A multiband co-planar nested electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) metamaterial based on dual modulation of vanadium dioxide (VO2) and graphene is proposed. The single-layer structure comprises a pair of metallic T-type resonators (TRSs), a pair of VO2-TRS with equal size, and a centrally positioned crossed graphene layer. These three layers of TRS with varying sizes undergo bight-bight coupling, enabling efficient modulation of the three-band EIT-like effect through the combination of VO2 and graphene. Moreover, three distinct modulation mechanisms in the hybrid EIT metamaterials are revealed: 1) the number of EIT windows decreases as the surface temperature falls in the VO2-TRS integration; 2) the centrosymmetry is broken during the I-shaped graphene integration process, allowing dynamic control of EIT switching and transmission strength under different polarization incidences; 3) redistribution of the surface electric field in the crossed graphene layer. The three EIT windows close one by one as the Fermi level increases with a maximum modulation depth (MD) of 89.4%. The designed structure achieves a maximum transmission coefficient of 0.95 and a maximum group delay of 27.6 ps in the terahertz (THz) band, indicating excellent transmission performance and slow-light characteristics. This work demonstrates the potential application of multiband THz slow-light devices and modulators.
{"title":"Reconfigurable Multiband Co-Planar Nested Electromagnetically Induced Transparent Metamaterial Based on Dual Modulation","authors":"Jingjing Liang;Bin Li;Li Zhang;Shuhui Yang;Yuxuan Yuan;Rui Meng;Chenyin Yu;Kaili Huo;Yahui Hou;Zihao Fu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3533550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3533550","url":null,"abstract":"A multiband co-planar nested electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) metamaterial based on dual modulation of vanadium dioxide (VO2) and graphene is proposed. The single-layer structure comprises a pair of metallic T-type resonators (TRSs), a pair of VO2-TRS with equal size, and a centrally positioned crossed graphene layer. These three layers of TRS with varying sizes undergo bight-bight coupling, enabling efficient modulation of the three-band EIT-like effect through the combination of VO2 and graphene. Moreover, three distinct modulation mechanisms in the hybrid EIT metamaterials are revealed: 1) the number of EIT windows decreases as the surface temperature falls in the VO2-TRS integration; 2) the centrosymmetry is broken during the I-shaped graphene integration process, allowing dynamic control of EIT switching and transmission strength under different polarization incidences; 3) redistribution of the surface electric field in the crossed graphene layer. The three EIT windows close one by one as the Fermi level increases with a maximum modulation depth (MD) of 89.4%. The designed structure achieves a maximum transmission coefficient of 0.95 and a maximum group delay of 27.6 ps in the terahertz (THz) band, indicating excellent transmission performance and slow-light characteristics. This work demonstrates the potential application of multiband THz slow-light devices and modulators.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 2","pages":"351-360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel coaxial-line injection-locked magnetron structure for an S-band microwave oven has been proposed, and simulation analysis has been conducted. The magnetron is regarded as a highly efficient orthogonal-field oscillator, with an injection port directly opened on the wall of its resonant cavity. It is coupling a certain amount of power into the interaction space through a coaxial line. The injection power is set at 32 W. During the start-up phase of the magnetron, the electron flow undergoes pre-modulation due to the influence of the injected small signal. When the injection duration is 20 ns, the maximum locking range is 3 MHz. The magnetron’s output signal is successfully locked by the external injection signal. The new structure combined with the short-time injection method achieves an ultralow energy injection-locking effect. Compared with the 10-ms pulse time of the traditional magnetron, the locking energy of this method is only 0.02. When the injection power is set to 200 W, the locking range extends to 8 MHz. In the locked state, changing the initial phase of the injected signal does not affect the phase difference between the output signal and the injected signal. The phase difference remains almost unchanged at the same frequency. This provides the possibility of controlling the frequency and phase of multiple magnetron arrays through single-channel injection in the future. This injection method can meet the array application requirements of magnetrons for ovens.
