The light emitted by gas discharge plasma is often used as a light source for precision optical instruments. The measurement precision and accuracy of these precision instruments are greatly affected by the ambient temperature. In fact, although low-pressure glow gas discharge plasma is often referred to as “low-temperature plasma,” it may also have thermal effects under prolonged operation. There is a lack of research on the thermal effects of low-pressure glow discharges and the process of its heat transfer through the discharge tube. In this article, a 2-D axisymmetric fluid model is established, coupling multiphysics fields such as discharge plasma, laminar flow, and heat transfer. The thermal effect and heat transfer of He/Ne gas mixture glow discharge at low pressure are investigated. Studies show that, after the discharge has lasted for a certain period of time, the temperature in the gas discharge region is significantly elevated and can reach tens or hundreds of kelvins. The temperature of the glass tube may also increase by more than 20 K under certain discharge parameters. The current-limiting resistance, the gas pressure, and the He/Ne gas ratio have a large influence on the thermal effect of the gas discharge. Therefore, the thermal effect of gas discharge applied as a light source in precision optical instruments cannot be ignored and needs to be regulated and designed for specific situations. This article contributes to a deeper physical understanding of the thermal effects of low-pressure glow discharges and provides guidance for their optical application.
{"title":"Thermal Effects of Low-Pressure Glow Discharge and Its Heat Transfer Through the Discharge Tube","authors":"Xintong Liu;Yangyang Fu;Guolin Yang;Zhijin Zhang;Qin Hu;Jianlin Hu;Zhihang Zhao;Liyang Zhang;Zhigang Liu;Xinxin Wang;Xingliang Jiang;Yutai Li","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3532112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3532112","url":null,"abstract":"The light emitted by gas discharge plasma is often used as a light source for precision optical instruments. The measurement precision and accuracy of these precision instruments are greatly affected by the ambient temperature. In fact, although low-pressure glow gas discharge plasma is often referred to as “low-temperature plasma,” it may also have thermal effects under prolonged operation. There is a lack of research on the thermal effects of low-pressure glow discharges and the process of its heat transfer through the discharge tube. In this article, a 2-D axisymmetric fluid model is established, coupling multiphysics fields such as discharge plasma, laminar flow, and heat transfer. The thermal effect and heat transfer of He/Ne gas mixture glow discharge at low pressure are investigated. Studies show that, after the discharge has lasted for a certain period of time, the temperature in the gas discharge region is significantly elevated and can reach tens or hundreds of kelvins. The temperature of the glass tube may also increase by more than 20 K under certain discharge parameters. The current-limiting resistance, the gas pressure, and the He/Ne gas ratio have a large influence on the thermal effect of the gas discharge. Therefore, the thermal effect of gas discharge applied as a light source in precision optical instruments cannot be ignored and needs to be regulated and designed for specific situations. This article contributes to a deeper physical understanding of the thermal effects of low-pressure glow discharges and provides guidance for their optical application.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"40-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3528970
H. Y. Wang;W. H. Hu;Y. H. Wang;Y. Huang;Y. H. Jia;Z. P. Luo;R. R. Zhang;Q. P. Yuan;B. J. Xiao
To obtain higher discharge parameters in experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) experiments, an elongated plasma configuration is applied. As a result, vertical displacement events (VDEs) are easy to occur, especially for plasma with high vertical instability growth rate. Studying the prediction and avoidance of VDEs is of great importance for the protection of the plasma-facing and structural components of EAST tokamak. Data-driven methods based on supervised learning are widely used in disruption prediction. Labels as the key of the supervised learning are difficult to accurately divide. In this article, we first propose a labeling method based on the Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence, enabling a specific analysis and evaluating the precursor onset time for each discharge. By comparing prediction accuracy and warning time prior to disruption using different algorithms with dataset collected from EAST experiment of 2021–2023, it is found that random forest (RF) model works best and achieves a success VDE alarm rate of 99.2% with a false alarm rate of 2.1% for nondisruptive discharges. The results show that models trained with dataset collected with class split point found by the JS divergence method from each discharge outperforms models trained with the dataset collected from each discharge with class split point of fixed time before disruption.
