In recent years, electromagnetic (EM) vortex imaging has emerged as a novel technique in the field of radar super-resolution imaging. This approach fundamentally differs from conventional methods by the relative lateral motion between the target and the platform. Although super-resolution azimuthal imaging can be achieved, different orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes should be modulated in different signal pulses. In contrast, a new OAM modulation and monopulse imaging method is proposed in this article, which involves multiplexing OAM modes based on frequency diversity in one pulse and can considerably improve imaging efficiency. By introducing tiny frequency offsets among the elements of a uniform circular frequency diverse array (UC-FDA), the OAM multiplexing beams are generated. Subsequently, the EM vortex imaging model for the coherent UC-FDA is established, and the imaging method is proposed. The theoretical performance analyses of spatial azimuthal resolution and efficiency are derived. Finally, the results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits comparable imaging performance to the conventional EM vortex imaging method, even when only a single pulse is transmitted.
{"title":"Monopulse Electromagnetic Vortex Imaging Method by Multiplexing OAM Modes Based on Frequency Diversity","authors":"Zhengkuan Tan;Kang Liu;Hongyan Liu;Yang Yang;Yongqiang Cheng","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3473949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3473949","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, electromagnetic (EM) vortex imaging has emerged as a novel technique in the field of radar super-resolution imaging. This approach fundamentally differs from conventional methods by the relative lateral motion between the target and the platform. Although super-resolution azimuthal imaging can be achieved, different orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes should be modulated in different signal pulses. In contrast, a new OAM modulation and monopulse imaging method is proposed in this article, which involves multiplexing OAM modes based on frequency diversity in one pulse and can considerably improve imaging efficiency. By introducing tiny frequency offsets among the elements of a uniform circular frequency diverse array (UC-FDA), the OAM multiplexing beams are generated. Subsequently, the EM vortex imaging model for the coherent UC-FDA is established, and the imaging method is proposed. The theoretical performance analyses of spatial azimuthal resolution and efficiency are derived. Finally, the results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits comparable imaging performance to the conventional EM vortex imaging method, even when only a single pulse is transmitted.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"37061-37071"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3460790
Dong Zhao;Honglie Chen;Kun Yang;Haoyu Wang;Xing Guo;Yang Ge;Xiushan Dong;Shengbo Sang
The application of competitive immunoassay brings many advantages to the detection of trace biomolecules and has the potential to be applied to urine-based clinical practice. However, this type of detection method has strict requirements for secondary antibody incubation processes and analysis equipment, leading to strong demands for convenient, rapid, and inexpensive detection platforms. In this study, a mechanical competitive immunosensor (MCI) was proposed for the detection of human serum albumin (HSA) based on goat anti-rabbit @Fe2O3 magnetic beads with magnetic sensitization. With the doping of Fe2O3, the conversion layer of MCI responds more accurately and rapidly to stress. In addition, goat anti-rabbit conjugated with animated Fe2O3 nanoparticles were introduced as secondary antibodies for signal amplification. Under the synergistic effect of the magnetic force of magnetic beads and the stress caused by the specific binding of antigen and antibody, the deformation of the film was amplified, which can effectively change the conductive pathway formed by doped carbon nanotubes, resulting in a larger output electric signal. Through competitive immunoassay for HSA, a limit of detection (LOD) of 68 ng/mL was achieved, which was an order of magnitude lower than direct detection methods. With high reproducibility and stability, MCI demonstrated effectiveness in the detection of HSA at a clinically significant concentration range (0.1– $50 ; mu $ g/mL). Moreover, MCI showed excellent specificity and selectivity, which held promise to offer an alternative tool for clinical diagnosis of urine HSA levels in nephrotic patients.
