Terahertz holographic technology, benefiting from the abundant resources, low photon energy, and strong penetration capabilities of terahertz, demonstrates tremendous potential in ultrawideband and high-speed wireless transmission for next-generation communication. However, current terahertz holographic components suffer from limitations such as restricted information capacity and poor communication security, hindering further development and practical application in the telecommunications field. Here, we report a thermally modulated metasurface with controllable far-field radiation characteristics and demonstrate a dual-band holographic encryption device. The structural symmetry of the meta-atom is broken to excite electromagnetic-induced transparent modes and Fano resonance modes with opposite far-field transmission characteristics at 0.34 and 0.42 THz, respectively. Utilizing the phase transition between insulating and metallic states in temperature-responsive vanadium dioxide, the asymmetric parameters of the meta-atom could be altered to achieve resonance modulation, resulting in amplitude enhancement or attenuation. Based on the proposed meta-atom, the controllable 2-bit encoding units could be constructed at 0.34 and 0.42 THz through structural parametric adjustments. Finally, a holographic element featuring 3-D encryption across polarization, temperature, and frequency is demonstrated in simulation with information including “L,” “C,” and “O.” The proposed strategy will advance the development of encrypted information transmission and integrated communication devices.
{"title":"Dual-Band Dynamic Coding Metasurface for Terahertz Holographic Encrypted Imaging","authors":"Jing Zhang;Dingyan Chen;Yiming Liu;Xiaoyuan Ren;Jing Lou","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3639472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3639472","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz holographic technology, benefiting from the abundant resources, low photon energy, and strong penetration capabilities of terahertz, demonstrates tremendous potential in ultrawideband and high-speed wireless transmission for next-generation communication. However, current terahertz holographic components suffer from limitations such as restricted information capacity and poor communication security, hindering further development and practical application in the telecommunications field. Here, we report a thermally modulated metasurface with controllable far-field radiation characteristics and demonstrate a dual-band holographic encryption device. The structural symmetry of the meta-atom is broken to excite electromagnetic-induced transparent modes and Fano resonance modes with opposite far-field transmission characteristics at 0.34 and 0.42 THz, respectively. Utilizing the phase transition between insulating and metallic states in temperature-responsive vanadium dioxide, the asymmetric parameters of the meta-atom could be altered to achieve resonance modulation, resulting in amplitude enhancement or attenuation. Based on the proposed meta-atom, the controllable 2-bit encoding units could be constructed at 0.34 and 0.42 THz through structural parametric adjustments. Finally, a holographic element featuring 3-D encryption across polarization, temperature, and frequency is demonstrated in simulation with information including “L,” “C,” and “O.” The proposed strategy will advance the development of encrypted information transmission and integrated communication devices.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"345-349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents the coupling characteristics of shielded multiconductor cables under high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) numerically and experimentally. The numerical analysis is employed to study the coupling characteristics of a representative shielded multiconductor cable under different conditions first. The impacts of cable wiring configurations, cable parameters, and propagation direction of incident electromagnetic waves are given. Then, a horizontally polarized hybrid EMP simulator is constructed, and some radiated tests are conducted to validate the conclusions obtained in numerical analysis. The results show that the open circuit of the shielding layer results in the core wire coupling to the same high voltage as the shielding layer, while grounding the shielding layer significantly reduces the coupling voltage on core wires. In addition, increasing cable height, cable length, elevation angle, and azimuth angle all result in an amplification of the level of coupled current. The experimental outcomes of the radiated tests validate the effectiveness of the simulation and the precision of the numerical analysis results.
