Research work to demonstrate the feasibility of using hot air to preheat manganese ore to 600˚C before feeding into a submerged arc furnace is underway. A shaft kiln will be used as the transfer unit where energy transfer takes place by passing hot air through a packed bed of manganese ore. This paper report on the results obtained from experimental measurements of the transfer process at the air-manganese ore interface. Hot air at 650˚C was produced with an electrical heater and fed into a packed shaft type column. As a requirement for continuous unit operation, the transient analysis provides details of the required residence time before materials flow to the furnace can meet temperature requirements. Understanding of the transfer processes provides optimum column sizing and process control information to be used as the basis for scaling the shaft kiln design for preheating of manganese ores. This will enable the use of concentrated solar thermal power to preheat manganese resources with air used as the thermal transfer fluid.
{"title":"Experimental Study of Packed Bed Heat Transfer in a Shaft Kiln to Pre-Heat Manganese Ore with Hot Air","authors":"Sifiso N. Sambo, L. Hockaday, T. Seodigeng","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926617","url":null,"abstract":"Research work to demonstrate the feasibility of using hot air to preheat manganese ore to 600˚C before feeding into a submerged arc furnace is underway. A shaft kiln will be used as the transfer unit where energy transfer takes place by passing hot air through a packed bed of manganese ore. This paper report on the results obtained from experimental measurements of the transfer process at the air-manganese ore interface. Hot air at 650˚C was produced with an electrical heater and fed into a packed shaft type column. As a requirement for continuous unit operation, the transient analysis provides details of the required residence time before materials flow to the furnace can meet temperature requirements. Understanding of the transfer processes provides optimum column sizing and process control information to be used as the basis for scaling the shaft kiln design for preheating of manganese ores. This will enable the use of concentrated solar thermal power to preheat manganese resources with air used as the thermal transfer fluid.","PeriodicalId":9858,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79543384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Erdos group with silicomanganese (SiMn) capacity of 3.3x105t/a by-produces off-gas approaching to about 4.48x108Nm3/a. These off-gases were usually combusted in lime or pellet production or for power generation. However, the thermal efficiency of such utilization is not high, and the added value is comparably low. In addition, all the CO is combusted into CO2 and discharged to the atmosphere. Although the CO direct emission has been solved, it cannot reduce the total CO2emission.To increase the value of silicomanganese off-gas (SMOG) and reduce CO2 emission, Erdos Power & Metallurgical Group (EPMG ) has implemented an off-gas high-efficient utilization project, including the first operating SMOG to methanol plant in China and a food-grade CO2 plant. The units in the methanol plant mainly consists of gas dedusting, washing, compression, one-step fine desulphurization, sulphur-free isothermal water-gas shift(WGS), pressure swing adsorption(PSA) decarbonization, methanol synthesis and rectification. The methanol plant can treat 3.44x108Nm3/a of SMOG producing methanol and by-producing enriched CO2 gas and steam. The methanol can be used as automotive fuel additive or feedstock for producing olefins and other chemicals. Besides, enriched CO2 gas is transported to Erdos food-grade CO2 Plant as raw material, and all steam is used for district heating. This project can reduce about 3.575x105t/a of CO2 emission, which accounts for 64% of total CO2 production from Erdos SiMn production. Its new annual profit is estimated to be more than 100 million RMB. The Chinese silicomanganese industry holds more than 20 million tons of annual production capacity, and its off-gas flow rate exceeds 120 billion Nm3/a. Accordingly, the information presented in this report provide a significant reference on high-efficient off-gas utilization for Chinese silicomanganese manufacturers.