{"title":"Particle-in-Cell Simulations of Injection Locking for S-Band Oven Magnetron Using Ultralow Energy","authors":"Wenlong Li;Hailong Li;Yu Qin;Wanshan Hou;Haixia Liu;Shibin Xu;Yun Zhang;Xiangwei Tang;Liangjie Bi;Bin Wang;Yong Yin;Lin Meng","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3532985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3532985","url":null,"abstract":"A novel coaxial-line injection-locked magnetron structure for an S-band microwave oven has been proposed, and simulation analysis has been conducted. The magnetron is regarded as a highly efficient orthogonal-field oscillator, with an injection port directly opened on the wall of its resonant cavity. It is coupling a certain amount of power into the interaction space through a coaxial line. The injection power is set at 32 W. During the start-up phase of the magnetron, the electron flow undergoes pre-modulation due to the influence of the injected small signal. When the injection duration is 20 ns, the maximum locking range is 3 MHz. The magnetron’s output signal is successfully locked by the external injection signal. The new structure combined with the short-time injection method achieves an ultralow energy injection-locking effect. Compared with the 10-ms pulse time of the traditional magnetron, the locking energy of this method is only 0.02. When the injection power is set to 200 W, the locking range extends to 8 MHz. In the locked state, changing the initial phase of the injected signal does not affect the phase difference between the output signal and the injected signal. The phase difference remains almost unchanged at the same frequency. This provides the possibility of controlling the frequency and phase of multiple magnetron arrays through single-channel injection in the future. This injection method can meet the array application requirements of magnetrons for ovens.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 2","pages":"245-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3382774
Bowen Bai;Dongsheng Zhao;Zixuan Chang;Yi Ding
Due to the high velocity of hypersonic target, the target surface is covered with plasma sheath. For radar detecting on hypersonic target, the spatial distribution characteristics of plasma sheath cause significant differences in echo intensity and frequency offset at different areas of the target surface. In order to further investigate the reflection characteristics of each area of the target, this study adopts a difference-equivalent transmission line method to calculate the distribution characteristics of reflection intensity of the plasma-sheath-covered target and reveals the coupling mechanism of intrapulse Doppler frequency of the reflected wave by utilizing frequency offset effect. First, based on numerical calculation results of surface flow field, we analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of the electron density and velocity of the plasma sheath. Second, we obtained the influence laws at different altitudes and carrier frequencies on the reflection intensity distribution and frequency offset of the plasma-sheath-covered target in each area. Finally, by constructing 1-D range profile of target radar echo, we further revealed the influence mechanism of the reflection characteristics of plasma-sheath-covered target on radar detection. Our research results lay a solid theoretical foundation for calculating the scattering characteristics of plasma-sheath-covered targets, reliable and robust radar detection, and even electromagnetic (EM) stealth performance under active modulation.
