Annals of Agrarian Science最新文献

The article explores the agflation index and other modifications of the inflation index using examples from Georgia and its neighboring countries. The findings showed that a traditional inflation index fails to fully reflect the problems caused by price changes, especially for poorer populations in developing countries. Therefore, new instruments need to be identified. The article suggests using the munflation index for observing changes in prices. The munflation index consists of agflation, utilities expenses and health care expenses incurred. The article shows that applying the munflation instrument along with the inflation index allows us to have a clearer picture. These indices do not exclude but complement each other.

Fire blight is distinguished among the fruit tree diseases by harmfulness. Fire blight damages about 180 cultural and wild plants belonging to the Rosaceae family. Quince, apple and pear are the most susceptible to the disease. At present, the disease occurs in over 40 countries of Europe and Asia. Economic damage caused by fire blight is expressed not only in crop losses, but also, it poses threat of eradication to entire fruit tree gardens. Erwinia amylovora, causative bacteria of fire blight in fruit trees, is included in the A2 list of quarantine organisms. In 2016, the employees of the Plant Pest Diagnostic Department of the Laboratory of the Georgian Ministry of Agriculture have detected Erwinia amylovora in apple seedlings from Mtskheta district. National Food Agency, Ministry of Agriculture of Georgia informed FAO on pathogen detection. The aim of the study is detection of the bacterium Erwinia amylovora by molecular method (PCR) in the samples of fruit trees, suspicious on fire blight collected in the regions of Eastern (Kvemo Kartli, Shida Kartli and Kakheti) and Western Georgia (Imereti).

The bacterium Erwinia amylovora was detected by real time and conventional PCR methods using specific primers and thus the fire blight disease confirmed in 23 samples of plant material from Shida Kartli (11 apples, 6 pear and 6 quince samples), in 5 samples from Kvemo Kartli (1 quince and 4 apple samples), in 2 samples of apples from Kakheti region and 1 sample of pear collected in Imereti (Zestafoni).

Phenolic compounds of red wines, catechins, flavonols, phenolcarbonic acids, anthocyanins, resveratrol are characterized by high antioxidanat activity and sharply reduce the risk of numerous diseases. Nowadays an increasing demand on red wines in the world market is conditioned by their antioxidant effect. However, according to antioxidanat activity those red wines are distinguished which are characterized with high content of phenolic compounds. Their concentration in wine depends on the vine growing place, grape cultivar, techniques of fermentative maceration. We have developed innovative technology for red dessert wine, with the aim of enrichment with antioxidant phenolic compounds. Object for the study: Control and test red dessert wine samples prepared from Saperavi grape cultivar. Control sample were prepared according to the existing technology; test – using maceration techniques in separately and combination, that are: saignée, dry fermentation of the pulp, fortification of the fermented pulp up to 16% (vol.) and staying for a week. By means of the HPLC analysis we determined the amount of phenolics. It has been observed that the concentration of phenolic antioxidants is most of all increased by in the test sample when combination use of maceration techniques: saignée and dry fermentation of the remaining pulp. In comparison with the control increases content phenolics: (−)–epicatechin, quercetin–3–glucoside and caffeic acid – 5–times; ellagic acid – 4–times; t-caftaric acid – 2– times; syringic acid – by 65%; (+)–catechin – by 40%.

All three species classified in Hyperteles Förster, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are recorded from Georgia. Hyperteles luteus (Ratzeburg, 1848) and H. collega (Ratzeburg, 1844) are recorded from Transcaucasia and from Georgia for the first time. A diagnosis of the genus is provided to distinguish it from other genera belonging to subfamily Tetrastichinae.

The reflection of the land question in the Constitution of Georgia has excited the people of the country. The citizens believe that they should not sell their land to foreigners (stateless physical and legal persons). In order to resolve this problem, it is necessary to achieve a general national consensus.

The Georgian nation is self-determined in the land question, so the new edition of the constitution should rely on the historic and legal heritage of the country, and in terms of modern conditions and challenges, it should establish the basic principles of land ownership and land use. In particular:

1. The value principle - land is not only natural resource and economic category, but also the value that defines the identity of the Georgians - national treasure and eternal inheritance;

2. The obligatory principle of a landowner - property is not only a right, but it entails obligation: its use must be at the same time for the benefit of society; this principle is the historical heritage of Article 116 of the 1921 Constitution;

3. Apart from these fundamental principles, the Constitution shall strengthen the forms of land ownership –the State, municipal (community) and private property;

4. Constitutional Principle determining land law- The text of the Constitution must clearly indicate that land ownership and land use are regulated by the Organic Law –the Land Code.

Increase of productivity of agricultural crops should be achieved by the using of mineral fertilizers so as not to contribute to global environment pollution. This resolution of the problem can be achieved through obtaining of nitrogen fertilizers of prolonged action and using these fertilizer's contaminants under cereal crops like wheat. In this case the hectare norm of nitrogen defined by agrarian rules will decrease with 40–50%, and it w l be very urgent with economic and ecologic point of view.

In Georgia, there are no approved standards that determine the values of Maximum permissible Concentrations (MPC) for heavy metals in soils. Taking into account the experience of normalizing the gross content of heavy metals in the EU countries, it is proposed to select the MPC's for Georgia, taking into account the environmental hazards of each of the metals, which is determined by the maximum permissible additives (MPA), according to the data of Dutch ecologists. In Georgia, for the highly dangerous Cd, it is proposed to use the minimum value of the MPC used in the EU. For low-risk metals - Zn and Pb – is used the maximum values of MPCs used in the EU. For moderately hazardous - Cu, Ni – is used the average value of the MPC used in the EU.