{"title":"Methanol Production from Silicomanganese Off-Gas of Arc Submerged Furnace","authors":"Yizhuan Yan, C. Wei, Q. Niu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926067","url":null,"abstract":"The Erdos group with silicomanganese (SiMn) capacity of 3.3x105t/a by-produces off-gas approaching to about 4.48x108Nm3/a. These off-gases were usually combusted in lime or pellet production or for power generation. However, the thermal efficiency of such utilization is not high, and the added value is comparably low. In addition, all the CO is combusted into CO2 and discharged to the atmosphere. Although the CO direct emission has been solved, it cannot reduce the total CO2emission.To increase the value of silicomanganese off-gas (SMOG) and reduce CO2 emission, Erdos Power & Metallurgical Group (EPMG ) has implemented an off-gas high-efficient utilization project, including the first operating SMOG to methanol plant in China and a food-grade CO2 plant. The units in the methanol plant mainly consists of gas dedusting, washing, compression, one-step fine desulphurization, sulphur-free isothermal water-gas shift(WGS), pressure swing adsorption(PSA) decarbonization, methanol synthesis and rectification. The methanol plant can treat 3.44x108Nm3/a of SMOG producing methanol and by-producing enriched CO2 gas and steam. The methanol can be used as automotive fuel additive or feedstock for producing olefins and other chemicals. Besides, enriched CO2 gas is transported to Erdos food-grade CO2 Plant as raw material, and all steam is used for district heating. This project can reduce about 3.575x105t/a of CO2 emission, which accounts for 64% of total CO2 production from Erdos SiMn production. Its new annual profit is estimated to be more than 100 million RMB. The Chinese silicomanganese industry holds more than 20 million tons of annual production capacity, and its off-gas flow rate exceeds 120 billion Nm3/a. Accordingly, the information presented in this report provide a significant reference on high-efficient off-gas utilization for Chinese silicomanganese manufacturers.","PeriodicalId":9858,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74312033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Brazil, the waste disposal in tailing dams has been a significant problem. During the production of ferroalloy raw materials up to 50 % of the material extracted from the mines is placed in tailing dams due to its low particle size. The aim of this work is to evaluate the behaviour of briquettes made with tailing dam material from Urucum/Brazil in the prereduction zone of submerged arc furnaces during manganese ferroalloys production. To achieve the goals of the work, briquettes made with two different binders were tested in a similar environment to the pre-reduction zone, regarding heating rate and atmosphere composition. Furthermore, the briquettes were compared with lumps of the same material. Beside the prereduction tests, porosity and compressive strength of raw materials and products were also assessed. The results showed that the agglomerates had a better overall performance. The briquettes presented better CO reactivity, especially when molasses was used as binder. The compressive strength of the materials was sensitive to the presence of coke. Agglomerates made with bentonite as binder presented the higher compressive strength after prereduction. The briquettes also showed higher decrepitation than lumps.
{"title":"Prereduction of Manganese Briquettes Produced with Tailing Dam Materials from Urucum/Brazil","authors":"L. G. M. De Jesus, M. Tangstad","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926271","url":null,"abstract":"In Brazil, the waste disposal in tailing dams has been a significant problem. During the production of ferroalloy raw materials up to 50 % of the material extracted from the mines is placed in tailing dams due to its low particle size. The aim of this work is to evaluate the behaviour of briquettes made with tailing dam material from Urucum/Brazil in the prereduction zone of submerged arc furnaces during manganese ferroalloys production. To achieve the goals of the work, briquettes made with two different binders were tested in a similar environment to the pre-reduction zone, regarding heating rate and atmosphere composition. Furthermore, the briquettes were compared with lumps of the same material. Beside the prereduction tests, porosity and compressive strength of raw materials and products were also assessed. The results showed that the agglomerates had a better overall performance. The briquettes presented better CO reactivity, especially when molasses was used as binder. The compressive strength of the materials was sensitive to the presence of coke. Agglomerates made with bentonite as binder presented the higher compressive strength after prereduction. The briquettes also showed higher decrepitation than lumps.","PeriodicalId":9858,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76192169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extensive studies on the carbothermic reduction of manganese ores from the Kalahari Manganese Field (KMF) in South Africa illustrated an increase in reduction rates with increased iron content in the ore (as oxides). This observation is most noticeable in stage two reduction, ranging from approximately 33% to 70% reduction at temperatures of 1200°C - 1350°C. These studies illustrated the complex mineralogy changes which occur as the ore reduction process proceeds. Manganese ore reduction is complex at intermediate reaction temperatures of 1100°C - 1400°C due to the formation of liquid oxide and/or alloy phases in varying phase proportions and distributions. The results prompt the question: how important is increased iron content in manganese ores in setting low temperature ore reduction rates, both for manganese ores of different mineralogy, and also within the same type of manganese ore? This important aspect is explored in this work by considering both literature evidence and reporting results from simplified experiments which simulate increased iron content in MnO-Fe-C mixtures. The MnO-Fe-C mixtures serve as a simplified reaction system because liquid oxide formation is excluded, allowing the work to be focused on alloy phase formation and its effect on MnO reduction. Furthermore, the results illustrate how the MnO reduction rate equation may be updated to incorporate the effect of manganese ore iron content.
