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The limited transport of oxygen at the solid-liquid interface and the poor charge separation efficiency of single catalyst significantly impedes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby weakening the application potential of photocatalytic technology in water pollution control. Herein, a hollow porous photocatalytic aerogel sphere (calcium alginate/cellulose nanofibers (CA/CNF)) loaded BiOBr/Ti₃C₂, combining a favourable mass transfer structure with effective catalytic centers was firstly presented. The floatability and hollow pore structure facilitated rapid O₂ transfer via a triphase interface, thereby promoting the generation of ROS. The oxygen diffusion flux of aerogel spheres' upper surface in triphase system exhibited a 0.151 μmol·(m²·S)^-1 increase compared to that of the diphase one based on Finite element simulation (FEM). Furthermore, owing to the regulation of charge spatial distribution by Schottky junction of BiOBr/Ti₃C₂, internal electric field (IEF) of CA/CNF@BiOBr/Ti₃C₂ achieved 1.8-fold improvement compared with CA/CNF@BiOBr, thus enhancing the separation of photogenerated charges. Accordingly, the degradation efficiency and catalytic rate constant of moxifloxacin (MOX) by CA/CNF@BiOBr/Ti₃C₂ in triphase system have improved by 20.1% and 1.5 times compared to those of diphase system, respectively. Moreover, the potential to mineralize multiple quinolone antibiotics (FQs), high resistance to complex water disturbances and excellent stability were revealed in CA/CNF@BiOBr/Ti₃C₂. Besides, the triphase system based on CA/CNF@BiOBr/Ti₃C₂ confirmed the potential for large-scale water treatment application in 500 mL MOX circular flow, reaching 90% MOX removal within 120 min. This research clarifies the oxygen mass transfer mechanism and pathways to the enhanced ROS production in a triphase system, and provides new insights into designing efficient floatable photocatalyst and adaptive reaction devices for new pollutants remediation.

Detection of airborne chemical threats is an emerging challenge amidst the prevailing tumultuous global milieu. Extensive investigation has showcased the substantial promise of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the on-site identification of hazardous chemicals present in liquid mediums, whether directly from a fluid source or through methodologies such as swab sampling. Nonetheless, exploration into the applicability of SERS for the detection of gas or vapor-phase chemical threats remains severely constrained. In this study, we present the successful realization of sub-parts per million (ppm) detection thresholds via SERS for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and Tabun (GA) chemical warfare agents, facilitated by a custom-made gas sampling cell integrated with a Peltier cooling mechanism. The cooling regimen, spanning from 20 to -17 °C, verified a 140-fold increase in the SERS signal for 1 ppm HCN, concurrently enabling the detection of HCN and Tabun concentrations as low as 0.25 and 0.5 ppm, respectively. Implementation of temperature modulation and controlled flow routines substantially reduced detection times down to 240 s for HCN, with prospects for further optimization.

Metabolites identification is the major bottleneck in untargeted LC-MS metabolomics, primarily due to the limited availability of MS² information for most detected metabolites in data dependent acquisition (DDA) mode. To solve this problem, we have integrated the iterative, interval, and segmented window acquisition concepts to develop an innovative non-fixed segmented window interval data dependency acquisition (NFSWI-DDA) mode, which achieves comparable MS² coverage to data independent acquisition (DIA) mode. This acquisition strategy harnesses the strengths of both DDA and DIA, which could provide extensive coverage and excellent reproducibility of MS² spectra. Furthermore, utilizing the NFSWI-DDA data, we successfully acquired and identified a large-scale of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ion pairs, and transitioned them from high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQ-MS). At last, a large-scale targeted metabolomics method was established practically. This method enables targeted analysis of 475 endogenous metabolites encompassing amino acids, nucleotides, bile acids, fatty acids, and carnitines, which could cover 9 major metabolic pathways as well as 65 secondary metabolic pathways. The established targeted method allows for semi-quantitative assessment of 475 metabolites while enabling quantitative analysis of 327 specific metabolites in biological samples. The method demonstrates immense potential in the detection of various biological samples, offering robust technical support and generating extensive data to advance applications in precision medicine and life sciences.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been widely used as the hole transport layers (HTLs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), especially in all-perovskite tandems. However, the energy-level mismatch between PEDOT:PSS and perovskite leads to large voltage deficit in PSCs, and the dopant PSS with high acidity and hygroscopicity conspicuously deteriorates the device stability. Herein, a powerful strategy for constructing self-assembled polymer HTLs is developed by in-situ polymerization of functionalized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene with carboxylic acids as side groups. This strategy facilitates the formation of a self-assembled polymer monolayer to be strongly anchored on the glass substrate, and enables the elimination of the dependence of PSS doping for traditional PEDOT. The obtained polymer HTL PEDOT-l-COOH (PTLC) exhibits an appropriate energy-level alignment with the perovskite, which enhances the charge carrier collection at the interfaces. Besides, the self-assembled PTLC with high structural ordering favors the heterogeneous nucleation of perovskite, resulting in the formation of high-quality perovskite films with superior buried interfaces. Consequently, the inverted PSCs based on PTLC demonstrate a champion conversion efficiency of 20.30 % with a high open-circuit voltage of 1.03 V which are much higher than that of PEDOT:PSS-based devices (14.47 %, 0.79 V). More encouragingly, the unsealed devices with PTLC deliver outstanding operational stability by maintaining 90 % of initial efficiency for 950 h under ambient condition with a relative humidity of 30 % ± 5 %. This work opens a new avenue for developing self-assembled PEDOT-based HTLs for optoelectronic devices, and paves the way for further improving the performance of inverted PSCs.