Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia最新文献

Import of rice as staple food is increasing every year following the increase of Indonesian population. Therefore, staple food diversification as rice substitute is needed by promoting glutinous corn rice. Glutinous corn rice is consumable for human and can be made only from local waxy corn. The problem is that the production rate of waxy corn is still low that the availability of main ingredient of glutinous corn rice is limited. Therefore, the production of waxy corn should be increased while efficient application of fertilizer is maintained. The objectives of this research were to increase the production of waxy corn, make the usage of phosphate fertilizer more efficient and produce main ingredient of glutinous corn rice. The expected specific target was to make a recommendation about how to increase the production of waxy corn and produce main ingredient of glutinous corn rice. This study was performed using randomized two-factor factorial design. The first factor was phosphate solvent extraction (E) consist of without extraction (control, E0) and with extraction (10 L.ha-1, E1) while the second factor was SP-36 (P) fertilizer, consist of without SP-36 (control, P0), 50 kg SP-36. ha-1 (P1), 100 kg SP-36. ha-1 (P2), and 150 kg SP-36. ha-1 (P3). The results showed that the application of phosphate solvent extraction 10 L.ha-1 increased the length and diameter of cob and the combination of phosphate solvent extraction 10 L.ha-1 and 50 kg SP-36. ha-1 increased the production of dried seed per hectare. Moreover, application of phosphate solvent extraction decreased the usage of phosphate fertilizer.

Enzymatic synthesis of fructose oleic ester (FOE) in stirred tank reactor using the immobilized lipase may cause a physical damage of support matrix, which causes a leaching of lipase from matrix. The objective of this research was to evaluate the best condition of FOE synthesis in fluidized bed reactor (FBR) using the immobilized lipase on modified hydrophobic matrix. Surface of Amberlite IRA 96 was modified with 2-phenylpropionaldehyde to obtain hydrophobic surface. Candida rugosa lipase was immobilized on the modified matrix. Subsequently, it was used for FOE synthesis in FBR system. Factors, such as reaction time, substrate flow rate, amount of water adsorbent, and substrate molar ratio were evaluated based on the conversion of oleic acid into FOE. Results from FTIR analysis showed that modified matrix had a peak at a specific wavelength ∼1674 cm^-1. It indicated that a group of imine (-C=N-) occurred after surface modification. The highest adsorption of lipase was obtained after adsorption for 45 min (13.28±0.57 mg lipase/g matrix), which was equivalent to 52.95±1.67%. The lipase activity was 73.66±5.35 U/g matrix. The best FOE synthesis condition was obtained at flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, molecular sieve of 12%, substrate molar ratio (fructose: oleic acid) 1:4 for 48 h. FOE was confirmed by TLC and FT-IR analysis, which they had Rf 0.72 and specific wave number of ∼1712 cm^-1, respectively. FOE had emulsion capacity, emulsion stability, droplet size, and HLB value of 92.83±0.46%; 85.65±0.92%; 7.86±0.93 μm; 11-16, respectively. Emulsion type of FOE was oil in water emulsion.

We developed a new plant biostimulant composition, containing low doses of sodium selenate, glycine betaine and a spray adjuvant. We performed an experiment to test the influence of treatments with this new biostimulant composition, on cabbage and cauliflower crops, cultivated under normal watered and water stress conditions. We aimed to prove that an efficient technology of protective biofortification with selenium of crops would solve two technical problems of cruciferous cultivation into a semi-arid area, with selenium soil deficit: (i) safety supplementation of food chain and, concomitant, (ii) enhanced water use efficiency. Normal watered plants were irrigated at a rate of 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Water stressed cabbage and cauliflower plants were irrigated under deficit conditions, at a 75% ETc. Six different treatments, including the new biostimulant composition and its ingredients, separate and/or in combination, were applied on cabbage and cauliflower, in a field experiment, organised in split plot design, with three replications. The treatments were applied by foliar spraying, 3 weeks and 6 weeks after seedlings transplantation in the field. During vegetation, physiological parameters (chlorophyll a fluorescence and stomatal conductance) were assayed. After harvesting, yield parameters were determined, for each treatment applied to both normal watered and water stressed plants. We calculated the water use efficiency as ratio between the marketable yield and the water used. We tested in field conditions this new biostimulant composition, which allows to obtain, under conditions of moderate water stress, a marketable production similar to that of the normal watered crop. Physiological parameters demonstrated also enhanced water-use efficiency on cabbage and cauliflower treated with the new biostimulant composition, containing sodium selenate, betaine and spraying adjuvant based on ethyl rapeseedate.

The growth of global urban population produces an increase in food demand. With the aim of facing this demand, mainly concentrated in large urban areas, urban agriculture should be fostered to integrate traditional agriculture production, no longer considered sustainable. After suggesting the implementation of integrated systems of urban agriculture, in order to measure their social appreciation expressed by the community, the paper proposes the Community Esteem Value, obtained with a deliberative appraisal procedure.

The artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is an important medicinal and culinary herb, cultivated since Antiquity (4^th century BC). It has been used in therapy since 16^th century, but its coleretical action was discovered only in 1931. It was used as a vegetable in Ancient Egypt and in the Roman Empire. From the 15^th century it has been frequently used as food. With the growing necessity of ecological products, organic crops cultivation areas need to be expanded, but a more complete characterization of such agriculture systems is required. The present paper aims to evaluate the yield of Cynara scolymus L. under four different organic foliar fertilizers (Fylo®, Geolino Plants&Flowers®, Cropmax®, Fitokondi®), by assessing morphometric parameters, physiological parameters (chlorophyll fluorescence and content, photosynthetic and transpiration rate) and total phenolics and flavonoid contents of plants. Some of the analyzed parameters values were increased in fertilized plants, compared to unfertilized ones. Foliar fertilization of artichoke plants can thus be used to obtain increased inflorescence yield and phenolic compounds synthesis with effect on physiological parameters analyzed, allowing better performance of artichoke under organic fertilization.

This paper evaluates the potential of utilization of modern technologies such as GIS instruments, remote sensing, satellite imaging, GPS technology, and drones to monitor agricultural cultures. Two zones are chosen, are cultivated with rapeseed, and suffer the effect of low temperatures during the winter. In the spring, during the vegetation period, farmers ask themselves: “Which is the degree of loss in a culture?”, “Is it worth keeping the culture?”. To answer those questions, the total affected area has to be determined, using two methods: the classic method of finding out the affected area, which uses GPS technology to gather data and GIS to process it. The other method uses satellite imaging and special software to process data. This data is then used to classify pixels and determine the total affected area. After, the results from the two methods are compared. Based on these results, the most effective method can be determined. This method can then be used for determining the affected area resulting from natural phenomena, such as drought, excessive rainfall, gale, etc. Both methods have proved useful in these kind of studies, but the GPS RTK is a more effective way of monitoring the affected area of a rapeseed culture in the end of the cold season.

The objective of this study was to examine the production efficiency of crossbred native chicken (Chee) in terms of carcass yields and meat quality. One-day old 180 chickens from 3 breed groups of crossbred 1.LBC: (Broilers+ Layers) ×Chee, 2. LSC: (Shanghai+ Layer)× Chee, and 3. LSRBC: (Shanghai Road Bar + Layers)× Chee were raised to 12 weeks. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used to analyse carcass yields and meat quality. The result showed that wing percentage and total visceral from LSC and LSRBC were higher than LBC (P<0.05). Moreover, LSC (13.917) had higher drumstick percentage than LBC and LSRBC (10.418 and 11.155, respectively). Percentage of loin was higher for LBC and LSRBC than LSC (P<0.05). Slaughter weight, percentage of dressing, thigh, tender loin and visceral fat werenot different among 3 groups. Meat quality, the pH value measured in the breast and thigh meats at 0 h was not significantly different. The pH at 24 h of thigh meat and the LSRBC had the lower pH (5.186) than LBC (6.043) and LSC (6.046). The color of meat, LSRBC thigh meat was less yellow (low b*) than LBC and LSC (6.367, 12.517 and 12.080, respectively). The breast meat color at 0 and 24 h and skin color for three groups were not significant. The indicators of drip loss and boiling loss on breast and thigh meat were not significantly different among the groups. The grill loss of breast and thigh meat from LBC sample had less grill loss than other samples.

Practical application of Trichoderma biostimulant strains requires biocompatible formulations, with an increased shelf-life. Dry flowable / water-dispersive granules are agricultural inputs formulations with an improved safety for environment and end-users. Due to their granular nature, such formulations do not produce dust and are less prone to absorb air humidity. Their lower variability on water activity reduces microbial contamination risks and enhances formulated microorganism survival. We developed a procedure for spray-drying alginate encapsulated high density conidia, with antioxidant protection. This spray-drying process assure a good survival of dried conidia and it is easy to be scale-up. We further formulate the resulting spray-dried flowable powder, using a CO₂ generating dispersant system, based on polyacrylic acid, citric acid and sodium bicarbonate, polyvinyl alcohol as adhesives and lecithin as wetting agent. Our proposed dispersant system avoids clump formation, which is highly possible on the formulated microorganisms, due to the hydrocolloid characteristics of dried propagules and of biocompatible adhesives, such as polyvinyl alcohol or carboxymethylcellulose. Physico-chemical characteristics determined for our formulation correspond with those established as standard for agrochemicals, demonstrating the compatibility of our dry flowable bioproducts with the usual application technology, spraying of pressurized diluted suspension of formulated products through nozzles. The biological activities, e.g. production of biological actives volatiles and degradation of lignocellulose material, of formulated biostimulant strains was maintained during formulation process and on dry flowable products stored for 12 months at room temperature.