对南非喀拉哈里锰矿(KMF)锰矿石碳热还原的广泛研究表明，随着矿石(作为氧化物)中铁含量的增加，还原率也随之增加。这一观察结果在第二阶段还原中最为明显，在1200°C - 1350°C的温度下，还原幅度约为33%至70%。这些研究说明了随着矿石还原过程的进行而发生的复杂矿物学变化。在1100°C - 1400°C的中间反应温度下，由于形成的液相氧化物和/或合金相的相比例和分布不同，锰矿石的还原是复杂的。结果提示了一个问题:对于不同矿物学的锰矿石，以及同一类型的锰矿石，增加锰矿石中的铁含量对设定低温矿石还原率有多重要?通过考虑文献证据和模拟MnO-Fe-C混合物中铁含量增加的简化实验的报告结果，本工作探讨了这一重要方面。MnO- fe - c混合物作为一个简化的反应体系，因为排除了液态氧化物的形成，使工作集中在合金相的形成及其对MnO还原的影响上。此外，结果说明了如何更新MnO还原速率方程，以纳入锰矿铁含量的影响。
{"title":"The Effect of Manganese Ore Iron Content on Carbothermic Reduction Rates at Low Temperatures","authors":"T. Coetsee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926108","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive studies on the carbothermic reduction of manganese ores from the Kalahari Manganese Field (KMF) in South Africa illustrated an increase in reduction rates with increased iron content in the ore (as oxides). This observation is most noticeable in stage two reduction, ranging from approximately 33% to 70% reduction at temperatures of 1200°C - 1350°C. These studies illustrated the complex mineralogy changes which occur as the ore reduction process proceeds. Manganese ore reduction is complex at intermediate reaction temperatures of 1100°C - 1400°C due to the formation of liquid oxide and/or alloy phases in varying phase proportions and distributions. The results prompt the question: how important is increased iron content in manganese ores in setting low temperature ore reduction rates, both for manganese ores of different mineralogy, and also within the same type of manganese ore? This important aspect is explored in this work by considering both literature evidence and reporting results from simplified experiments which simulate increased iron content in MnO-Fe-C mixtures. The MnO-Fe-C mixtures serve as a simplified reaction system because liquid oxide formation is excluded, allowing the work to be focused on alloy phase formation and its effect on MnO reduction. Furthermore, the results illustrate how the MnO reduction rate equation may be updated to incorporate the effect of manganese ore iron content.","PeriodicalId":9858,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76310519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The manganese-silicon is mainly used as deoxidizer in the steel production and intermediate material of alloying agent. It is obtained by smelting in a submerged arc furnace, which the main furnace materials are manganese ore and coke. Two significant aspects affect ore smelting. One is the power supply, which a three-phase alternating electric energy is transferred to the furnace through electrodes. The other is the furnace smelting state, which encompasses the ore, slag, alloy, and gas phases. In the present paper, a systematic furnace melting model has been developed for ore smelting, which is dominated jointly by electrical control and metallurgical control. The 36 MW furnace for manganese-silicon production has been investigated during the production period. The reduction reactions and associated magneto-hydrodynamic flow are also considered in the three-dimensional transient model. The arc plasma and furnace lining sub-models are simulated. The arc heat and Joule heat by electrothermal conversion raise the temperature in the furnace. The temperature distribution has a great influence on the electrode current and the alloy yield. The output of alloy can be obtained in real time. The numerical results provide valuable insights for the interactions between multi-physics field in the submerged arc furnace. A better understanding of ore smelting process will improve the smelting efficiency and furnace control.