{"title":"Investigating Distribution Characteristics of Electromagnetic Reflection Intensity and Intrapulse Doppler Frequency Coupling Mechanism of Plasma-Sheath-Covered Target","authors":"Bowen Bai;Dongsheng Zhao;Zixuan Chang;Yi Ding","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3382774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3382774","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the high velocity of hypersonic target, the target surface is covered with plasma sheath. For radar detecting on hypersonic target, the spatial distribution characteristics of plasma sheath cause significant differences in echo intensity and frequency offset at different areas of the target surface. In order to further investigate the reflection characteristics of each area of the target, this study adopts a difference-equivalent transmission line method to calculate the distribution characteristics of reflection intensity of the plasma-sheath-covered target and reveals the coupling mechanism of intrapulse Doppler frequency of the reflected wave by utilizing frequency offset effect. First, based on numerical calculation results of surface flow field, we analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of the electron density and velocity of the plasma sheath. Second, we obtained the influence laws at different altitudes and carrier frequencies on the reflection intensity distribution and frequency offset of the plasma-sheath-covered target in each area. Finally, by constructing 1-D range profile of target radar echo, we further revealed the influence mechanism of the reflection characteristics of plasma-sheath-covered target on radar detection. Our research results lay a solid theoretical foundation for calculating the scattering characteristics of plasma-sheath-covered targets, reliable and robust radar detection, and even electromagnetic (EM) stealth performance under active modulation.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 2","pages":"220-229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, there has been a notable increase in research activity concerning the remediation of soil using nonthermal plasmas (NTPs), as well as the study of discharges in soil. In examining the phenomenon of soil discharges under negative direct current (dc), researchers have identified the presence of discharge dark spaces. It is well established that the Faraday dark space is present under negative glow discharge. However, no instance of the discharge of dark space has been documented in soil discharges. It is noteworthy that, akin to the dark spaces observed in gas discharges, which occur exclusively in negative glow discharges, soil dark spaces are only discernible under negative dc discharges. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism responsible for their formation remains elusive. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of soil discharges and the formation of dark space regions, a new model of soil discharges is proposed in this study. Based on this model, we derived an expression for the extent of the dark space region. Furthermore, we explored the effect of the dark space region on soil discharge. These studies facilitate the development of technologies for the remediation of pollutants by soil discharge and provide new insights for further research on the potential mechanisms of soil discharge.
{"title":"Study on the Formation Mechanism of Soil Discharge Dark Space Under Negative DC Voltage","authors":"Yong Yang;Yuxin Lu;Chuan Li;Huan Chen;Shuai Yang;Ruohan Wu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3532919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3532919","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been a notable increase in research activity concerning the remediation of soil using nonthermal plasmas (NTPs), as well as the study of discharges in soil. In examining the phenomenon of soil discharges under negative direct current (dc), researchers have identified the presence of discharge dark spaces. It is well established that the Faraday dark space is present under negative glow discharge. However, no instance of the discharge of dark space has been documented in soil discharges. It is noteworthy that, akin to the dark spaces observed in gas discharges, which occur exclusively in negative glow discharges, soil dark spaces are only discernible under negative dc discharges. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism responsible for their formation remains elusive. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of soil discharges and the formation of dark space regions, a new model of soil discharges is proposed in this study. Based on this model, we derived an expression for the extent of the dark space region. Furthermore, we explored the effect of the dark space region on soil discharge. These studies facilitate the development of technologies for the remediation of pollutants by soil discharge and provide new insights for further research on the potential mechanisms of soil discharge.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 2","pages":"213-219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study uses an electrical discharge model. It examines how intertip distance affects energy delivered to a reactor tip-plane configuration. The results are validated against previous experimental measurements. Increasing the intertip distance from 5 to 20 mm in dry air results in a proportional increase in delivered energy. The study also evaluates discharge energy, which is useful energy. It shows a loss of energy at 5 mm, but useful energy at 20 mm. Analysis of energy efficiency for different distances shows a significant improvement, varying from 45% to 88%. A subsequent study in humid air shows that no energy is lost beyond 15 mm. The study also looks at how the tip number affects the reactor’s energy delivery. It found that energy delivery increased with the number of tips. However, efficiencies decreased due to mutual effects between tips. As a result, plasma energy efficiency decreased by up to 35% despite the increase in the tip number. These results stress the key role of the threshold distance. It is vital for better energy efficiency and full coverage of target surfaces.
