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Co₃O₄ nanoparticles were sandwiched into interlayers between ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 to form ZIF-Co₃O₄@ZIF precursors. Pyrolysis of ZIF-Co₃O₄@ZIF yielded an urchin-like hierarchically porous carbon (Co@CNT/NC), the thorns of which were carbon nanotubes embedded Co nanoparticles. With large specific surface area and hierarchically porous structure, as-prepared Co@CNT/NC exhibited excellent bifunctional oxygen electrocatalytic performances. It has good ORR performance with E_1/2 of 0.85 V, which exceeds the Pt/C half-wave potential (E_1/2=0.83 V). In addition, Co@CNT/NC has an OER performance close to that of RuO₂. To further demonstrate the effect of Co modifying on the properties, the samples were subjected to acid washing treatment. Co-based nanoparticles were proved to After acid washing, there was obvious loss of Co particles in Co@CNT/NC, resulting in poor oxygen electrocatalysis. So, the pyrolysis products of ZIF-8-Co₃O₄@ZIF-67 retained large specific surface area and porous structure can be retained, and on the other hand, the carbon tube structure and original polyhedron framework. Besides, existence of Co nanoparticle@carbon nanotube provided more active sites and improved the ORR and OER performances.

Boar taint is an unpleasant odour found in the carcasses of entire male pigs, resulting from androstenone and skatole accumulation during pubertal development, and impacting pork quality. This study proposes the validation of an adapted chromatographic method for quantifying skatole and androstenone in the pigs' liquid fat using fluorescence detection. A good chromatographic separation was achieved, with skatole (SKA) and androstenone (AND) elution at 4.4 and 9.9 min., respectively. An external calibration method was applied, with calibration curves correlation coefficient of 0.9999 for both analytes. Detection limit values were 1.53 and 16.02 ng/g for SKA and AND, respectively. SKA recovery was 99.72±2.34 % (2.34 % RSD) and 102.84±1.62 % (1.57 % RSD) for AND. Results showed good precision values (repeatability <2.46 % RSD for SKA, <6.85 % RSD for AND; intermediate precision <2.87 % RSD for SKA, <6.98 % RSD for AND). The method's robustness was tested and the values were within the reference ranges. The validation results proved that the adaptation of an existing method resulted in good assessments of robustness, reliability and accuracy.

Pyrolysis-based saccharification consisting of fast pyrolysis followed by hydrolysis of the resulting anhydrosugars such as levoglucosan is a promising method for converting cellulosic biomass into glucose that can be used for producing biofuels and biochemicals. In the present study, hydrolysis of levoglucosan was evaluated in water with a polystyrene sulfonic acid resin (a solid acid catalyst) by heating under microwave irradiation or in an oil bath at 95 °C-120 °C. When the equilibrium temperature of the solution was the same, the conversion rate of levoglucosan was greater under microwave irradiation than in an oil bath. Model experiments indicate that the sulfonyl groups of the solid acid catalyst were selectively heated by microwave irradiation. The temperature of the reaction solution in the vicinity of the catalyst was locally higher than the equilibrium temperature of the solution, which enabled hydrolysis to proceed efficiently.

Among the natural tetramic acids with a decalinoyl part, signermycin B is unique because it contains a cis-decalin. In this paper, we demonstrate that the cis-decalin section of signermycin B can be accessed by an anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement. The substrate, a tricyclic dienol was prepared by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a masked ortho-benzoquinone, generated by oxidation of an α-methoxyphenol in presence of cis-2-hexenol. After a superfluous bromine on the cycloadduct was removed, reaction of the tricyclic ketone with isopropenylmagnesium bromide led to the tricyclic trienol that underwent the oxy-Cope rearrangement to a cis-decalinone. While we could show, that introduction of the 4-ethyl substituent (signermycin B numbering) is possible by enolate alkylation, the 4-epi-isomer was formed.

