenantioselective production of 3-carboxymuconolactone (3CML), a lignin-derived chiral building block, is presented. Although an engineered Pseudomonas putida strain with plasmids containing bacterial and fungal genes was previously used to convert lignin-derived aromatic compounds into optically pure 4S-3CML, using the enantiomeric pair 4S-3CML and 4R-3CML as polymer building blocks in appropriate blending ratios can be expected to afford novel materials such as polylactic acid with tunable physical properties for targeted applications. Therefore, in this study, P. putida was engineered to convert vanillic acid, the major aromatic compound derived from lignin, into 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate, which was then chemically converted into racemic 3CML under acidic conditions. Using a chiral high performance liquid chromatography–circulardichroism system, racemic 3CML was stereochemically characterized on the basis of the enantiomers. A one-pot process for the production of racemic 3CML was established by combining fed-batch fermentation with subsequent acidic treatment using a jar fermenter, affording 6.6 g/L 4S-3CML and 7.2 g/L 4R-3CML in a high yield of 93.1%. The developed process can be consistently performed at 28°C without requiring pressure or metal reagents and allows using a reduced volume of solvent, offering clear advantages for industrial applications.