{"title":"A Mechanical Competitive Immunosensor Based on Antibody@Fe₂O₃ Magnetic Bead for HSA Detection","authors":"Dong Zhao;Honglie Chen;Kun Yang;Haoyu Wang;Xing Guo;Yang Ge;Xiushan Dong;Shengbo Sang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3460790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3460790","url":null,"abstract":"The application of competitive immunoassay brings many advantages to the detection of trace biomolecules and has the potential to be applied to urine-based clinical practice. However, this type of detection method has strict requirements for secondary antibody incubation processes and analysis equipment, leading to strong demands for convenient, rapid, and inexpensive detection platforms. In this study, a mechanical competitive immunosensor (MCI) was proposed for the detection of human serum albumin (HSA) based on goat anti-rabbit @Fe2O3 magnetic beads with magnetic sensitization. With the doping of Fe2O3, the conversion layer of MCI responds more accurately and rapidly to stress. In addition, goat anti-rabbit conjugated with animated Fe2O3 nanoparticles were introduced as secondary antibodies for signal amplification. Under the synergistic effect of the magnetic force of magnetic beads and the stress caused by the specific binding of antigen and antibody, the deformation of the film was amplified, which can effectively change the conductive pathway formed by doped carbon nanotubes, resulting in a larger output electric signal. Through competitive immunoassay for HSA, a limit of detection (LOD) of 68 ng/mL was achieved, which was an order of magnitude lower than direct detection methods. With high reproducibility and stability, MCI demonstrated effectiveness in the detection of HSA at a clinically significant concentration range (0.1–\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$50 ; mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000g/mL). Moreover, MCI showed excellent specificity and selectivity, which held promise to offer an alternative tool for clinical diagnosis of urine HSA levels in nephrotic patients.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"36239-36246"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10713885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3469955
Yunhong Zhou;Zenan Chen;Yinfang Huang;Houwen Yang;Shuqin Li
With the extensive promotion of new energy generation in high-altitude regions, the demand for air circuit breakers (ACBs) has correspondingly increased, as they serve as essential protective devices in energy storage systems. However, the climate conditions in high-altitude areas pose challenges to the interruption performance of ACBs. This study focuses on ACBs and, based on the theory of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), utilizes the finite element software Ansys Fluent to establish a 2-D dynamic arc simulation model. Simulation analyses are conducted at altitudes of 2, 3, 4, and 5 km. The findings reveal that as altitude increases, the average arc voltage decreases while the arcing time prolongs. In addition, the arc demonstrates faster movement before entering the arc-extinguishing splitter plates and slower movement afterward. Furthermore, through climate chamber simulation experiments, the arc current and voltage of the breaker in high-altitude environment are measured, and the erosion conditions of the arc-extinguishing splitter plates in post-test prototypes are used to validate the accuracy of the simulation model. The findings indicate that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The construction of this simulation model helps compensate for the limitations of unclear observation of arc motion trajectories in experiments, facilitating the analysis of arc motion patterns and the identification of factors affecting the interruption performance of circuit breakers in different altitude environments. Thereby, this study can provide a theoretical basis and reference for the design of ACBs in high-altitude environment.
{"title":"Modeling and Analysis of Breaking Arc for AC Air Circuit Breakers in High-Altitude Environment","authors":"Yunhong Zhou;Zenan Chen;Yinfang Huang;Houwen Yang;Shuqin Li","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3469955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3469955","url":null,"abstract":"With the extensive promotion of new energy generation in high-altitude regions, the demand for air circuit breakers (ACBs) has correspondingly increased, as they serve as essential protective devices in energy storage systems. However, the climate conditions in high-altitude areas pose challenges to the interruption performance of ACBs. This study focuses on ACBs and, based on the theory of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), utilizes the finite element software Ansys Fluent to establish a 2-D dynamic arc simulation model. Simulation analyses are conducted at altitudes of 2, 3, 4, and 5 km. The findings reveal that as altitude increases, the average arc voltage decreases while the arcing time prolongs. In addition, the arc demonstrates faster movement before entering the arc-extinguishing splitter plates and slower movement afterward. Furthermore, through climate chamber simulation experiments, the arc current and voltage of the breaker in high-altitude environment are measured, and the erosion conditions of the arc-extinguishing splitter plates in post-test prototypes are used to validate the accuracy of the simulation model. The findings indicate that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The construction of this simulation model helps compensate for the limitations of unclear observation of arc motion trajectories in experiments, facilitating the analysis of arc motion patterns and the identification of factors affecting the interruption performance of circuit breakers in different altitude environments. Thereby, this study can provide a theoretical basis and reference for the design of ACBs in high-altitude environment.","PeriodicalId":1,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of Chemical Research","volume":"52 8","pages":"3257-3269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3470905