{"title":"Simulation and Experimental Study on the Coupling Characteristics of Shielded Multiconductor Cables Under HEMP Environment","authors":"Mingmin Zhao;Zeyuan Mu;Luxing Zhao;Lei Gao;Jiahao Zhu;Peng Zhao;Yang Meng","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3640642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3640642","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the coupling characteristics of shielded multiconductor cables under high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) numerically and experimentally. The numerical analysis is employed to study the coupling characteristics of a representative shielded multiconductor cable under different conditions first. The impacts of cable wiring configurations, cable parameters, and propagation direction of incident electromagnetic waves are given. Then, a horizontally polarized hybrid EMP simulator is constructed, and some radiated tests are conducted to validate the conclusions obtained in numerical analysis. The results show that the open circuit of the shielding layer results in the core wire coupling to the same high voltage as the shielding layer, while grounding the shielding layer significantly reduces the coupling voltage on core wires. In addition, increasing cable height, cable length, elevation angle, and azimuth angle all result in an amplification of the level of coupled current. The experimental outcomes of the radiated tests validate the effectiveness of the simulation and the precision of the numerical analysis results.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3640044
{"title":"Special Issue on Selected Papers from APSPT-14 May 2027","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3640044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3640044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 12","pages":"4017-4017"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11300749","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145754248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3640341
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Special Issue on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3640341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3640341","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 12","pages":"4019-4019"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11300751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145754237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3641793
Rinki Upadhyay;Manmath Kumar Badapanda;Akhilesh Tripathi;Rajeev Tyagi;Sachin Rathi;Ramesh Kumar
A multisecondary transformer-based solid-state modular crowbarless high-voltage dc power supply with pulse capability is employed for biasing 1 MW, 352 MHz klystron amplifier. The primary windings of four numbers of multisecondary transformers are suitably phase shifted to realize 24-pulsed input system at 11 kV. Attempt has been made to equalize the mutual coupling between primary and secondary windings of these multisecondary transformers to enable cancellation of lower order harmonics. Low-ripple high-voltage dc output is achieved by phase staggering the outputs of 144 numbers of ac–dc converter-based power modules employed in this power supply. This power supply employs only feed forward control for its dc and pulse mode of operation. The design challenges associated with power module and their mitigation strategies for meeting the needs of continuous wave (CW) and pulse mode of operations are presented in this article. Availability analysis of this modular power supply incorporating active redundant power modules is also presented in this article. Wire burn test is carried out on the power supply to ensure that output stored energy is below 10 J. This power supply achieves output voltage stability $le$ 0.5%, output ripple $le$ 0.5%, current THD $le$ 0.5%, input power factor (IPF) $ge 0.97$ at 87 kV, 18.7 A dc operating point. In pulse mode, rise time $le$ 100 us and fall time $le$ 100 us are achieved at 100 kV, 22 A operating point at pulsewidth of 2 ms and repetition rate of 40 Hz.
提出了一种基于多二次变压器的固态模块化无铲杆高压直流脉冲电源，用于偏置1mw， 352 MHz速调管放大器。通过对4号多次变压器的一次绕组进行适当的相移，实现了11kv的24脉冲输入系统。已经尝试平衡这些多次变压器初级和次级绕组之间的相互耦合，以消除低次谐波。低纹波高压直流输出是通过在该电源中采用的144个基于交流-直流变换器的功率模块的输出相交错来实现的。该电源仅采用直流和脉冲工作模式的前馈控制。本文介绍了与功率模块相关的设计挑战及其缓解策略，以满足连续波（CW）和脉冲操作模式的需求。本文还对采用有源冗余电源模块的模块化电源进行了可用性分析。对电源进行烧线试验，确保输出储能在10j以下，电源输出电压稳定$le$ 0.5%, output ripple $le$ 0.5%, current THD $le$ 0.5%, input power factor (IPF) $ge 0.97$ at 87 kV, 18.7 A dc operating point. In pulse mode, rise time $le$ 100 us and fall time $le$ 100 us are achieved at 100 kV, 22 A operating point at pulsewidth of 2 ms and repetition rate of 40 Hz.