{"title":"Effect of Tip Distribution on Plasma Energy Efficiency in Pulsed Multitip-Plane Corona Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure in Dry and Humid Air","authors":"Karim Saber;Alyen Abahazem;Nofel Merbahi;Mohammed Yousfi;Hasna Guedah","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3533097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3533097","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses an electrical discharge model. It examines how intertip distance affects energy delivered to a reactor tip-plane configuration. The results are validated against previous experimental measurements. Increasing the intertip distance from 5 to 20 mm in dry air results in a proportional increase in delivered energy. The study also evaluates discharge energy, which is useful energy. It shows a loss of energy at 5 mm, but useful energy at 20 mm. Analysis of energy efficiency for different distances shows a significant improvement, varying from 45% to 88%. A subsequent study in humid air shows that no energy is lost beyond 15 mm. The study also looks at how the tip number affects the reactor’s energy delivery. It found that energy delivery increased with the number of tips. However, efficiencies decreased due to mutual effects between tips. As a result, plasma energy efficiency decreased by up to 35% despite the increase in the tip number. These results stress the key role of the threshold distance. It is vital for better energy efficiency and full coverage of target surfaces.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 2","pages":"259-264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3531426
Sagnik Banerjee;Mohammad S. Khan;Uddipan Nath;Santosh Kumar Mishra;Bhargav Appasani
This research aims to propose a terahertz metamaterial-based absorber that can sense the alterations in the enclosing medium’s refractive index. The suggested layout comprises a pair of concentric resonators made of gold, each resembling a ring in shape, and is mounted upon a substrate comprising of gallium arsenide (GaAs). The periodicity of the unit cell in this design is only $48~mu $ m. At 2.47 THz, it achieves a high-quality factor (Q-factor) of 61.75 and a nearly perfect absorption of 99.50%. Parametric analyses have been performed to support the selection of the parameters used in the design. Modifications in the polarization angle do not affect the design and the absorption spectra. Because numerous biomedical samples fall within this range, the refractive index has been adjusted within the range of 1.35 to 1.39. Using the proposed sensor, 560 absorption spectra are obtained for different polarization angles, incident angles, and cell specimens of normal and cancerous skin tissue. Different machine learning algorithms have been used to classify the cells based on the absorption spectrum obtained from the proposed sensor with an accuracy of 100% and a precision and recall of 100% and 100%, respectively, on the test data. The proposed work can pave the way for future research combining machine learning and sensing at the terahertz frequency.
{"title":"Skin Cancer Detection Using Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber and Machine Learning","authors":"Sagnik Banerjee;Mohammad S. Khan;Uddipan Nath;Santosh Kumar Mishra;Bhargav Appasani","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3531426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3531426","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to propose a terahertz metamaterial-based absorber that can sense the alterations in the enclosing medium’s refractive index. The suggested layout comprises a pair of concentric resonators made of gold, each resembling a ring in shape, and is mounted upon a substrate comprising of gallium arsenide (GaAs). The periodicity of the unit cell in this design is only <inline-formula> <tex-math>$48~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m. At 2.47 THz, it achieves a high-quality factor (Q-factor) of 61.75 and a nearly perfect absorption of 99.50%. Parametric analyses have been performed to support the selection of the parameters used in the design. Modifications in the polarization angle do not affect the design and the absorption spectra. Because numerous biomedical samples fall within this range, the refractive index has been adjusted within the range of 1.35 to 1.39. Using the proposed sensor, 560 absorption spectra are obtained for different polarization angles, incident angles, and cell specimens of normal and cancerous skin tissue. Different machine learning algorithms have been used to classify the cells based on the absorption spectrum obtained from the proposed sensor with an accuracy of 100% and a precision and recall of 100% and 100%, respectively, on the test data. The proposed work can pave the way for future research combining machine learning and sensing at the terahertz frequency.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 2","pages":"343-350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3531215
Jens Schmidt;René Laufer;Georg Herdrich;Truell W. Hyde
An electrostatic probe measurement has been established to measure the electron temperature, ion temperature, and electron density within an expanding plasma jet. Due to the plasma being in a transitional hydrodynamic regime, neither collisionless nor collisional probe theories could be directly applied to the present case. Therefore, an inverse method was used in which the shape of the current-voltage curve of the probe was iteratively calculated for given plasma conditions and directly compared with the measured result. Using this method, the temperatures and densities could be estimated even though the established Langmuir probe theory was not applicable.
