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Resmetirom is the first innovative drug for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and its two crystal forms, form I and form-2H₂O, were mentioned in the original patent. The commercially available crystal form of resmetirom was form I. However, the tablets were subject to temperature, pressure, and humidity, and may be converted to form-2H₂O, which affects the bioavailability and efficacy. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a suitable crystalline quantification method to examine the concentration of both crystalline forms in APIs and formulations. The main objective of this paper was to test the feasibility of PXRD, FTIR and Raman for quantitative analysis of form I content in API and formulation models. Commonly used methods to establish quantitative modelling were univariate and multivariate analyses, due to the overlapping peaks in the FTIR and Raman spectra of two forms, only the multivariate method, with partial least squares regression (PLSR), was used, both univariate and multivariate analysis were utilized in PXRD since it has distinct single peaks. In the multivariate models, the raw spectra are preprocessed to remove interfering information and spectral noise by nine commonly used pretreatment methods. According to the result of this study, all four calibration models could be applied to the quantitative analysis of form I in two models; however, Raman was found to be the most appropriate model for both API model (Y = 0.99523X+0.00300, R² = 0.9997, RMSECV = 9.32 %, RESEP = 0.29 %, RESEC = 0.19 %, LOD = 3.2819 %, LOQ = 9.9451 %, MSC pretreated) and formulation model (Y = 0.99456X+0.00331, R² = 0.9996, RMSECV = 1.14 %, RESEP = 0.39 %, RESEC = 0.01 %, LOD = 3.3098 %, LOQ = 9.1029 %, WT pretreated).

Lower voltage window and limited pseudocapacitive active sites are identified as critical impediments hindering the advancement of nickel-based supercapacitors. Herein, a double-confined strategy involving nanosizing and heterointerfaces is proposed to construct nickel-based sulfide composite (PMO@NiS₂/Ni_0.96S@C) with abundant oxygen vacancies (O_V), sulfur vacancies (S_V), and heterostructures. The composite was prepared using liquid-phase in situ self-assembly and low-temperature in situ induction techniques. The double-confined structure and the introduction of vacancies can effectively expose the pseudocapacitive active sites and improve the operating voltage window range of nickel nanosulfides to enhance pseudocapacitive performance. It is determined that anions and cations in the electrolyte are collectively implicated in the energy storage process. Meanwhile, electrochemical quasi-in situ XPS, in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), and theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were utilized to verify the energy storage mechanisms of anions and cations in the electrolyte. Furthermore, a pseudocapacitive reaction mechanism for the composites is proposed, which encompasses a novel charge storage coupling effect between the surface redox reaction of the electrolyte anions and the intercalation/de-intercalation of the electrolyte cations at the interlayer and heterointerface. Consequently, the (PMO@NiS₂/Ni_0.96S@C) electrode achieves 1807 C/g (6 M KOH, 0.25 A/g) under the working potential window of -0.8 ∼ 0.5 V. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor demonstrates a specific potential of 2 V, yielding an energy density of 96 Wh kg^-1 at a power density of 300 W kg^-1. This work provides a theoretical reference for designing nickel-based compound materials with high energy density.

Given the threat posed by toluene to human health and environmental safety, real-time and efficient detection of toluene assumes paramount importance. However, the low chemical reactivity and structural similarity of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) gases impede the attainment of highly selective toluene detection. Herein, palladium-loaded indium oxide nanospheres were successfully synthesized through a combination of solvothermal and post-reduction methods. And the sensor based on 0.75 wt% Pd-In₂O₃ exhibits the response to the concentration of 100 ppm toluene (R_a/R_g = 21) that is approximately four times better compared to pure indium oxide (R_a/R_g = 4) at their respective optimum operating temperatures. Moreover, this sensor exhibited enhanced sensing performance towards toluene, including a low operating temperature of 160 °C, exceptional selectivity, and good stability. Furthermore, an investigation into the sensing mechanism of toluene by the Pd-In₂O₃-based sensor was conducted. The chemical and electron sensitization effects of palladium result in the more chemisorbed oxygen of the sensing material, which improves the toluene sensing performance by enhancing the reaction with more toluene molecules. Additionally, the moderate catalytic activation of toluene by palladium plays a crucial role in improving the selectivity. Overall, this work provides a basis for the rational design of metal oxide semiconductor sensors with catalytic properties for the highly selective detection of toluene.