Fengyun Wang;Zhenbao Liang;Zheng Zhou;Yuhan Zhang;Xiaoxia Du;Hua Li
Inactivation of bacteria by plasma is related to its active substances; the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of active substances’ spatial distribution on inactivation efficiency. In this study, a comparative analysis of the distribution and concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONSs) in the cross section of the plasma jet was conducted under different discharge voltages, working gas flow rates, and treatment distances. Then the impact of RONS distribution on the inactivation efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) biofilm was analyzed. Experimental results demonstrated an influence of gas flow rates and treatment distances on RONS distribution. For instance, at the treatment distance of 3 mm, RONS distribution showed a solid circular shape at 0.4 standard liters per minute (SLM) and below, a double ring shape at 0.5 SLM, and a ring shape at 0.6 SLM. At 5 mm, the RONS distribution showed a solid circular shape at 0.8 SLM and below, a double ring shape at 0.9 SLM, and a ring shape at 0.9 SLM and above. The total redox concentration exhibited a positive correlation with the three physical parameters. Biofilm was treated for 100 s at a vertical position of approximately 3 mm. The inactivation of biofilm by the jet was slightly more efficient at 0.4 SLM (RONS was characterized by a low concentration of solid circular shape) compared to 0.8 SLM (high concentration of ring shape). Extending the treatment time to 300 s resulted in similar inactivation efficiency at 0.8 to 0.4 SLM.
{"title":"The Distribution of Active Substances and the Bacterial Inactivation Effect Induced by a Helium Microplasma","authors":"Fengyun Wang;Zhenbao Liang;Zheng Zhou;Yuhan Zhang;Xiaoxia Du;Hua Li","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3470905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3470905","url":null,"abstract":"Inactivation of bacteria by plasma is related to its active substances; the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of active substances’ spatial distribution on inactivation efficiency. In this study, a comparative analysis of the distribution and concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONSs) in the cross section of the plasma jet was conducted under different discharge voltages, working gas flow rates, and treatment distances. Then the impact of RONS distribution on the inactivation efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) biofilm was analyzed. Experimental results demonstrated an influence of gas flow rates and treatment distances on RONS distribution. For instance, at the treatment distance of 3 mm, RONS distribution showed a solid circular shape at 0.4 standard liters per minute (SLM) and below, a double ring shape at 0.5 SLM, and a ring shape at 0.6 SLM. At 5 mm, the RONS distribution showed a solid circular shape at 0.8 SLM and below, a double ring shape at 0.9 SLM, and a ring shape at 0.9 SLM and above. The total redox concentration exhibited a positive correlation with the three physical parameters. Biofilm was treated for 100 s at a vertical position of approximately 3 mm. The inactivation of biofilm by the jet was slightly more efficient at 0.4 SLM (RONS was characterized by a low concentration of solid circular shape) compared to 0.8 SLM (high concentration of ring shape). Extending the treatment time to 300 s resulted in similar inactivation efficiency at 0.8 to 0.4 SLM.","PeriodicalId":1,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of Chemical Research","volume":"52 8","pages":"3111-3117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3474214
Kun Yang;Tiedong Xu;Deng Pan;Hanlin Guo;Shuwan Zhou;Yafen Cai;Xiangyan Kong
Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) array shows a promising future for magnetic source imaging (MSI) in the unshielded Earth’s environment, with applications in biomedical imaging and geophysical survey. However, for total-field OPMs in the Mz/Mx mode, radio frequency (RF) magnetic fields oscillating at different frequencies tend to cause crosstalk between adjacent sensors obviously. In this work, a scheme to reduce the RF magnetic field crosstalk between sensor units was investigated. First, the dependence of the Mz magnetometer sensitivity on the RF magnetic field and cell temperature was explored experimentally. To reduce the RF field, we optimized the cell temperature and set lower laser power. With the RF field set to 150 nT, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the absorption curve of magnetic resonance is 1.12 Hz under $10~mu $ T, which gives a magnetic resolution of 20 pT. Moreover, three types of coils consisting of the square Helmholtz coils, the biplanar X coils, and the biplanar Z coils have been deeply explored in terms of their stray fields. Compared to the other two kinds of coils, the stray field of biplanar Z coils drops more rapidly in the XOY-plane and the XOZ-plane. Specifically, the minimum spacing between adjacent sensors can be reduced from 23.87 to 10.10 cm if the RF magnetic field is generated by biplanar Z coils instead of the square Helmholtz coils, with crosstalk remaining below 0.1%.