{"title":"Solid-State Modular High-Voltage DC Power Supply With Pulse Capability for High-Power RF Amplifier","authors":"Rinki Upadhyay;Manmath Kumar Badapanda;Akhilesh Tripathi;Rajeev Tyagi;Sachin Rathi;Ramesh Kumar","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3641793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3641793","url":null,"abstract":"A multisecondary transformer-based solid-state modular crowbarless high-voltage dc power supply with pulse capability is employed for biasing 1 MW, 352 MHz klystron amplifier. The primary windings of four numbers of multisecondary transformers are suitably phase shifted to realize 24-pulsed input system at 11 kV. Attempt has been made to equalize the mutual coupling between primary and secondary windings of these multisecondary transformers to enable cancellation of lower order harmonics. Low-ripple high-voltage dc output is achieved by phase staggering the outputs of 144 numbers of ac–dc converter-based power modules employed in this power supply. This power supply employs only feed forward control for its dc and pulse mode of operation. The design challenges associated with power module and their mitigation strategies for meeting the needs of continuous wave (CW) and pulse mode of operations are presented in this article. Availability analysis of this modular power supply incorporating active redundant power modules is also presented in this article. Wire burn test is carried out on the power supply to ensure that output stored energy is below 10 J. This power supply achieves output voltage stability <inline-formula> <tex-math>$le$ </tex-math></inline-formula>0.5%, output ripple <inline-formula> <tex-math>$le$ </tex-math></inline-formula>0.5%, current THD <inline-formula> <tex-math>$le$ </tex-math></inline-formula>0.5%, input power factor (IPF) <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ge 0.97$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 87 kV, 18.7 A dc operating point. In pulse mode, rise time <inline-formula> <tex-math>$le$ </tex-math></inline-formula>100 us and fall time <inline-formula> <tex-math>$le$ </tex-math></inline-formula>100 us are achieved at 100 kV, 22 A operating point at pulsewidth of 2 ms and repetition rate of 40 Hz.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"219-227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3640339
{"title":"Special Issue on the 40th PSSI National Symposium on Plasma Science and Technology (PLASMA 2025)","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3640339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3640339","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 12","pages":"4018-4018"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11300548","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145754225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3641208
Dong-Ao Li;Jie Shen;Wen-Xue Duan;Shi-Dong Fang
Low-temperature plasma (LTP) is a major technology for aquatic pathogen elimination, with advantages of safety, effectiveness, and dynamic disinfection. Herein, nitrogen gasliquid plasma was used to inactivate Staphylococcus aureus in liquid, while optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and chemical reagents analyzed reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) formation. Short-lived species (OH and nitric oxide (NO) radicals) from plasma discharge dominated bacterial lethality; liquid-contact-induced long-lived species (H2O2, HNO2, and HNO3) exerted synergistic effects. Additionally, with subsequent reactions, ONOOH formation may play an important role in the disinfection process. The production of liquid-phase reactive species and their corresponding disinfection mechanisms were systematically studied. Utilizing both contact and noncontact treatment modes of nitrogen-liquid plasma, it was found that the lethal effect of bacteria was mainly due to short-lived species, whereas long-lived species had a synergistic effect. Bacterial inactivation mainly results from liquid RONS damaging cell membranes and elevating intracellular RONS, which highlights the great potential of the gasliquid plasma system in microbial inactivation.