{"title":"A Machine Learning Predictor for Vertical Displacement Events on EAST","authors":"H. Y. Wang;W. H. Hu;Y. H. Wang;Y. Huang;Y. H. Jia;Z. P. Luo;R. R. Zhang;Q. P. Yuan;B. J. Xiao","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3528970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3528970","url":null,"abstract":"To obtain higher discharge parameters in experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) experiments, an elongated plasma configuration is applied. As a result, vertical displacement events (VDEs) are easy to occur, especially for plasma with high vertical instability growth rate. Studying the prediction and avoidance of VDEs is of great importance for the protection of the plasma-facing and structural components of EAST tokamak. Data-driven methods based on supervised learning are widely used in disruption prediction. Labels as the key of the supervised learning are difficult to accurately divide. In this article, we first propose a labeling method based on the Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence, enabling a specific analysis and evaluating the precursor onset time for each discharge. By comparing prediction accuracy and warning time prior to disruption using different algorithms with dataset collected from EAST experiment of 2021–2023, it is found that random forest (RF) model works best and achieves a success VDE alarm rate of 99.2% with a false alarm rate of 2.1% for nondisruptive discharges. The results show that models trained with dataset collected with class split point found by the JS divergence method from each discharge outperforms models trained with the dataset collected from each discharge with class split point of fixed time before disruption.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"136-145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3528096
H. R. Pakzad;K. Javidan
The behavior of ion acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) in an electron-ion plasma with spatially varying ion temperatures is studied using the reductive perturbation method. In this case, the relative temperature ($sigma $ ) is considered a first-order perturbation. The modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation is obtained to describe the wave behavior in which $sigma $ is a critical parameter of the model. The propagated localized ion-acoustic wave is affected by the temperature perturbation area while the amplitude of the ion acoustic soliton decreases after the interaction with perturbation.
{"title":"Ion Acoustic Waves in Plasma With Perturbation in Ion Temperature","authors":"H. R. Pakzad;K. Javidan","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3528096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3528096","url":null,"abstract":"The behavior of ion acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) in an electron-ion plasma with spatially varying ion temperatures is studied using the reductive perturbation method. In this case, the relative temperature (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is considered a first-order perturbation. The modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation is obtained to describe the wave behavior in which <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> is a critical parameter of the model. The propagated localized ion-acoustic wave is affected by the temperature perturbation area while the amplitude of the ion acoustic soliton decreases after the interaction with perturbation.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3529314
Wenchao Li;Yingjie Chen;Youlong Wang;Rongyao Fu;Ping Yan;Yaohong Sun
The application of a multiphase air-core pulsed alternator (APA) power supply system in railgun has been studied. First, the working principle of the multiphase APA power supply system driving the railgun is introduced in detail, and the mathematical models of the multiphase APA and the railgun are given. Second, the discharge characteristics of the multiphase APA power supply system are analyzed. The relationship between the load current and the phase current is expounded at the theoretical level, and the characteristics such as the amplitude and pulsewidth of the phase current during the discharge process of the eight-phase motor are analyzed and parsed. Then, a field-circuit coupling simulation model is constructed to simulate and analyze the discharge process of the multiphase APA driving the railgun, verifying the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Finally, the experimental platform of multiphase APA driving the railgun is built, and the launch experiments are successfully conducted. Meanwhile, valuable experimental data are also provided for the subsequent further experiments.