光泵浦磁力计（OPM）阵列在无屏蔽地球环境中的磁源成像（MSI）方面前景广阔，可应用于生物医学成像和地球物理勘测。然而，对于 Mz/Mx 模式的全场 OPM，以不同频率振荡的射频（RF）磁场往往会在相邻传感器之间造成明显的串扰。在这项工作中，研究了一种减少传感器单元之间射频磁场串扰的方案。首先，实验探索了 Mz 磁强计灵敏度与射频磁场和电池温度的关系。为了降低射频磁场，我们优化了电池温度，并设置了较低的激光功率。当射频磁场设置为 150 nT 时，在 $10~mu $ T 条件下，磁共振吸收曲线的半最大全宽（FWHM）为 1.12 Hz，磁分辨率为 20 pT。此外，我们还深入探讨了由方形亥姆霍兹线圈、双平面 X 线圈和双平面 Z 线圈组成的三种线圈的杂散场。与其他两种线圈相比，双平面 Z 线圈的杂散场在 XOY 平面和 XOZ 平面上下降得更快。具体来说，如果用双平面 Z 型线圈代替方形亥姆霍兹线圈产生射频磁场，相邻传感器之间的最小间距可从 23.87 厘米减小到 10.10 厘米，串扰保持在 0.1% 以下。
{"title":"Crosstalk Reduction for Mz/Mx Magnetometer Array","authors":"Kun Yang;Tiedong Xu;Deng Pan;Hanlin Guo;Shuwan Zhou;Yafen Cai;Xiangyan Kong","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3474214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3474214","url":null,"abstract":"Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) array shows a promising future for magnetic source imaging (MSI) in the unshielded Earth’s environment, with applications in biomedical imaging and geophysical survey. However, for total-field OPMs in the Mz/Mx mode, radio frequency (RF) magnetic fields oscillating at different frequencies tend to cause crosstalk between adjacent sensors obviously. In this work, a scheme to reduce the RF magnetic field crosstalk between sensor units was investigated. First, the dependence of the Mz magnetometer sensitivity on the RF magnetic field and cell temperature was explored experimentally. To reduce the RF field, we optimized the cell temperature and set lower laser power. With the RF field set to 150 nT, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the absorption curve of magnetic resonance is 1.12 Hz under \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000T, which gives a magnetic resolution of 20 pT. Moreover, three types of coils consisting of the square Helmholtz coils, the biplanar X coils, and the biplanar Z coils have been deeply explored in terms of their stray fields. Compared to the other two kinds of coils, the stray field of biplanar Z coils drops more rapidly in the XOY-plane and the XOZ-plane. Specifically, the minimum spacing between adjacent sensors can be reduced from 23.87 to 10.10 cm if the RF magnetic field is generated by biplanar Z coils instead of the square Helmholtz coils, with crosstalk remaining below 0.1%.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"36627-36635"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3474257
Yunhe Zhao;Mengying Hu;Ziyang Hua;Yan Jiang;Xin Wang;Mengjiao Ding;Yunqi Liu;Zuyuan He
In this article, we propose and demonstrate a potential multiparameter sensor based on helical long-period fiber gratings (HLPFGs) in thin-cladding fiber (TCF) using CO2 laser inscription. The fabricated TCF-HLPFGs with a grating period of $132~mu $ m and a short length of ~2 cm exhibit two distinct resonance dips (dip1 and dip2) in the transmission spectrum with large wavelength separation of 241.2 nm, corresponding to the coupling from fundamental core mode to the LP16 and LP17 cladding modes, respectively. Then, a comparative investigation of the bending, refractive index (RI), and temperature sensing based on both dual dips is demonstrated. Within the curvature range of 1.47–5.05 m $^{-{1}}$ , the bending sensitivity of −6.75 and 9.32 nm/m $^{-{1}}$ could be achieved for dip1 and dip2, respectively. In surrounding RI (SRI) region of 1.3839–1.443, the sensitivities of dip1 and dip2 are measured to be −150.8 and −647.75 nm/RIU on wavelength and 31.93 and −200.77 dB/RIU on transmission depth, respectively. And the temperature sensitivities are 48 and 78 pm/°C, for dip1 and dip2, respectively. The results present that dip2 outperforms dip1 with higher sensitivities, due to the effect of higher order cladding modes. With the superior performance and good repeatability in the bending reaction of the proposed TCF-HLPFGs, the simultaneous measurement of bending and temperature could be achieved. Therefore, the proposed TCF-HLPFGs offer great potential in the field of multiparameter sensing measurement.