{"title":"Electrostatic Probe Measurements in an Expanding Plasma Jet","authors":"Jens Schmidt;René Laufer;Georg Herdrich;Truell W. Hyde","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3531215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3531215","url":null,"abstract":"An electrostatic probe measurement has been established to measure the electron temperature, ion temperature, and electron density within an expanding plasma jet. Due to the plasma being in a transitional hydrodynamic regime, neither collisionless nor collisional probe theories could be directly applied to the present case. Therefore, an inverse method was used in which the shape of the current-voltage curve of the probe was iteratively calculated for given plasma conditions and directly compared with the measured result. Using this method, the temperatures and densities could be estimated even though the established Langmuir probe theory was not applicable.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 2","pages":"265-275"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3533421
Mustafa Saglam;Fevzi Hansu
Determining the ignition and damping voltage values of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at various frequencies and in different gas ambients is important regarding lighting techniques and various industrial applications. DBDs can be operated with sinusoidal or square-wave currents between line frequency and microwave frequencies or with special pulsed waveforms. For large-scale industrial applications, power supplies operating between 500 Hz and 500 kHz are preferred. In this study, an experimental application was carried out to determine the current and voltage parameters in the damping and ignition of DBD at various frequencies and in different gas ambients. Within the scope of the study, the supply voltage was gradually applied at certain frequencies to the cylindrical plane electrode system placed in a specially designed closed and vacuumable reactor, these experiments were also repeated in various gas environments, and the voltage-current (V–I) measurements of the system were made. According to the results, it was observed that the frequency and gas type had a significant effect on the discharge damping and ignition voltages and that increasing the frequency significantly facilitated the ignition of the DBD. Similarly, the conductivity of the ambient gas significantly reduced the ignition voltage level of the DBD.
{"title":"Investigation of the Effect of High Frequency and Ambient Gas on Ignition and Damping of Barrier Discharge","authors":"Mustafa Saglam;Fevzi Hansu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3533421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3533421","url":null,"abstract":"Determining the ignition and damping voltage values of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at various frequencies and in different gas ambients is important regarding lighting techniques and various industrial applications. DBDs can be operated with sinusoidal or square-wave currents between line frequency and microwave frequencies or with special pulsed waveforms. For large-scale industrial applications, power supplies operating between 500 Hz and 500 kHz are preferred. In this study, an experimental application was carried out to determine the current and voltage parameters in the damping and ignition of DBD at various frequencies and in different gas ambients. Within the scope of the study, the supply voltage was gradually applied at certain frequencies to the cylindrical plane electrode system placed in a specially designed closed and vacuumable reactor, these experiments were also repeated in various gas environments, and the voltage-current (V–I) measurements of the system were made. According to the results, it was observed that the frequency and gas type had a significant effect on the discharge damping and ignition voltages and that increasing the frequency significantly facilitated the ignition of the DBD. Similarly, the conductivity of the ambient gas significantly reduced the ignition voltage level of the DBD.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 2","pages":"311-316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cu is widely used to fabricate highly efficient conductive coatings in the power electronics industry due to its exceptional electrical and ductility. To achieve higher spraying speed and better Cu coating quality, this article deeply studied the method of accelerated plasma spraying (APS) based on electromagnetic pulse welding (EMPW). A multiphysical field simulation model was constructed to study the plasma and Cu powder motion processes. The electromagnetic parameters, temperature, and Cu powder velocity were obtained. The relationship between electrode parameters and the Lorentz force was obtained by combining the plasma equation of motion with numerical analysis. The velocity of the Cu powder motion was obtained through the capture of the spraying process. The findings revealed that the electrode spacing exerted an influence on the plasma motion. The simultaneous impact of the compression shock wave and the Lorentz force propelled the Cu powder, which remained in the solid state, toward the ceramic. The Cu powder speed reached 1024 m/s and the maximum Cu coating thickness of $140~mu $ m was obtained when the discharge voltage was 5 kV. This study elucidated the mechanism of APS based on EMPW, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for APS in mechanism analysis and future applications.