Developing tailor-made conductive filaments has emerged as a promising niche for producing affordable and high-performance 3D-printed electrochemical sensors. In this context, we propose a novel conductive filament based on graphite, nickel, and polylactic acid (G/Ni/PLA) for the fabrication of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors aimed at glucose (GLU) determination, a key biomarker in diabetes diagnosis. The materials were thoroughly characterized using morphological, structural, elemental, and electrochemical techniques, which confirmed the effective incorporation of G and Ni into the thermoplastic matrix. Special emphasis was placed on the electrochemical conversion of Ni²⁺ in an alkaline medium (0.1 mol L⁻¹ NaOH) into redox-active species (Ni(OH)₂ and NiOOH), which mediate the electrocatalytic oxidation of GLU. Additionally, the influence of varying nickel contents (7.5 %, 10 %, and 12.5 % wt.) on the electrochemical response towards GLU was systematically investigated, with the best performance observed at the highest nickel loading. The innovative 3D-printed G/Ni/PLA sensor was integrated with a batch injection analysis (BIA) system for rapid and sensitive amperometric detection of GLU in artificial biological fluids. The sensor demonstrated a wide linear range (50-1500 μmol L⁻¹), a low detection limit (2.6 μmol L⁻¹), excellent repeatability (RSD < 9.0 %), and high selectivity, even in the presence of potential interferents such as urea, uric acid, and ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to analyze synthetic saliva (a non-invasive sample matrix) and blood plasma under normal and abnormal GLU levels, achieving satisfactory recovery rates ranging from 93 % to 100 %. Therefore, the proposed analytical approach is simple, selective, precise, and accurate, making it highly suitable for non-enzymatic GLU sensing in clinical samples, contributing to the effective diagnosis of diabetes.

DNA methylation serves as a promising biomarker for early cancer detection, with its assessment providing crucial insights for prognosis and diagnosis. Herein, we present a novel MXene-mediated fluorescent recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) strategy that achieves rapid and sensitive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-associated methylated DNA detection. Remarkably, MXene can effectively quench the fluorescence of fluorescein amidate (FAM) labeled primer, with fluorescence recovery occurring as primers extend to double-stranded DNA and are released during the RPA process. This method exhibits exceptional sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the detection of methylated DNA at concentrations as low as 10 fM, with assay completion achieved in less than 1 h. Its ability to precisely evaluate gene-specific methylation showcases its potential to advance methylation as a disease biomarker, particularly in NSCLC.

Toad venom, a traditional Chinese medicine, has long been used to treat various challenging ailments. Its effectiveness and toxicity can vary depending on the types and concentrations of bufadienolides, which vary from region to region. However, identifying the origin of toad venom is challenging due to the absence of distinct visual characteristics of the original animals. Therefore, developing a scientific and practical method for origin identification is crucial to ensure the safety and efficacy of toad venom. Integrating a fluorescent sensing array with cross-reactive aptamers provides a promising solution to this issue. We isolated cross-reactive aptamers using a combination of complex target-directed SELEX and convergent selection strategies. During the selection process, we used an immobilized stem-loop library to select aptamers and evaluated the enrichment rate and pool affinity using gel elution assays. After high-throughput sequencing, we selected three cross-reactive aptamers designated N4.8, N2.4, and S1 that exhibit distinct binding profiles for bufadienolides as the biorecognition elements for the fluorescent sensing array. This sensor is capable of distinguishing toad venom from different origins with high accuracy (98.7 %), offering convenient operation, and providing a new method for detecting the origin of toad venom.

