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This article aims to offer clinical descriptions and philosophical interpretations of the ontological nature of depressive experiences trying to address issues related to the contemporary diagnostic paradigm and values-based practices which shape clinical decisions. At the core of this contribution there is the idea that the variety of depressive experiences might be understood acknowledging the qualitative difference in the ontology underlying each form of depression. We argue that there is a fundamental difference between melancholia as a disease and those melancholic traits which characterizes human existence as such: while the former indicates a qualitative alteration of the global human experience, constituting psychopathological experience, the latter describes a style of disproportion of existence not pathological per se at all. Moreover, we defend the hypothesis that melancholia (in a medical sense) is a distinct unity of mental alteration, and should not be conflated with the multivarious kind of experiences merged under the name of depression, the variety of which may be understood as disorders of the personal development. It is in this context that the leading element of anthropological disproportions impact the role of pre-reflective and transcendental structures, polarizing the self and the world in a three-way topography: 1. depression as an excessive symmetric proportion between self and world; 2. depression as a disproportion between the self and the world (detriment of the self); 3. depressions as impoverishment of the transcendental value of the world.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the prospective associations between four types of perceived discrimination (country of origin, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and weight) and the development of manic symptoms in a diverse, nationwide sample of adolescents aged 9-14 years in the U.S.

Methods: We analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 7466; ages 9-14 years at Year 1 or 2 in 2017-2020; 48.5 % female; 39.4 % racial/ethnic minority). Multiple zero-inflated negative binomial analyses were conducted to examine the associations between Year 1 or 2 discrimination (by country of origin, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, weight, sum score), and Year 3 manic symptoms (7 Up Mania scale), adjusting for covariates (age, sex, race and ethnicity, household income, parental education, sipping alcohol, puffing tobacco, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, Year 1 manic symptoms, and study site).

Results: After adjusting for covariates, perceived discrimination based on country of origin (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.46; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.15-1.86), sexual orientation (IRR = 1.36; 95 % CI 1.21-1.53), race and ethnicity (IRR = 1.28; 95 % CI 1.13-1.46), weight (IRR = 1.21 95 % CI 1.09-1.34), and sum scores (IRR = 1.18 5 % CI 1.12-1.24), were significantly associated with higher manic symptoms.

Conclusion: Perceived discrimination based on country of origin, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, weight, and sum scores, are prospectively associated with greater manic symptoms in adolescents. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address discrimination and associated psychological impacts. Efforts to reduce discrimination and to support affected adolescents are important components of comprehensive mental health care and public health strategies.

Importance: As the global population ages, the proportion of individuals living with functional disability is increasing. Evidence suggests that functional disability is associated with worse health outcomes and is concentrated in populations with high rates of concurrent social risk factors such as criminal legal involvement (CLI), making it an increasingly important issue for advocates of health equity.

Objective: To determine whether age is associated with functional disability in a nationally representative sample of United States adults with lifetime exposure to the criminal legal system.

Design: Cross-sectional survey data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 2015-2019.

Setting: Nationally representative survey data.

Participants: US adults who reported lifetime history of arrest (N = 37,279).

Exposure: Respondents were categorized into age groups: younger adults (age 18-49); middle-aged adults (age 50-64); and older adults (age ≥ 65).

Main outcome measure: Functional disability as measure by the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Score 2.0 (WHO-DAS 2.0). A higher score indicates a greater degree of functional disability.

Results: The sample included 37,279 US adults with lifetime CLI of whom 60.0 % were younger adults, 28.5 % were middle-aged adults, and 11.5 % were older adults. The mean, unadjusted functional disability score for younger adults was 5.0 (95 % CI, 4.9, 5.1); for middle-aged adults it was 4.2 (95 % CI, 4.0, 4.4); and for older adults it was 3.2 (95 % CI, 2.9, 3.5). In models adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical confounders, differences were attenuated but remained statistically significant, indicating increased functional disability in the younger age groups.

Conclusion and relevance: Our findings suggest that among adults with CLI, functional disability is distributed by age in a pattern distinct from the general population. A large number of young adults have CLI, and the findings suggest that prevalence of functional disability is exceedingly high in this marginalized group. Future studies should examine if substance use and mental health conditions contribute to these findings, and policy makers should examine if flexible interventions tailored to the needs of those with disability improve reentry outcomes for young adults with CLI.

Background: The postpartum period can be emotionally challenging for parents, with documented levels of anxiety, stress, and depression. While the benefits of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) are well-known, its impact on the mental health of parents of full-term newborns has been less studied.

Objective: We aimed to assess the effects of SSC in mental health outcomes in the parents of full-term newborns.

Methods: In this systematic review, a comprehensive search was conducted to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing SSC versus no SSC and assessing mental health outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed whenever possible, and the GRADE approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence.

Results: We included 9 RCTs with 1201 participants. Regarding the risk of bias, the most affected domains were selective reporting, blinding, and allocation concealment. Regarding parental anxiety, SSC may reduce it at short-term, while it is unsure its effect at mid-term and it may not have any effect at long-term. Regarding Psychological stress, SSC may not have an impact at mid- and long-term. Regarding delivery-related post-traumatic stress symptoms, SSC may not have an impact at short-, mid-, and long-term. Regarding depressive symptoms, the evidence is uncertain at short- and mid-term.