{"title":"Potential Multiparameter Sensor Based on Thin-Cladding Fiber Helical Long-Period Fiber Gratings","authors":"Yunhe Zhao;Mengying Hu;Ziyang Hua;Yan Jiang;Xin Wang;Mengjiao Ding;Yunqi Liu;Zuyuan He","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3474257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3474257","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we propose and demonstrate a potential multiparameter sensor based on helical long-period fiber gratings (HLPFGs) in thin-cladding fiber (TCF) using CO2 laser inscription. The fabricated TCF-HLPFGs with a grating period of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$132~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m and a short length of ~2 cm exhibit two distinct resonance dips (dip1 and dip2) in the transmission spectrum with large wavelength separation of 241.2 nm, corresponding to the coupling from fundamental core mode to the LP16 and LP17 cladding modes, respectively. Then, a comparative investigation of the bending, refractive index (RI), and temperature sensing based on both dual dips is demonstrated. Within the curvature range of 1.47–5.05 m\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-{1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, the bending sensitivity of −6.75 and 9.32 nm/m\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-{1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 could be achieved for dip1 and dip2, respectively. In surrounding RI (SRI) region of 1.3839–1.443, the sensitivities of dip1 and dip2 are measured to be −150.8 and −647.75 nm/RIU on wavelength and 31.93 and −200.77 dB/RIU on transmission depth, respectively. And the temperature sensitivities are 48 and 78 pm/°C, for dip1 and dip2, respectively. The results present that dip2 outperforms dip1 with higher sensitivities, due to the effect of higher order cladding modes. With the superior performance and good repeatability in the bending reaction of the proposed TCF-HLPFGs, the simultaneous measurement of bending and temperature could be achieved. Therefore, the proposed TCF-HLPFGs offer great potential in the field of multiparameter sensing measurement.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"36930-36936"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3471868
Yasheng Chang;Sitong Yan;Jianwei Zhang;Wei Liu;Shize Yao
The axial alignment of fiber core before fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inscription is time-consuming and laborious with naked eye, which requires autonomous alignment technology urgently. The image recognition and correction of optical fiber profiles are the primary breakthrough point and has been elevated to a more important position. This article employed a coaxial imaging device configured with an FBG inscribing system to obtain optical fiber images and proposed image recognition for alignment of FBG inscribing based on machine vision. First, a global image tilt detection algorithm based on improved Radon algorithm was proposed to detect horizontal tilt angle of fiber, and then, adaptive moment estimation (ADAM)-optimized U-Net was proposed to accurately segment the fiber core, achieving pixel accuracy of 98.82%. Finally, the coordinates of the midpoint of the fiber core were provided. Through this research, the strong technical support will be provided for the high flexibility, stability, and efficiency of FBG inscription, paving the road for the research of FBG automated inscription, and further serving the application of fiber optic sensing in a wider range of scenarios.