In this reasearch, a homogeneous electrochemical sensor based on PCN-224@MB@Apt was fabricated for the ultrasensitive determination of ochratoxin A (OTA). Firstly, nanoscale PCN-224 were synthesized as the nanocarrier to embed the signal probe of methylene blue (MB). Then, the OTA aptamer (Apt) was added and connected to PCN-224@MB via the Zr-O-P bond between Zr metal sites of PCN-224 and phosphate group of Apt as the biogate. When OTA exists, the Apt would preferentially bind with OTA and fall off from PCN-224@MB, leading to the release of MB and generation of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) response. The DPV response of MB was linearly correlated with the amount of OTA. The optimized PCN-224@MB@Apt sensor showed outstanding detection performance towards OTA with a low detection limit of 2.6 × 10^-5 ng/mL (S/N = 3) and wide linear range (10^-4-10 ng/mL). Meanwhile, the fabricated homogeneous electrochemical sensor exhibited splendid stability, reproducibility, and specificity. To assess the practical applicability, the PCN-224@MB@Apt sensor was applied to detect OTA in real corn samples and desirable recovery rates varying from 83.2 % to 109.6 % were obtained.

Wearable sweat sensors enable non-invasive tracking and monitoring of human physiological information, which is expected to attract wide interest and rapid development in dietary health management and disease prevention. Unfortunately, sweat sensors are limited by rapid evaporation and low secretion rates of sweat. Herein, a sweat detection patch is proposed, which integrates bionic microchannels and multiparameter electrochemical sensors. The microfluidic channel (5°), which mimics ginkgo biloba veins, provided a 40 % higher flow rate compared to the normal channel (0°). Combined with burst pressure, the bionic channel enabled unidirectional transport of 6 μL sweat, effectively avoiding the mixing of old and new sweat. The electrochemical sensors possessed excellent specificity recognition, stability and durability, and have been used to detect substances in sweat, in particular to analyze changes in glucose concentration at different dietary intakes and changes in lactate metabolism after exercise. The rapid collection effect of the microchannels on trace sweat and the fast response of sensors have broad application prospects in real-time human health monitoring.

The presence of hexavalent chromium(Ⅵ) Cr(Ⅵ) and antibiotics in the environment can lead to the formation of combined pollutants that are harmful to ecosystems. To address this problem, we synthesized MoS₂ embedded in the porous super-hydrophilic polyurethane (PU) sponge and used weak water flow to drive the piezoelectric catalytic synergistic degradation of Cr(Ⅵ) and tetracycline (TC). In this study, the piezoelectric properties of MoS₂/PU were confirmed via piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and COMSOL multiphysics calculations. Additionally, dynamics experiments, quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) spectroscopy, and free radical generation rate analysis were conducted to explore the removal performance and mechanisms of MoS₂/PU on the TC-Cr(VI) system. The results indicated that the coexistence of the two pollutants promotes the transfer of charge in MoS₂/PU, further combined with O₂ to produce H₂O₂ and continued to produce OH. The removal rates of TC and Cr(VI) in the TC-Cr (VI) mixed system at 30 min were 97 % and 94 %, respectively, which were 1.45 and 1.46 times those of the single TC and single Cr(VI) systems, respectively. Finally, potentially vulnerable sites of TC were calculated and analyzed according to density functional theory (DFT). Our results provide a new strategy for improving the degradation efficiency of antibiotics and Cr(VI) metals.

Plasmonic biosensors hold an enticing prospect for drug testing and disease diagnostics as they have demonstrated impressive superiority in ultrasensitive and label-free detection. In this paper, we demonstrate a plasmonic sensing strategy for the heparin assay by leveraging near-field and far-field competitive couplings between gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) and nanodisk (ND) array. Specifically, the near-field coupling of the ND array and Au NPs binding to its surface results in a spectral redshift. Meanwhile, the far-field coupling of dispersed Au NPs in mixed solution and ND array induces a spectral blueshift. As a result, heparin concentration-dependent near-field and far-field competitive couplings determine the direction and amount of the spectral shift. Compared with existing detection technologies, this sensing strategy also presents a balance point, enabling rapid assessment of heparin dosage safety. Additionally, an exceptionally wide dynamic range of 10^-4 μg/mL to 10³ μg/mL, a low detection limit of 29 pg/mL, and excellent selectivity are demonstrated. The analysis of heparin in serum further underscores this assay approach's potential for advancing disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring at the point of care.