{"title":"Numerical Study on Transient Smelting Process for Manganese-Silicon Production in a Submerged Arc Furnace","authors":"Yang Yu, Baokuan Li, F. Qi, Zhongqiu Liu, S. Liu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926232","url":null,"abstract":"The manganese-silicon is mainly used as deoxidizer in the steel production and intermediate material of alloying agent. It is obtained by smelting in a submerged arc furnace, which the main furnace materials are manganese ore and coke. Two significant aspects affect ore smelting. One is the power supply, which a three-phase alternating electric energy is transferred to the furnace through electrodes. The other is the furnace smelting state, which encompasses the ore, slag, alloy, and gas phases. In the present paper, a systematic furnace melting model has been developed for ore smelting, which is dominated jointly by electrical control and metallurgical control. The 36 MW furnace for manganese-silicon production has been investigated during the production period. The reduction reactions and associated magneto-hydrodynamic flow are also considered in the three-dimensional transient model. The arc plasma and furnace lining sub-models are simulated. The arc heat and Joule heat by electrothermal conversion raise the temperature in the furnace. The temperature distribution has a great influence on the electrode current and the alloy yield. The output of alloy can be obtained in real time. The numerical results provide valuable insights for the interactions between multi-physics field in the submerged arc furnace. A better understanding of ore smelting process will improve the smelting efficiency and furnace control.","PeriodicalId":9858,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80351169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Resource efficiency and process optimization are major targets in metals making. Today’s state of the art analytical approaches for slag analysis (e.g. XRF) requires tedious sample preparation which leads to significant loss of efficiency in terms of immediate decision making, fast setpoint adjustment as well as process correction. Due to this delay, if the analysis result reveals deviations from the target value (optimum), the melt is already one process step further and can no longer be adjusted or treated adequately. With minimum sample preparation, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) can analyse heterogeneous slag pieces in less than 2 minutes and delivers even more representative results while ensuring reasonable accuracy. In addition, due to the robustness, easy handling and required maintenance effort being minimum, LIBS systems can be placed on site (e.g. next to or close to the furnace) and can be operated by normal process personnel. Therefore, not only the sample preparation time is saved but also the conventional sample transportation time from the furnace to the lab can be shortened. Therefore corrective measures can be already initiated while the melt is still in a comparable state resulting a ‘in-situ’ adjustment of the process. This paper explores the potentials of LIBS technology to obtain representative data in process slag analysis and sheds some valuable insight in terms of analytical challenges faced by offline laboratory technologies.
{"title":"In-situ versus Post-mortem Process Control - How LIBS-based Slag Analysis Within 1-2 Minutes Enables a Completely New Process Management in Pyrometallurgical Processes","authors":"Amit Ahsan, Cassian Gottlieb, Ma Chao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3927634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3927634","url":null,"abstract":"Resource efficiency and process optimization are major targets in metals making. Today’s state of the art analytical approaches for slag analysis (e.g. XRF) requires tedious sample preparation which leads to significant loss of efficiency in terms of immediate decision making, fast setpoint adjustment as well as process correction. Due to this delay, if the analysis result reveals deviations from the target value (optimum), the melt is already one process step further and can no longer be adjusted or treated adequately. With minimum sample preparation, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) can analyse heterogeneous slag pieces in less than 2 minutes and delivers even more representative results while ensuring reasonable accuracy. In addition, due to the robustness, easy handling and required maintenance effort being minimum, LIBS systems can be placed on site (e.g. next to or close to the furnace) and can be operated by normal process personnel. Therefore, not only the sample preparation time is saved but also the conventional sample transportation time from the furnace to the lab can be shortened. Therefore corrective measures can be already initiated while the melt is still in a comparable state resulting a ‘in-situ’ adjustment of the process. This paper explores the potentials of LIBS technology to obtain representative data in process slag analysis and sheds some valuable insight in terms of analytical challenges faced by offline laboratory technologies.","PeriodicalId":9858,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86310126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shengzhi Duan, Wangzhong Mu, J. Park, Jingjuan Kang
Ferroalloys serve important functions during the steelmaking process and impart distinctive qualities to steel. High entropy alloy can be also produced by mixing ferroalloy elements in an equimolar ratio because of it has the advantage of low cost compared with using high purity metals. However, fundamental studies about the preparation of the high entropy alloy by using ferroalloy are scarce. Therefore, the CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were prepared by using ferroalloys as raw material and refined in an induction furnace with magnesia or alumina refractory under pure Ar atmosphere at 1773 K in the current study. The two different CaO-Al2O3-MgO slags saturated with MgO or Al2O3 were designed to investigate the effect of slag composition on the types of inclusions in the HEAs. The results showed that the complex inclusions MnAl2O4-MnS and Al2O3 were formed when the alloys melted in an alumina refractory, whereas MnAl2O4-MnS, MnCr2O4-MnS, as well as MgAl2O4, were found when the alloys melted in a magnesia refractory.