Limitations: For the assessed outcomes, certainty of the evidence was low or very low.

Conclusion: SSC may reduce parental anxiety at short-term, while it may not have an impact in psychological stress and delivery-related post-traumatic stress symptoms. Moreover, the evidence is uncertain regarding its effect in long-term anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Microorganisms and lipids always interact in a complex way in the meat matrix, which affects the flavor of meat products. This study aimed to examine the impact of complex fermentation with distinct microorganisms on fat oxidation, lipid profile, and the biochemical pathways involved in flavor substance formation. GC-MS analysis revealed that 12 key volatile substances including hexanal, heptanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, decanal, 1-nonanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol were responsible for the flavor variations in geese. Lipidomics analysis of three groups identified 440 lipid molecules, with triglycerides and glycerophospholipids being the most abundant categories. Spearman correlation analysis showed that 4 key volatile substances exhibited positive correlations with lysophosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidycholines, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines. The data presented herein facilitate an understanding of the lipid dynamics during fermentation and provide insights into the potential for controlling the flavor quality of fermented air-dried meat products.

Objectives: Prior observational studies have suggested a correlation between major depressive disorder (MDD) and communication imbalances within the resting-state brain network (RSN), but the causal relationship remains unclear. This research uses Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the potential causal effects between functional connectivity (FC), structural connectivity (SC) and MDD.

Methods: Two-sample bidirectional MR analysis was employed in this study. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was used to explore the causal relationship between the FC/SC and MDD, with various methods such as MR-Egger to conduct sensitivity analyses.

Results: The IVW analysis results showed that higher genetic predicted dorsal attention network FC, limbic network SC, and dorsal attention network SC were associated with an increased risk of MDD (β: 15.08, 95%CI: 5.89-24.27, p = 0.001; β: 3.79, 95%CI: -0.22-7.8, p = 0.034; β: 9.89, 95%CI: 0.88-18.90, p = 0.031). Reverse MR analysis demonstrated that a genetically predicted elevated risk of MDD was associated with reduced frontal parietal network FC (β: -0.00046, p = 0.041).

Conclusions: The study suggests a causal relationship between the FC and SC within specific RSNs and the risk of MDD. Abnormalities in the dorsal attention network FC/SC and the limbic network SC were risk factors for MDD. The FC abnormality of the frontal parietal network may be the downstream influence following the MDD onset. Further investigation is needed to determine the potential utility of these neuroimaging markers in the prevention of MDD or the evaluation of treatment efficacy.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been reported to detrimentally impact physical and mental health. While experiencing multiple ACEs is common, previous research primarily assessed ACEs by their total count, neglecting the impacts of different experience types. Furthermore, sex-based differences in ACEs and their influences remain unclear. This study employed Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to uncover patterns of ACEs with consideration for sex differences, aiming to elucidate their effects on adult physical and mental health. A geographically nationally representative dataset from the "Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Study (JACSIS)" conducted in 2022 was used. 13,715 men and 14,327 women retrospectively reported their experiences across fifteen ACEs. The analysis revealed four distinct ACE patterns for both sexes: a Multiple Adversities class with a wide range of severe ACEs, a Psychological Abuse class experiencing emotional abuse at home and bullying at school, a Poverty class facing economic hardships, and a Low Adversities class with the fewest ACEs. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that more severe patterns of exposure correlated with heightened adverse adult outcomes. However, the extent of these impacts varied by sex and ACE pattern. For instance, men in Multiple Adversities and Psychological Abuse classes exhibited higher tendencies towards conducting physical and psychological abuse behaviors. While ACEs in men were linked to both underweight (in cases of psychological abuse) and obesity (across all classes), women with ACEs generally leaned towards higher body weight. These findings highlight the importance of developing support strategies sensitive to sex differences and the specific content of ACEs.

This cross-sectional study investigated the association between 24-hour rest-activity rhythm (RAR), light exposure rhythm (LER), and depression symptoms in American adults, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2014, N = 6852). RAR and LER characteristics were derived from a 24-hour activity recorder and analyzed using the extended cosine model, focusing on intradaily variability (IV), interdaily stability (IS), and relative amplitude (RA). Depression was assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).Multiple logistic and linear regression models showed that higher IV in RAR and LER were associated with increased depression risk (RAR-IV OR = 1.92 [95 % CI: 0.89-4.13]; LER-IV OR = 2.5 [1.45-4.30]), while higher IS and RA in both rhythms were linked to lower depression risk (RAR-IS OR = 0.22 [0.10-0.48], RAR-RA OR = 0.20 [0.11-0.37], LER-IS OR = 0.22 [0.10-0.49], LER-RA OR = 0.29 [0.15-0.56]). Participants in the highest tertile for IS and RA had a significantly lower depression risk compared to the lowest tertile. Subgroup analyses indicated interactions between age and RAR-IV, gender and LER-IV, and BMI and LER-RA (p-interaction < 0.05). Disruptions in RAR and LER are positively associated with depression, emphasizing the need for rhythm regulation interventions considering age, gender, and BMI factors.