{"title":"Discharge Characteristics and Launch Experiment of Multiphase Air-Core Pulsed Alternator","authors":"Wenchao Li;Yingjie Chen;Youlong Wang;Rongyao Fu;Ping Yan;Yaohong Sun","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3529314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3529314","url":null,"abstract":"The application of a multiphase air-core pulsed alternator (APA) power supply system in railgun has been studied. First, the working principle of the multiphase APA power supply system driving the railgun is introduced in detail, and the mathematical models of the multiphase APA and the railgun are given. Second, the discharge characteristics of the multiphase APA power supply system are analyzed. The relationship between the load current and the phase current is expounded at the theoretical level, and the characteristics such as the amplitude and pulsewidth of the phase current during the discharge process of the eight-phase motor are analyzed and parsed. Then, a field-circuit coupling simulation model is constructed to simulate and analyze the discharge process of the multiphase APA driving the railgun, verifying the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Finally, the experimental platform of multiphase APA driving the railgun is built, and the launch experiments are successfully conducted. Meanwhile, valuable experimental data are also provided for the subsequent further experiments.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/OJNANO.2025.3534518
{"title":"2024 Index IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology Vol. 5","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2025.3534518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2025.3534518","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10852553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143105669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3528424
Jingyi Lin;Jianwen Wu;Shangwen Xia;Ruang Chen;Mingshun Ma
The extinguishing performance of low-voltage dc circuit breakers is intricately influenced by the arc motion process, which in turn is shaped by the structure of the arc chamber. Consequently, optimizing and refining the arc chamber structure is imperative for augmenting arc-extinguishing efficacy. Addressing this necessity, this study presents an advanced multiobjective optimization algorithm grounded in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model for low-voltage dc circuit breakers. The optimization targets key geometrical parameters within the chamber, encompassing the arc runner length, splitter plate inclination angle, as well as the horizontal and vertical spacing between neighboring splitter plates, to minimize both arc energy and overvoltage. Relative coefficients for primary and secondary objectives are seamlessly integrated into the optimization process to bolster computational efficiency. Leveraging simulation models, this algorithm expeditiously explores the impact of various arc chamber structural parameters on arc motion, thereby furnishing invaluable insights for designing and optimizing low-voltage circuit breakers.
{"title":"Multiobjective Optimization of Key Parameters for the Chamber of Low-Voltage DC Circuit Breakers Based on MHD","authors":"Jingyi Lin;Jianwen Wu;Shangwen Xia;Ruang Chen;Mingshun Ma","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3528424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3528424","url":null,"abstract":"The extinguishing performance of low-voltage dc circuit breakers is intricately influenced by the arc motion process, which in turn is shaped by the structure of the arc chamber. Consequently, optimizing and refining the arc chamber structure is imperative for augmenting arc-extinguishing efficacy. Addressing this necessity, this study presents an advanced multiobjective optimization algorithm grounded in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model for low-voltage dc circuit breakers. The optimization targets key geometrical parameters within the chamber, encompassing the arc runner length, splitter plate inclination angle, as well as the horizontal and vertical spacing between neighboring splitter plates, to minimize both arc energy and overvoltage. Relative coefficients for primary and secondary objectives are seamlessly integrated into the optimization process to bolster computational efficiency. Leveraging simulation models, this algorithm expeditiously explores the impact of various arc chamber structural parameters on arc motion, thereby furnishing invaluable insights for designing and optimizing low-voltage circuit breakers.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"88-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Field breakdown triggered vacuum switch (FTVS) has higher requirements for triggering pulse. The trigger source based on pulse transformer and solid-state switch has good reliability and low jitter characteristics, which can be used to trigger FTVS. A detailed analysis of the working process of the trigger source is beneficial for better design of the trigger source. This article introduces the analysis and the design process of a pulse trigger source (PTS) based on a pulse transformer using a closed annular magnetic core and IGBT. An analytical analysis of the main working process of the PTS is provided, and the effects of the PTS’s stray resistances, leakage inductances, and distributed capacitances on the output pulse waveform are evaluated. By optimizing the structure of the pulse transformer and selecting appropriate magnetic core materials, the response characteristics of the pulse transformer have been improved. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed analysis presented in this article. The designed PTS can generate high-voltage pulses with peak values exceeding 18 kV, pulsewidth of $0sim 5~mu $ s, and rise time of <560 ns, which can reliably trigger FTVS.