Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia最新文献

The present paper aimed to make an empirical analysis of farm structure and land concentration in Romania and the EU-28 in the period 2003-2013. Index method, comparison method, Gini coefficient and index, and concentration index were used to characterize the dynamics and structure of the number of holdings, utilized agricultural area, standard output, average farm size in terms of land area and standard output, concentration degree of land in the top 10% largest farms. While the number of farms is going down, the average holding size increased to 3.66 ha/farm in Romania and 16.1 ha the EU-28. About 0.57% of farms with more than 50 ha are working 52.43% of the utilized land. Economic efficiency of the Romanian agriculture is the smallest in the EU, Euro 3.30 thousand/farm, 10.7 times less than the EU average. About 83% of the farms produced less than Euro 4,000/holding. The unequal concentration of farms in Romania is attested by Gini value 0.582, and Concentration index 73% meaning that the top 10% farms keep a huge agricultural land, compared to the farms belonging to other size classes. Romania comes on the following positions in the EU-28: 1st position for the number of holdings (33.6%), 6th position for the utilized area (7.47%), 26th position for average farm size (3.6 ha), 27th position for the number of farms with more than 50 ha (0.57%), 20th position for the land worked by the farms with over 50 ha (52.13%), 28th position for standard output/farm (Euro 3.3 thousand), 6th position for its contribution to the EU standard output, 6th position for Gini coefficient value and Concentration index which included the country in the sharp dual category. So, farm structure and land concentration in Romania is running on the right way, but it is still a long-term process to the optimal farm size which could assure a higher economic efficiency.

Considerable the amounts of Wader (Rasbora jacobsoni) are abundant in Indonesia for all year and also have a low economic value. By using Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) protease, production of wader protein hydrolysate (WPH) as food ingredients and industrial product may be possible. Hydrolysis condition was proposed depend on the effects of the time (t) (0, 1.5, and 3 hours), and enzyme concentration (E) (1, 2, and 3% (v/w)) on the degree of soluble protein. Significant differences were observed on chemical and biochemical characteristics of WPH. In addition, functional properties of WPH are described, including solubility, rancidity, maillard, water-holding capacity, emulsification, and foam-forming capacity. The composition of amino acids was observed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest proteolytic activity was at 3 hours and 3% (v/w) of enzyme concentration. The WPH contained of high protein solubility (65.90 mg/ml) and glutamate acids (12.72% (w/w)). The properties indicated that WPH was suitable for using as flavor enhancer with wide range of applications in the food industry.

The assessment of sustainability of agro-food systems is based on different and several tools. However, economic and policy implications of structural changes, such as land use change, and other modifications, for instance a different orientation or farming technique, could be mainly determined through scenario analysis. Especially in metropolitan regions, where the agricultural sector is threatened by various different pressures, a food supply adequately respondent to the demand is needed. In this sense the paper proposes the utilization of mathematical programming to assess some possible scenarios related to a higher compliance between food supply and demand. The approach is based on a linear programming model that takes into account the production and consumption dimensions in the Milan Metropolitan Area. Five scenarios are simulated, with different levels of sustainability and compliance with demand, demonstrating the potentialities of the regional agro-food system in adapting and adjusting itself to such modifications.

Crop growth period and the length of the phenological stages on plant are directly affected by climate condition. Therefore, seasonal climate fluctuations such as maximum and minimum daily temperature changing and precipitation rates are important for quantity of annual corn production in Mediterranean area. This study was carried out to determination of dry matter, biomass, relative growth rate (RGR) values in eleven phenological stages [4 leaf (V4), 8 leaf (V8), 12 leaf (V12), 16 leaf (V16), tasseling (VT), silking (R1), blister (R2), milk (R3), dough (R4), dent (R5) and maturity (R6)] of corn during the period 2005, 2006 and 2007 in Aydın location, which is characteristically Mediterranean weather condition in Turkey. Additionally, calculated growing degree days (GDD), per ear weight, plant and ear height (cm), blank tip of ear (shriveled remnants of kernels because of ineffective pollination) (cm) were measured throughout the phenological stages. The data of the study is average of 31G98 and 32K61 corn hybrids value. It is seeming that a significantly differences amongst the years which the field study establishment. All properties except to per ear weight were significantly affected to years. Maximum dry matter and biomass values on the phenological stages were measured in 2005. Maximum per ear weight, plant and ear height values were also obtained from the first year of the experiment. However maximum blank tip of ear value was obtained from 2007. It is suggested that three parameters should be used for yield estimating and determination of biomass and dry matter values among phenological stages of corn. These parameters are: (i) calculating GDD values, (ii) rainfall amounts and air humidity of the years and (iii) determining the number of days when daily temperature rises above 37.5^oC during growth in stages of corn.