{"title":"A Machine Vision-Based Fiber Profile Image Recognition Method for Alignment of FBG Inscribing","authors":"Yasheng Chang;Sitong Yan;Jianwei Zhang;Wei Liu;Shize Yao","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3471868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3471868","url":null,"abstract":"The axial alignment of fiber core before fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inscription is time-consuming and laborious with naked eye, which requires autonomous alignment technology urgently. The image recognition and correction of optical fiber profiles are the primary breakthrough point and has been elevated to a more important position. This article employed a coaxial imaging device configured with an FBG inscribing system to obtain optical fiber images and proposed image recognition for alignment of FBG inscribing based on machine vision. First, a global image tilt detection algorithm based on improved Radon algorithm was proposed to detect horizontal tilt angle of fiber, and then, adaptive moment estimation (ADAM)-optimized U-Net was proposed to accurately segment the fiber core, achieving pixel accuracy of 98.82%. Finally, the coordinates of the midpoint of the fiber core were provided. Through this research, the strong technical support will be provided for the high flexibility, stability, and efficiency of FBG inscription, paving the road for the research of FBG automated inscription, and further serving the application of fiber optic sensing in a wider range of scenarios.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"37557-37565"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3473890
Minhao Ding;Guangxin Dongye;Ping Lv;Yipeng Ding
In recent years, human activity recognition (HAR) using frequency module continuous wave (FMCW) radar is an effective tool that has been widely used in the fields of healthcare, smart driving, and smart living due to its convenience, inexpensiveness, and accuracy. Past studies have mainly investigated the improvement of the accuracy of HAR models while neglecting the deployment of the models. Therefore, we propose a model named FMCW lightweight vision transformer (FML-Vit) for HAR, primarily consisting of the FML-Vit block and FML-Vit subsample modules. The FML-Vit block, by incorporating a cascaded linear self-attention mechanism in place of the traditional multi-head attention mechanism, can transform the time complexity from ${O}text {(} {k}^{{2}} text {)}$ to ${O}text {(}{k}text {)}$ . The FML-Vit subsampling modules perform dimension reduction and feature reallocation, while the context broadcasting (CB) module is used to reduce the density in the original attention maps, thereby increasing both the capacity and generalizability of the ViT. The proposed algorithm is compared with nine different state-of-the-art methods on self-datasets and open-source datasets. The results demonstrate that FML-Vit outperforms other current lightweight networks with the fastest inference.
近年来，使用频率模块连续波（FMCW）雷达进行人类活动识别（HAR）是一种有效的工具，因其便捷、低敏感性和准确性，已被广泛应用于医疗保健、智能驾驶和智能生活等领域。以往的研究主要研究如何提高 HAR 模型的准确性，而忽略了模型的部署。因此，我们提出了一种名为 FMCW 轻量级视觉转换器（FML-Vit）的 HAR 模型，主要由 FML-Vit 模块和 FML-Vit 子样本模块组成。FML-Vit 模块采用级联线性自注意机制代替传统的多头注意机制，可将时间复杂度从 ${O}text {(} {k}^{{2}} text {)}$ 降低到 ${O}text {(}{k}text {)}$。FML-Vit 子采样模块执行降维和特征重新分配，而上下文广播（CB）模块用于降低原始注意力图的密度，从而提高 ViT 的容量和通用性。在自数据集和开源数据集上，将所提出的算法与九种不同的先进方法进行了比较。结果表明，FML-Vit 以最快的推理速度超越了当前其他轻量级网络。
{"title":"FML-Vit: A Lightweight Vision Transformer Algorithm for Human Activity Recognition Using FMCW Radar","authors":"Minhao Ding;Guangxin Dongye;Ping Lv;Yipeng Ding","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3473890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3473890","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, human activity recognition (HAR) using frequency module continuous wave (FMCW) radar is an effective tool that has been widely used in the fields of healthcare, smart driving, and smart living due to its convenience, inexpensiveness, and accuracy. Past studies have mainly investigated the improvement of the accuracy of HAR models while neglecting the deployment of the models. Therefore, we propose a model named FMCW lightweight vision transformer (FML-Vit) for HAR, primarily consisting of the FML-Vit block and FML-Vit subsample modules. The FML-Vit block, by incorporating a cascaded linear self-attention mechanism in place of the traditional multi-head attention mechanism, can transform the time complexity from \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${O}text {(} {k}^{{2}} text {)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${O}text {(}{k}text {)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. The FML-Vit subsampling modules perform dimension reduction and feature reallocation, while the context broadcasting (CB) module is used to reduce the density in the original attention maps, thereby increasing both the capacity and generalizability of the ViT. The proposed algorithm is compared with nine different state-of-the-art methods on self-datasets and open-source datasets. The results demonstrate that FML-Vit outperforms other current lightweight networks with the fastest inference.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"38518-38526"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3472729
S. Sarath;Rajendra P. Shukla;Chandan Yadav;Gopi Krishna Saramekala