{"title":"Novel Applications of Ferroalloys for Manufacturing of High Entropy Alloy","authors":"Shengzhi Duan, Wangzhong Mu, J. Park, Jingjuan Kang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926696","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroalloys serve important functions during the steelmaking process and impart distinctive qualities to steel. High entropy alloy can be also produced by mixing ferroalloy elements in an equimolar ratio because of it has the advantage of low cost compared with using high purity metals. However, fundamental studies about the preparation of the high entropy alloy by using ferroalloy are scarce. Therefore, the CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were prepared by using ferroalloys as raw material and refined in an induction furnace with magnesia or alumina refractory under pure Ar atmosphere at 1773 K in the current study. The two different CaO-Al2O3-MgO slags saturated with MgO or Al2O3 were designed to investigate the effect of slag composition on the types of inclusions in the HEAs. The results showed that the complex inclusions MnAl2O4-MnS and Al2O3 were formed when the alloys melted in an alumina refractory, whereas MnAl2O4-MnS, MnCr2O4-MnS, as well as MgAl2O4, were found when the alloys melted in a magnesia refractory.","PeriodicalId":9858,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81365258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Granulation of ferroalloys is an alternative to bed-casting and crushing which has been the traditional method for solidification. The granulated product has many advantages having high yield, homogeneous composition and ideal size and shape for addition into metallurgical processes. The GRANSHOT® granulation process is today used as a standard operation for many ferroalloy producers. Development work for granulation of ferromanganese utilizing the GRANSHOT metal granulation process has been carried out in-house in UHT’s pilot granulation facility. The work consists of both small-scale tests and pilot granulations. Impact on product chemistry, physical properties and mechanical strength have been studied in combination with microscopy studies of the granulated product. This paper presents the results of the studies.
{"title":"Development of a Method for Granulation of Ferromanganese Alloys","authors":"K. Beskow, Anna Persson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926221","url":null,"abstract":"Granulation of ferroalloys is an alternative to bed-casting and crushing which has been the traditional method for solidification. The granulated product has many advantages having high yield, homogeneous composition and ideal size and shape for addition into metallurgical processes. The GRANSHOT® granulation process is today used as a standard operation for many ferroalloy producers. Development work for granulation of ferromanganese utilizing the GRANSHOT metal granulation process has been carried out in-house in UHT’s pilot granulation facility. The work consists of both small-scale tests and pilot granulations. Impact on product chemistry, physical properties and mechanical strength have been studied in combination with microscopy studies of the granulated product. This paper presents the results of the studies.","PeriodicalId":9858,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86412527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Dandia, Pratibha Saini, Krishan Kumar, Mukul Sethi, K. Rathore, M. Meena, Vijay Parewa
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was synthesized by melamine and functionalized by H2SO4 treatment using ultrasound assisted method. As prepared functional carbon nitride (Sg-C3N4) was characterized by diverse analytical technique and used as a reusable catalyst for the preparation of 1,3,5-trisubstituted hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine derivatives using aryl amines and formaldehyde as a reactant in aqueous media under ultrasound irradiation. Different comparable experiments shows that the SO3H functionality of the catalyst show a decisive function in this metal-free approach. In contrast to the conventional process, Sg-C3N4 exhibit 21-fold higher catalytic activity under ultrasound irradiation. Protocol shows significant synergistic effect of ultrasound irradiation with water and catalyst over the reaction. With this synergetic methodology we have found that the reactions are cleaner, highly selective, easy work-up procedure and having appreciable economic advantage. It’s give us a chance to make the whole procedure green starting from the beginning.