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of Pulse Trigger Source for Triggered Vacuum Switch Based on Pulse Transformer","authors":"Liang Bu;Xubin Li;Minfu Liao;Ming Zhang;Gang Lu;Longfei Yu;Xiongying Duan","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3525131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3525131","url":null,"abstract":"Field breakdown triggered vacuum switch (FTVS) has higher requirements for triggering pulse. The trigger source based on pulse transformer and solid-state switch has good reliability and low jitter characteristics, which can be used to trigger FTVS. A detailed analysis of the working process of the trigger source is beneficial for better design of the trigger source. This article introduces the analysis and the design process of a pulse trigger source (PTS) based on a pulse transformer using a closed annular magnetic core and IGBT. An analytical analysis of the main working process of the PTS is provided, and the effects of the PTS’s stray resistances, leakage inductances, and distributed capacitances on the output pulse waveform are evaluated. By optimizing the structure of the pulse transformer and selecting appropriate magnetic core materials, the response characteristics of the pulse transformer have been improved. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed analysis presented in this article. The designed PTS can generate high-voltage pulses with peak values exceeding 18 kV, pulsewidth of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0sim 5~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, and rise time of <560 ns, which can reliably trigger FTVS.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"79-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3527476
Kirk J. Boehm;James D. Rogers;Richard D. Branam
Langmuir probe measurements have been performed many times in hollow cathodes and remain one of the most commonly used diagnostic methods to determine electron temperature, density, and plasma potential. The objective of this project was to analyze which possible electron processes can also be determined using a single-wire Langmuir probe in combination with the Druyvesteyn electron energy distribution function (EEDF) method. The well-documented JPL NASA LaB6 hollow cathode using argon, without a heater and without an orifice, was chosen for this study. The probe tip was located at the backend of the plasma. The Druyvesteyn EEDF method resulted in three distinct electron population peaks, representing single ionization, secondary electron production due to ion bombardment of the low work function insert, and thermionic electron production. The electron temperature for almost all three peaks decreased slightly with increasing mass flow rate. The electron number density also decreased with mass flow rate; however, each population showed a different rate of decrease. The detection showed different populations for different locations in the upstream plasma sheath. The results of this investigation indicate that thermionic emission, secondary ion bombardment, ionization, and their associated electron extractions can be measured using the Druyvesteyn EEDF method.
{"title":"Analysis of the Electron Distribution Function Inside of a LaB₆ Hollow Cathode","authors":"Kirk J. Boehm;James D. Rogers;Richard D. Branam","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3527476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3527476","url":null,"abstract":"Langmuir probe measurements have been performed many times in hollow cathodes and remain one of the most commonly used diagnostic methods to determine electron temperature, density, and plasma potential. The objective of this project was to analyze which possible electron processes can also be determined using a single-wire Langmuir probe in combination with the Druyvesteyn electron energy distribution function (EEDF) method. The well-documented JPL NASA LaB6 hollow cathode using argon, without a heater and without an orifice, was chosen for this study. The probe tip was located at the backend of the plasma. The Druyvesteyn EEDF method resulted in three distinct electron population peaks, representing single ionization, secondary electron production due to ion bombardment of the low work function insert, and thermionic electron production. The electron temperature for almost all three peaks decreased slightly with increasing mass flow rate. The electron number density also decreased with mass flow rate; however, each population showed a different rate of decrease. The detection showed different populations for different locations in the upstream plasma sheath. The results of this investigation indicate that thermionic emission, secondary ion bombardment, ionization, and their associated electron extractions can be measured using the Druyvesteyn EEDF method.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1109/TNANO.2025.3532313
S. Sharma;J. Madan;R. Chaujar
This research delves into the temperature-dependent performance of a novel polarity-controlled charge plasma-based InAs/AlGaSb tunneling interfaced junctionless TFET (H-JLTFET). The device leverages the benefits of both charge plasma and heterojunction engineering to enhance device performance. Comprehensive simulations were conducted to assess the impact of temperature on device characteristics. Results indicate that while the device exhibits promising ON-state current and high-frequency metrics, with a peak fT of 417 GHz and an fmax of 4390 GHz, the subthreshold region is significantly influenced by temperature. The observed increase in OFF-state current and degradation in subthreshold swing highlight the need for careful thermal management and circuit design. Furthermore, the study reveals a moderate impact of temperature on intrinsic delay and a slight increase in ambipolar current. Overall, this work provides valuable insights into the thermal behavior of H-JLTFETs, paving the way for optimized device design and reliable operation in various applications.