This work evaluates the potential impact of interface traps on the interface of oxide and semiconductor on a 2-D-based ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) using a surface potential-based model and Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulation calibrated for pH sensing applications. The electrolyte/oxide interface in the proposed 2-D ISFET model is modeled using the Guoy-Chapman–Stern technique and the site binding association model. The baseline field-effect transistor (FET) of the ISFET is modeled using Fermi-Dirac statistics to obtain surface potential, which is further used to derive a compact drain current expression. The proposed ISFET model development is carried out by accounting for the interface trap effect. The voltage and current sensitivity of ISFET with and without interface traps are calculated to demonstrate the impact of interface traps in 2-D material-based pH sensors. It is observed that voltage sensitivity remains close to the Nernst limit (59 mV/pH), and a decrease in current sensitivity from 34 to 2 nA/pH is observed, as the density of interface traps is varied from 0 to ${5}times {10} {^{{12}}}$ cm $^{-}2 $ eV $^{-}1 $ . Another sensitivity metric, the transconductance to drain current ratio, is analyzed for its variation with changes in the density of interface traps. The noise level of ISFET in the presence of interface traps is analyzed, and its influence on the minimum resolvable pH is demonstrated. The proposed model prediction closely matches the TCAD simulation data obtained from a calibrated TCAD simulation setup. The model is suitable for implementation in Verilog-A for ISFET-based circuit simulation, and the impact of interface traps on the response time of ISFET-based circuits is also demonstrated.
{"title":"Analyzing Interface Trap Influence on Sensitivity, Noise, and Response Time in 2-D Material Field-Effect Transistor pH Sensors: A Theoretical Framework","authors":"S. Sarath;Rajendra P. Shukla;Chandan Yadav;Gopi Krishna Saramekala","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3472729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3472729","url":null,"abstract":"This work evaluates the potential impact of interface traps on the interface of oxide and semiconductor on a 2-D-based ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) using a surface potential-based model and Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulation calibrated for pH sensing applications. The electrolyte/oxide interface in the proposed 2-D ISFET model is modeled using the Guoy-Chapman–Stern technique and the site binding association model. The baseline field-effect transistor (FET) of the ISFET is modeled using Fermi-Dirac statistics to obtain surface potential, which is further used to derive a compact drain current expression. The proposed ISFET model development is carried out by accounting for the interface trap effect. The voltage and current sensitivity of ISFET with and without interface traps are calculated to demonstrate the impact of interface traps in 2-D material-based pH sensors. It is observed that voltage sensitivity remains close to the Nernst limit (59 mV/pH), and a decrease in current sensitivity from 34 to 2 nA/pH is observed, as the density of interface traps is varied from 0 to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${5}times {10} {^{{12}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000cm\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-}2 $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000eV\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-}1 $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Another sensitivity metric, the transconductance to drain current ratio, is analyzed for its variation with changes in the density of interface traps. The noise level of ISFET in the presence of interface traps is analyzed, and its influence on the minimum resolvable pH is demonstrated. The proposed model prediction closely matches the TCAD simulation data obtained from a calibrated TCAD simulation setup. The model is suitable for implementation in Verilog-A for ISFET-based circuit simulation, and the impact of interface traps on the response time of ISFET-based circuits is also demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"37053-37060"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Visual sensor vibration measurement technology demonstrates significant potential in the field of rotating body condition monitoring. To address the issues of object detection’s inability to stably obtain the bounding box of rotating bodies over the long term and the semantic segmentation methods’ inability to distinguish multiple targets of the same category, the article proposes a refined measurement method that balances accuracy and speed. The method applies instance segmentation networks to vibration measurement, effectively resolving the confusion in distinguishing multiple targets of the same category. Furthermore, it integrates the backbone of the YOLO series network with MLPBlock through residual nesting to ensure detection speed while accurately extracting the features of rotating bodies. A feature pyramid network with dynamic computation weights is then constructed to achieve the fusion of rotating body information, thereby improving segmentation accuracy. Additionally, Concat channels and coordinate attention (CA) modules are introduced to enhance the saliency of rotating body features and improve localization accuracy. A high-speed industrial camera is used to build a vibration dataset to measure the vibration displacement of single and multiple targets. By comparing with existing algorithms, this article verifies the superior performance of the proposed method in vibration displacement measurement. Notably, in terms of the key evaluation metric normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), the proposed algorithm achieves outstanding results of 0.2203 and 0.1744 in the X and Y directions, respectively, for single-target vibration displacement measurement. Moreover, the displacement curves obtained by this method exhibit the highest fitting degree with the eddy current signal curves. In multitarget measurement scenarios, the algorithm achieves NRMSEs of 0.2807 and 0.2722 for the left and right rotors, respectively, effectively distinguishing multiple rotating bodies of the same category and demonstrating its effectiveness and applicability in multitarget measurement scenarios. This study not only effectively addresses the problems encountered in object detection and semantic segmentation algorithms but also improves the accuracy of vibration displacement measurement of rotating bodies.