Plasma-facing liquids (PFLs) facilitate the storage of reactive O and N species (RONS), including H₂O₂ and NO₂⁻, which remain in the PFL after plasma treatment, and they can continuously influence the target immersed in the liquid. However, their behaviors and levels of generation and extinction depend strongly on the plasma characteristics and liquid condition. Therefore, understanding the effects of the liquid type on the plasma discharge characteristics and the RONS generated via plasma discharge is necessary. We compared the RONS generation and storage trends of deionized H₂O and a high-conductivity PFL, RPMI 1640, which is a well-known cell culture medium commonly used to culture mammalian cells. RPMI 1640 acted as an electrode and enhanced the plasma discharge power by supplying abundant radicals and RONS. The production of gaseous hydroxyl radicals and NO markedly increased, which facilitated H₂O₂ and NO₂⁻ production in the PFL for the first 200 s, and then the increase in the RONS concentration stagnated. With respect to storage, as the components within RMPI 1640 exhibited high reaction constants for their reactions with H₂O₂, H₂O₂ elimination was completed in <30 min. Unlike H₂O₂, the concentration of NO₂⁻ in the PFL was unchanged.

(-)-Ambrox, a highly prized and commercially significant component of ambergris, finds widespread application in perfumery, cigarettes, cosmetics, and the food industry. Despite considerable attention to this research area over the years, an environmentally friendly and practical method for synthesizing (-)-ambrox has remained elusive. This study presents a succinct and efficient approach to (-)-ambrox synthesis, involving two consecutive alkylations at C-6, followed by an acid-catalyzed cyclization to give bicyclic ketones starting from (R)-carvone. Subsequent reduction, Barton Vinyl Iodide synthesis, alkylation, and an acid-catalyzed cyclization collectively achieved the synthesis of (-)-ambrox with a satisfactory yield of 26.2 %.

The synthesis of polycyclic γ- and δ-lactams bearing up to four contiguous fully controlled stereocenters is presented. For that purpose, we developed an original approach based on the use of 2,3-epoxyamides in domino reactions by taking advantage of the nucleophilic nitrogen atom and electrophilic epoxide. In reaction with enol ethers bearing gem bis-electrophiles on the double bond as Michael acceptors, four different reaction pathways were observed. They all started with a domino oxa-Michael/aza-Michael/epoxide opening sequence and depending on substrates engaged could be followed either by a lactonization or a hemiketalization/retro-aldol cascade. Thus, four original fully-substituted piperidine- or pyrrolidine-2-one scaffolds were selectively synthesized in good to high yields. Moreover, these polycyclic lactams were obtained in high stereo- and chemo-selectively highlighting the efficiency and molecular diversity offered by this new methodology that should offer various synthetic opportunities in the future.

This study explores the synthesis of nanoparticles through the thermal decomposition of single-source precursors, a method gaining popularity due to its low cost, minimal environmental toxicity, rapidity, scalability, and the ability to form nanoparticles with few defects. Zinc ethyl carbamate was synthesized and characterized using ¹H NMR and infrared spectroscopy. Its purity was confirmed through microelemental analysis and melting point determination. The melting point of the complex was determined to be 165 °C. The thermogravimetric analyses indicated a one-step decomposition of zinc ethyl carbamate with a decomposition onset of of 200 °C, yielding a stable ZnS residue. Further thermal decomposition led to the formation of wurtzite phase ZnS nanoparticles, as evidenced by XRD. SEM micrographs displayed mixed spherical, and cubic unevenly sized, polydispersed nanoparticles, while EDX revealed approximately a 1 : 1 Zn to S ratio. Estimated band gap from the Tauc's plot gave 3.93 eV and 3.42 eV for the nanoparticles synthesized at 300 and 400 °C respectively. The wide difference in the band gaps may be as a result of the larger particles observed at 400 °C and the deformations in the sample as observed in the SEM.

This article explores the possible presence of a pentacle valence bond structure in C ${}_5$ cyclic molecules. At this end, we have used quantum chemistry tools to elucidate the possible arrangement and the nature of chemical bonds within linear, cyclic, and three-dimensional structures only formed by five carbon atoms. While the linear structure is clearly the most stable one, local minima were obtained for both bi- and three-dimensional structures. Using the localization-delocalization matrices approach, we characterize both the minimum linear structure and the cyclic ones. Interestingly, the linear structure is a combination of ionic and covalent bonds, albeit the four distances are almost identical, when using Density Functional Theory. For cyclic C ${}_5$ , the pentacle bonding arrangement emerges as a significant Lewis structure, indicative of an unusual formal configuration characterized by five intersecting C-C bonds. Our calculations show that this pentacle arrangement in cyclic C ${}_5$ scheme is also present in the more known cyclo-pentadienyl molecule.