{"title":"Synergetic Effect of Functionalized Graphitic Carbon Nitride Catalyst and Ultrasound in Aqueous Medium: An Efficient and Sustainable Synthesis of 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Hexahydro-1,3,5-Triazines","authors":"A. Dandia, Pratibha Saini, Krishan Kumar, Mukul Sethi, K. Rathore, M. Meena, Vijay Parewa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3894845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3894845","url":null,"abstract":"Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was synthesized by melamine and functionalized by H2SO4 treatment using ultrasound assisted method. As prepared functional carbon nitride (Sg-C3N4) was characterized by diverse analytical technique and used as a reusable catalyst for the preparation of 1,3,5-trisubstituted hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine derivatives using aryl amines and formaldehyde as a reactant in aqueous media under ultrasound irradiation. Different comparable experiments shows that the SO3H functionality of the catalyst show a decisive function in this metal-free approach. In contrast to the conventional process, Sg-C3N4 exhibit 21-fold higher catalytic activity under ultrasound irradiation. Protocol shows significant synergistic effect of ultrasound irradiation with water and catalyst over the reaction. With this synergetic methodology we have found that the reactions are cleaner, highly selective, easy work-up procedure and having appreciable economic advantage. It’s give us a chance to make the whole procedure green starting from the beginning.","PeriodicalId":9858,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85374588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Tang, Jing Gu, Zhen Huang, Haoran Yuan, Yong Chen
Abstract Biomass-derived chemical looping gasification (BCLG) is a novel technology for lignocellulose energy applications. Ca-Fe oxygen carriers have been proven to be a potential material for efficient lignocellulose conversion and hydrogen-enriched syngas production in process studies. In this study, Thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS), pyrolysis chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and fixed-bed experiments were conducted, and the cellulose BCLG product was analyzed to explore the mechanism of reaction between Ca-Fe OCs and biomass char or volatiles. The mechanism of the synergistic effect of Ca-Fe was analyzed to explain the characteristics of the OCs. The results suggest the Ca-based materials act as catalysts to promote the decomposition of cellulose monomers at primary reaction and char at secondary reaction, and also promote the reforming and oxidation of volatiles by chemisorption. Ca participates in the construction of inert substances, such as Ca2Fe2O5, to avoid the deep oxidation of CO and H2. Fe-based material supplies oxygen and promotes the reforming of volatile. Compared with Fe2O3 and CaO/Fe2O3, CaFe2O4 shows a better performance on carbon conversion and H2 production below 850 °C.
{"title":"Cellulose Gasification with Ca-Fe Oxygen Carrier in Chemical-Looping Process","authors":"G. Tang, Jing Gu, Zhen Huang, Haoran Yuan, Yong Chen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3877168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3877168","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biomass-derived chemical looping gasification (BCLG) is a novel technology for lignocellulose energy applications. Ca-Fe oxygen carriers have been proven to be a potential material for efficient lignocellulose conversion and hydrogen-enriched syngas production in process studies. In this study, Thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS), pyrolysis chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and fixed-bed experiments were conducted, and the cellulose BCLG product was analyzed to explore the mechanism of reaction between Ca-Fe OCs and biomass char or volatiles. The mechanism of the synergistic effect of Ca-Fe was analyzed to explain the characteristics of the OCs. The results suggest the Ca-based materials act as catalysts to promote the decomposition of cellulose monomers at primary reaction and char at secondary reaction, and also promote the reforming and oxidation of volatiles by chemisorption. Ca participates in the construction of inert substances, such as Ca2Fe2O5, to avoid the deep oxidation of CO and H2. Fe-based material supplies oxygen and promotes the reforming of volatile. Compared with Fe2O3 and CaO/Fe2O3, CaFe2O4 shows a better performance on carbon conversion and H2 production below 850 °C.","PeriodicalId":9858,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90733718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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