视觉传感器振动测量技术在旋转体状态监测领域具有巨大潜力。针对物体检测无法长期稳定获取旋转体边界框，以及语义分割方法无法区分同类多个目标的问题，文章提出了一种兼顾精度和速度的精细化测量方法。该方法将实例分割网络应用于振动测量，有效解决了区分同一类别多个目标的困惑。此外，它还通过残差嵌套将 YOLO 系列网络的骨干与 MLPBlock 整合在一起，在准确提取旋转体特征的同时保证了检测速度。然后构建具有动态计算权重的特征金字塔网络，实现旋转体信息的融合，从而提高分割精度。此外，还引入了 Concat 通道和坐标注意（CA）模块，以增强旋转体特征的显著性，提高定位精度。利用高速工业相机建立振动数据集，测量单个和多个目标的振动位移。通过与现有算法的比较，本文验证了所提方法在振动位移测量方面的优越性能。值得注意的是，在关键评价指标归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）方面，所提算法在单目标振动位移测量的 X 方向和 Y 方向分别取得了 0.2203 和 0.1744 的优异成绩。此外，该方法得到的位移曲线与涡流信号曲线的拟合度最高。在多目标测量场景中，该算法在左转子和右转子上的净有效误差分别为 0.2807 和 0.2722，有效区分了多个同类旋转体，证明了其在多目标测量场景中的有效性和适用性。这项研究不仅有效解决了物体检测和语义分割算法中遇到的问题，还提高了旋转体振动位移测量的精度。
{"title":"Utilizing an Instance Segmentation Network Capable of Balancing Precision and Speed to Achieve Fine-Grained Vibration Displacement Measurement of Rotating Bodies","authors":"Feng Ding;Sen Wang;Chang Liu;Tao Liu;Xiaoqin Liu;Liying Zhu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3472730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3472730","url":null,"abstract":"Visual sensor vibration measurement technology demonstrates significant potential in the field of rotating body condition monitoring. To address the issues of object detection’s inability to stably obtain the bounding box of rotating bodies over the long term and the semantic segmentation methods’ inability to distinguish multiple targets of the same category, the article proposes a refined measurement method that balances accuracy and speed. The method applies instance segmentation networks to vibration measurement, effectively resolving the confusion in distinguishing multiple targets of the same category. Furthermore, it integrates the backbone of the YOLO series network with MLPBlock through residual nesting to ensure detection speed while accurately extracting the features of rotating bodies. A feature pyramid network with dynamic computation weights is then constructed to achieve the fusion of rotating body information, thereby improving segmentation accuracy. Additionally, Concat channels and coordinate attention (CA) modules are introduced to enhance the saliency of rotating body features and improve localization accuracy. A high-speed industrial camera is used to build a vibration dataset to measure the vibration displacement of single and multiple targets. By comparing with existing algorithms, this article verifies the superior performance of the proposed method in vibration displacement measurement. Notably, in terms of the key evaluation metric normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), the proposed algorithm achieves outstanding results of 0.2203 and 0.1744 in the X and Y directions, respectively, for single-target vibration displacement measurement. Moreover, the displacement curves obtained by this method exhibit the highest fitting degree with the eddy current signal curves. In multitarget measurement scenarios, the algorithm achieves NRMSEs of 0.2807 and 0.2722 for the left and right rotors, respectively, effectively distinguishing multiple rotating bodies of the same category and demonstrating its effectiveness and applicability in multitarget measurement scenarios. This study not only effectively addresses the problems encountered in object detection and semantic segmentation algorithms but also improves the accuracy of vibration displacement measurement of rotating bodies.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"38492-38506"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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