{"title":"Accelerated Plasma Spraying of Cu/Alumina Ceramics Based on Electromagnetic Pulse Welding: Simulation and Experiments","authors":"Chengxiang Li;Shiyu Weng;Chennan Xu;Dan Chen;Yan Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3531962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3531962","url":null,"abstract":"Cu is widely used to fabricate highly efficient conductive coatings in the power electronics industry due to its exceptional electrical and ductility. To achieve higher spraying speed and better Cu coating quality, this article deeply studied the method of accelerated plasma spraying (APS) based on electromagnetic pulse welding (EMPW). A multiphysical field simulation model was constructed to study the plasma and Cu powder motion processes. The electromagnetic parameters, temperature, and Cu powder velocity were obtained. The relationship between electrode parameters and the Lorentz force was obtained by combining the plasma equation of motion with numerical analysis. The velocity of the Cu powder motion was obtained through the capture of the spraying process. The findings revealed that the electrode spacing exerted an influence on the plasma motion. The simultaneous impact of the compression shock wave and the Lorentz force propelled the Cu powder, which remained in the solid state, toward the ceramic. The Cu powder speed reached 1024 m/s and the maximum Cu coating thickness of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$140~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m was obtained when the discharge voltage was 5 kV. This study elucidated the mechanism of APS based on EMPW, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for APS in mechanism analysis and future applications.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 2","pages":"301-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3533101
Arijit Bardhan Roy
Fabrication procedure and utilization of gold nanoparticles (NPs)-masked indium tin oxide (ITO) nanopillars using argon plasma etching was reported in this article. As we know that due to lack of substrate thickness, some fractions of photons are not absorbed by thin crystalline silicon solar cells. This issue may be answered by reported ITO nanopillar geometry embedded on top of the device provided by multiple bounces and super scattering of light. Further, this type of nanostructuring happened only on top of the anti-reflection coating (ARC), so it will be incapable to add on any surface recombination of generated carriers. In this work, the author applied this nanopillar geometry on top of the thin silicon heterojunction solar cell (p-type crystalline thin substrate with n-type amorphous layer) using Au-masked Argon plasma etching and some noticeable enhancement of short circuit current (approximately 50%) and output efficiency (more than 30%) was achieved compared to flat ITO coated cells. These values established the utilization of ITO nanopillars as an anti-reflective coating on thin c-Si solar cells through this reported study and these results also validated by electric field and integrated reflection-based profiles received from finite element method (FEM)-based simulation studies. Finally, at the end of this study, author prolifically realized thin c-Si-based solar cell with $20~pm ~5~mu $ m substrate thickness and an effective light management design offered by ITO nanopillars.
{"title":"Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticle-Masked ITO Nanopillars Using Argon Plasma Etching: Utilization and Application in the Thin c-Si Flexible Solar Cell","authors":"Arijit Bardhan Roy","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3533101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3533101","url":null,"abstract":"Fabrication procedure and utilization of gold nanoparticles (NPs)-masked indium tin oxide (ITO) nanopillars using argon plasma etching was reported in this article. As we know that due to lack of substrate thickness, some fractions of photons are not absorbed by thin crystalline silicon solar cells. This issue may be answered by reported ITO nanopillar geometry embedded on top of the device provided by multiple bounces and super scattering of light. Further, this type of nanostructuring happened only on top of the anti-reflection coating (ARC), so it will be incapable to add on any surface recombination of generated carriers. In this work, the author applied this nanopillar geometry on top of the thin silicon heterojunction solar cell (p-type crystalline thin substrate with n-type amorphous layer) using Au-masked Argon plasma etching and some noticeable enhancement of short circuit current (approximately 50%) and output efficiency (more than 30%) was achieved compared to flat ITO coated cells. These values established the utilization of ITO nanopillars as an anti-reflective coating on thin c-Si solar cells through this reported study and these results also validated by electric field and integrated reflection-based profiles received from finite element method (FEM)-based simulation studies. Finally, at the end of this study, author prolifically realized thin c-Si-based solar cell with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$20~pm ~5~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula> m substrate thickness and an effective light management design offered by ITO nanopillars.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 2","pages":"206-212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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