The research objective is to overcome the negative effects of the very high N supply for the sugar content of sugar cane. While on the other hand in order to produce high sucrose, sugarcane requires a supply provided approximately 350 kg N/ha. Experiments conducted on the sugar cane plantations containing available N higher than 2500 kg/ha. The treatments were: 1) without spraying of Si-fertilizer and 2) with spraying of Si-fertilizer began when sugarcane 3 months old (8 times spraying), with consentration of 4.3 g/L. Experiment ended at the age of 10 months for PS881 and 12 months for BL. Spraying tends to produce a yield that is different from unsprayed cane. Si-fertilizer decreased sugar content of BL, but increased harvest yield. Si-fertilizer decreased harvest yield, but increased the sugar content of PS 881.

The province of Rieti has provided for the drafting of “master plan” able to harmonize local development goals with the financial opportunities of the programming period 2014-2020. Lazio Region through resolution number 1 of 2006 are driving the process of reorganization of industrial Agribusiness theorizing the start up of a single HUB between Lazio (Guidonia-CAR) and Abruzzo (Pescara -Agribusiness) in A24-A25 great communication route motorway. These guidelines are the fundamental components of the research group CNR_Riditt currently engaged in the management of the follow-up of this important program of the Ministry of Economic Development together with partners such as the FICEI.

Tropical peatlands are being subjected to the consequences of rapid economic development without any consideration of the importance of sustainable management practices. Sustainable management of tropical peatlands is an important element in controlling carbon emission. However, the available information of tropical peatlands lacks of accuracy and is outdated, especially in terms of medium to high resolution. Thus, development of reliable monitoring techniques is a significant step towards the sustainable management of tropical peatlands. The remote sensing (RS) application is suitable as a tool to monitor tropical peatlands, whereas direct measurements are generally labor-intensive, time-consuming and limited to accessibility. In this study, methodology to identify degraded tropical peatland was developed by using the McFeeters Normalized Difference Water Index (McFeeters-NDWI), which was derived by Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2) data. Additionally, a seasonal analysis was carried out to examine the characteristics of degraded tropical peatland during the rainy and dry seasons from the viewpoint of the medium to high resolution of optical RS. Overall, a relationship was discovered such that the wet shrub class was considered as the degraded tropical peatland area, and was identified as being in between -0.43 to -0.11 of the McFeeters-NDWI value. The wet-shrub class yielded a producer's accuracy of 80.6% and a user's accuracy of 91.8%. Afterwards, the seasonal change was discovered to slightly shift the threshold values (TrVs) in the identification of degraded tropical peatland by as much as -0.05. However, the interval of the TrVs for the wet shrub class was stable and remained unchanged.

Involved in a deep restructuring process that began over 25 years ago, Romanian agriculture has a stringent need for modernisation and streamlining. Agricultural consultancy is one of the main means for accomplishing the objectives comprised in the National Program for Rural Development. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Romanian farmers’ degree of satisfaction regarding the agricultural consulting services they have benefitted from. The study reveals the main reasons why Romanian farmers appeal to an agricultural consultant. We further evaluate the quality of the farmer-consultant relationship on multiple dimensions and identify the farmers’ main reason of discontentment regarding the delivered consulting services. Therefore, the research can be a starting point for improving and adapting agricultural consulting services, in accordance to the necessities and capabilities of the targeted farmers.

The paper analyses the evolution of the research debate related to sustainability and to the relation between food and sustainability. A number of text analysis techniques were combined for the investigation of scientific papers. The results stress how discourse analysis of sustainability in the pre-Rio period is mostly associated with agriculture and with a vision where the ecological and environmental aspects are dominant. In the post-Rio phase, the discussion about sustainability, though still strongly linked to environmental issues, enters a holistic dimension that includes social elements. The themes of energy and the sustainability of urban areas become central, and the scientific debate stresses the importance of indicators within an assessment approach linked to the relevance of planning and intervention aspects. The focus on the role of food within the debate on sustainability highlights a food security oriented approach in the pre-Rio phase, with a particular attention towards agriculture and third world Countries. In the post-Rio period, the focus of the analysis moves towards developed Countries. Even though food security remains a strongly significant element of the debate, the attention shifts towards consumers and food choices.

This research aimed to analyze the effect of fertilization of N, P and application of green manure of crotalaria to increase yield of maize plant in marginal dry land. The experiment was carried out at the dry land of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia from June to September 2013. This research was designed by using Split Plot Design. The main plot used green manures which consisted of two levels, i.e: without green manure and application of crotalaria green manure. The subplot was fertilization of N and P which consisted of three levels, without of fertilizer N and P; fertilization with a dose of 67.5 kg N.ha-1 + 33 kg P2O5.ha-1; 135 kg N ha-1 + 66 kg P2O5 ha-1. The results showed that fertilization of N, P and application of crotalaria green manure improved growth and increase the yield of maize. Fertilization with a dose of 135 kg N ha-1 + 66 kg P2O5 ha-1 with the application of Crotalaria obtained yield of maize as many as 7.234 tons ha-1 while fertilization at the same dose without the application of crotalaria obtained the yield as many as 6.172 tons ha-1.