{"title":"Insights Into Temperature Sensitivity Analysis of Polarity Controlled Charge Plasma Based Tunable Arsenide/Antimonide Tunneling Interfaced Junctionless TFET","authors":"S. Sharma;J. Madan;R. Chaujar","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2025.3532313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2025.3532313","url":null,"abstract":"This research delves into the temperature-dependent performance of a novel polarity-controlled charge plasma-based InAs/AlGaSb tunneling interfaced junctionless TFET (H-JLTFET). The device leverages the benefits of both charge plasma and heterojunction engineering to enhance device performance. Comprehensive simulations were conducted to assess the impact of temperature on device characteristics. Results indicate that while the device exhibits promising ON-state current and high-frequency metrics, with a peak <italic>f<sub>T</sub></i> of 417 GHz and an <italic>f</i><sub>max</sub> of 4390 GHz, the subthreshold region is significantly influenced by temperature. The observed increase in OFF-state current and degradation in subthreshold swing highlight the need for careful thermal management and circuit design. Furthermore, the study reveals a moderate impact of temperature on intrinsic delay and a slight increase in ambipolar current. Overall, this work provides valuable insights into the thermal behavior of H-JLTFETs, paving the way for optimized device design and reliable operation in various applications.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"24 ","pages":"96-101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3526170
Elizabeth C. Palmiotti;Martin Springer;Jarett Zuboy;Timothy J. Silverman;Jennifer L. Braid;Dirk C. Jordan;Salil Rabade;Teresa M. Barnes
Photovoltaic (PV) module materials and technologies continue to evolve as module manufacturers and buyers try to minimize costs, maximize performance, and speed deployment. Both silicon and thin film modules are converging toward similar ∼3 $text{m}^{2}$ glass–glass designs with thinner glass sheets to increase power output while reducing module weight, and both types are increasingly mounted on single-axis trackers. At the same time, an increasing number of PV sites have been reporting spontaneous glass breakage in early life systems deployed with these “big, floppy modules.” In this article, we identify the concurrent module changes that may be contributing to increased early failure, explain the trends, and discuss their reliability implications. We suggest that larger, thinner glass sheets along with variations in heat treatment and quality may be contributing to glass vulnerability. We note that trends toward weaker or back-mounted frames may also be contributing to module failures, especially for “extra-extra-large” modules mounted on trackers. Combinations of these trends may have pushed modules to a threshold at which increasing early failures are causing the front edge of the “bathtub curve” to re-emerge. Current qualification testing appears to be ineffective for catching these early failures in new module designs, and module buyers do not have enough reliability information—or cannot prioritize such information—during module procurement. Additional research is needed to identify the field conditions leading to glass breakage and if there is one or multiple limiting flaws in new module designs causing glass breakage. Early failures may be mitigated by returning to more robust designs or ensuring better module testing and quality assurance.
{"title":"Growing Panes: Investigating the PV Technology Trends Behind Frequent Early Failures in Modern Glass–Glass Modules","authors":"Elizabeth C. Palmiotti;Martin Springer;Jarett Zuboy;Timothy J. Silverman;Jennifer L. Braid;Dirk C. Jordan;Salil Rabade;Teresa M. Barnes","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3526170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3526170","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic (PV) module materials and technologies continue to evolve as module manufacturers and buyers try to minimize costs, maximize performance, and speed deployment. Both silicon and thin film modules are converging toward similar ∼3 <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{m}^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> glass–glass designs with thinner glass sheets to increase power output while reducing module weight, and both types are increasingly mounted on single-axis trackers. At the same time, an increasing number of PV sites have been reporting spontaneous glass breakage in early life systems deployed with these “big, floppy modules.” In this article, we identify the concurrent module changes that may be contributing to increased early failure, explain the trends, and discuss their reliability implications. We suggest that larger, thinner glass sheets along with variations in heat treatment and quality may be contributing to glass vulnerability. We note that trends toward weaker or back-mounted frames may also be contributing to module failures, especially for “extra-extra-large” modules mounted on trackers. Combinations of these trends may have pushed modules to a threshold at which increasing early failures are causing the front edge of the “bathtub curve” to re-emerge. Current qualification testing appears to be ineffective for catching these early failures in new module designs, and module buyers do not have enough reliability information—or cannot prioritize such information—during module procurement. Additional research is needed to identify the field conditions leading to glass breakage and if there is one or multiple limiting flaws in new module designs causing glass breakage. Early failures may be mitigated by returning to more robust designs or ensuring better module testing and quality assurance.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 2","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10847304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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