{"title":"Analysis of Inactivation Effect of Nitrogen Gas–Liquid Plasma on Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Dong-Ao Li;Jie Shen;Wen-Xue Duan;Shi-Dong Fang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3641208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3641208","url":null,"abstract":"Low-temperature plasma (LTP) is a major technology for aquatic pathogen elimination, with advantages of safety, effectiveness, and dynamic disinfection. Herein, nitrogen gasliquid plasma was used to inactivate <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in liquid, while optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and chemical reagents analyzed reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) formation. Short-lived species (OH and nitric oxide (NO) radicals) from plasma discharge dominated bacterial lethality; liquid-contact-induced long-lived species (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, HNO<sub>2</sub>, and HNO<sub>3</sub>) exerted synergistic effects. Additionally, with subsequent reactions, ONOOH formation may play an important role in the disinfection process. The production of liquid-phase reactive species and their corresponding disinfection mechanisms were systematically studied. Utilizing both contact and noncontact treatment modes of nitrogen-liquid plasma, it was found that the lethal effect of bacteria was mainly due to short-lived species, whereas long-lived species had a synergistic effect. Bacterial inactivation mainly results from liquid RONS damaging cell membranes and elevating intracellular RONS, which highlights the great potential of the gasliquid plasma system in microbial inactivation.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"243-252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/TSM.2025.3643948
Zimeng Wang;Jaehyun Kim;Sanghee Han;Alp Akçay;Heeyeop Chae;Juseong Lee
Accurate endpoint detection is critical in semiconductor plasma etching. Optical emission spectroscopy data contains information about the endpoint, but its analysis requires significant domain knowledge, and it contains large noise when the open area ratio is small. This paper proposes an interpretable data-driven endpoint detection method for small open area etching, leveraging transfer learning. First, we propose a formal metric quantifying the significance of endpoint trend in each wavelength signal and select the wavelength signals that are most sensitive to endpoint variations. Second, we devise an asymmetric autoencoder to uncover the endpoint trend in the noisy signals. Its asymmetric architecture incorporates nonlinear characteristics while ensuring the latent feature reflects the endpoint trends of the individual signals. Experimental results show that the model that learned the large open area etching (11.1%) can detect the endpoints of the small open area etching (0.5%) with the relative mean absolute error less than 0.6%, and amplify the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of 2-3. Furthermore, the analysis of the selected wavelengths provides deeper insights into the underlying physical processes. The proposed method can be applied with minimal domain knowledge, while its results allow for exploring physical interpretations.
{"title":"Data-Driven Endpoint Detection for Small Open Area Etching Using Interpretable Transfer Learning","authors":"Zimeng Wang;Jaehyun Kim;Sanghee Han;Alp Akçay;Heeyeop Chae;Juseong Lee","doi":"10.1109/TSM.2025.3643948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSM.2025.3643948","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate endpoint detection is critical in semiconductor plasma etching. Optical emission spectroscopy data contains information about the endpoint, but its analysis requires significant domain knowledge, and it contains large noise when the open area ratio is small. This paper proposes an interpretable data-driven endpoint detection method for small open area etching, leveraging transfer learning. First, we propose a formal metric quantifying the significance of endpoint trend in each wavelength signal and select the wavelength signals that are most sensitive to endpoint variations. Second, we devise an asymmetric autoencoder to uncover the endpoint trend in the noisy signals. Its asymmetric architecture incorporates nonlinear characteristics while ensuring the latent feature reflects the endpoint trends of the individual signals. Experimental results show that the model that learned the large open area etching (11.1%) can detect the endpoints of the small open area etching (0.5%) with the relative mean absolute error less than 0.6%, and amplify the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of 2-3. Furthermore, the analysis of the selected wavelengths provides deeper insights into the underlying physical processes. The proposed method can be applied with minimal domain knowledge, while its results allow for exploring physical interpretations.","PeriodicalId":451,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing","volume":"39 1","pages":"74-81"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3625698
Liang Zhao;Changhua Chen;Yuqun Deng
Presents corrections to the paper, (“Investigation Into Increase Process of High-Power Microwave With S Curve”).
对论文《大功率微波S曲线增长过程的探讨》进行了修正。
{"title":"Corrections to “Investigation Into Increase Process of High-Power Microwave With S Curve”","authors":"Liang Zhao;Changhua Chen;Yuqun Deng","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3625698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3625698","url":null,"abstract":"Presents corrections to the paper, (“Investigation Into Increase Process of High-Power Microwave With S Curve”).","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 12","pages":"4016-4016"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11300752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145754227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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