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Synthesis Strategies for Rare Earth Activated Inorganic Phosphors: A Mini Review 稀土活化无机磷化物的合成策略:小型综述
Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1002/appl.202400190
Sitender Singh, Devender Singh, Preeti Siwach, Isha Gupta, Pawan Kumar

Rare-earth (RE)-activated inorganic nanophosphors have garnered significant attention due to their unique optical properties and versatile applications in fields ranging from lighting and displays to biomedical imaging. The mini review provides a concise overview of recent advances in the synthesis strategies employed for the fabrication of these nanomaterials. Various synthesis techniques, including solid-state, sol-gel, solution combustion, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, and microwave methods have been discussed, highlighting their advantages and limitations in tailoring the properties of nanophosphors. Furthermore, the role of different rare earth dopants and host matrices in controlling the luminescent properties of nanophosphors has been explored. Future perspectives and emerging trends in preparation of RE-activated inorganic nanophosphors has also been discussed, with an emphasis on addressing current challenges and exploring new avenues for the fabrication of adequate and functional nanomaterials.

稀土(RE)激活的无机纳米荧光粉由于其独特的光学特性和在从照明、显示到生物医学成像等领域的广泛应用而引起了人们的极大关注。迷你评论提供了一个简明的概述,在合成策略用于制造这些纳米材料的最新进展。讨论了各种合成技术,包括固态法、溶胶-凝胶法、溶液燃烧法、水热法、共沉淀法和微波法,强调了它们在定制纳米荧光粉性能方面的优点和局限性。此外,还探讨了不同稀土掺杂剂和基质对纳米荧光粉发光性能的影响。本文还讨论了稀土活化无机纳米荧光粉制备的未来前景和新趋势,重点讨论了当前面临的挑战和探索制备足够和功能纳米材料的新途径。
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引用次数: 0
Functionally Graded Impact Attenuator Using Bonded Construction 使用粘合结构的功能分级冲击衰减器
Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1002/appl.202400261
M. Q. dos Reis, R. J. C. Carbas, E. A. S. Marques, L. F. M. da Silva

Automotive collisions are one of the major causes of death in the European Union, especially in childhood and adolescence. However, improvements in vehicle safety cannot be achieved only by increasing the size and dimensions of the structures, as this demands more materials and more costly manufacturing processes, which leads to an increased resource expenditure and lowered sustainability. Moreover, the increase of the structure size raises the vehicle's weight, leading to added fuel consumption, which cannot be accepted considering modern environmental regulations. To solve these issues, the application of bonded joints using the combination of several adherends materials, such as steel and aluminium alloys and fibber-reinforced polymers with crash-resistant adhesives presents itself as a novel solution, allowing to attain enhanced joint strength, energy absorption and weight reduction. The present works introduce a novel concept of an impact attenuator using bonded, geometrically optimized using the concept of functionally graded adherends to maximize energy absorption by ensuring that a load-bearing path is kept during impact, converting the impact energy into the plastic deformation of panels with variable mechanical properties, tailored to withstand specific load cases, fulfilling a gap in the literature regarding impact absorption devices that combines graded materials and bonded construction. The results obtained present an increase in the energy absorption values of the graded impact attenuators above 200% when compared to the homogenous materials.

汽车碰撞是欧盟国家,尤其是儿童和青少年死亡的主要原因之一。然而,要提高汽车的安全性,不能仅靠增加结构的尺寸和大小,因为这需要更多的材料和更昂贵的制造工艺,从而导致资源支出增加和可持续性降低。此外,结构尺寸的增大会增加车辆的重量,导致油耗增加,考虑到现代环保法规,这一点是无法接受的。为了解决这些问题,将多种粘合材料(如钢和铝合金以及纤维增强聚合物)与抗撞击粘合剂结合使用的粘接接头成为一种新的解决方案,可以增强接头强度、吸收能量并减轻重量。本研究提出了一种新颖的冲击衰减器概念,即使用粘合剂,利用功能分级粘合剂的概念进行几何优化,确保在冲击过程中保持承载路径,从而最大限度地吸收能量,将冲击能量转化为具有可变机械特性的面板的塑性变形,以承受特定的负载情况,填补了文献中有关结合分级材料和粘合结构的冲击吸收装置的空白。研究结果表明,与同质材料相比,分级冲击衰减器的能量吸收值提高了 200% 以上。
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引用次数: 0
Cover Image: Volume 4 Issue 1 封面图片:第4卷第1期
Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1002/appl.202570001

Applied Research is a multidisciplinary journal that focuses on bridging fundamental research and practical applications, supporting sustainable problem-solving and global initiatives. The journal covers high-quality research in fields such as Materials, Applied Physics, Chemistry, Applied Biology, Food Science, Engineering, Biomedical Sciences, and Social Sciences. Authors can submit various article types, including Reviews, Tutorials, and Research Articles. The journal aims to highlight innovative research that demonstrates the application of knowledge, methods, instrumentation, and technology into solutions.

应用研究》是一本多学科期刊,重点关注基础研究与实际应用之间的联系,支持可持续的问题解决和全球倡议。该期刊涵盖材料、应用物理、化学、应用生物学、食品科学、工程学、生物医学科学和社会科学等领域的高质量研究。作者可以提交各种类型的文章,包括综述、教程和研究文章。该期刊旨在突出创新研究,展示知识、方法、仪器和技术在解决方案中的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Cover Image: Volume 3 Issue 6 封面图片:第三卷第六期
Pub Date : 2024-12-04 DOI: 10.1002/appl.202470601
Tatjana Barthel, Laila Benz, Yara Basler, Thomas Crosskey, Alexander Dillmann, Ronald Förster, Paula Fröling, Camilla G. Dieguez, Christine Gless, Thomas Hauß, Michael Hellmig, Lea Jänisch, David James, Frank Lennartz, Jelena Mijatovic, Melanie Oelker, James W. Scanlan, Gert Weber, Jan Wollenhaupt, Uwe Mueller, Holger Dobbek, Markus C. Wahl, Manfred S. Weiss

The spliceosomal protein-protein complex of the RNaseH-like domain of Prp8 and Aar2 (PDB group deposition G_1002241) is shown with 269 fragments binding. The fragment screening data collection was done at the F2X-faclity of Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/appl.202400110

Prp8和Aar2的rnaseh样结构域的剪接体蛋白-蛋白复合物(PDB组沉积G_1002241)有269个片段结合。碎片筛选数据收集在柏林亥姆霍兹中心的f2x设施完成。https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/appl.202400110
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引用次数: 0
Dielectric Properties of Pristine and Green-Synthesized Hematite Nanomaterials Vis-À-Vis Their Dependence on Porosity and Particle Size 原生赤铁矿和绿色合成赤铁矿纳米材料的介电性能Vis-À-Vis孔隙率和粒径的关系
Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1002/appl.202400147
Toton Sarkar, Sani Kundu, Ashis Bhattacharjee

Hematite is obtained using different concentrations of P. tuberosa flower extract. XRD and Raman studies confirm the formation of nanometric size (20–30 nm) and the corundum structure. Particle size depends on the extent of flower extract used for synthesis. Frequency and temperature dependent dielectric constant, dielectric loss, ac/dc conductivity and electric modulus have been explored. Large dielectric constant values (6 × 103−40 × 103) at low frequency under room temperature are observed. Dielectric constant (εr ${{rm{varepsilon }}}_{r}$) depends on frequency, temperature, particle size and porosity. The nature of the frequency dependence of εr ${{rm{varepsilon }}}_{r}$ can be explained with the help of the Maxwell-Wagner-Koop's theory. Correlation between particle size and dielectric constant is attributed to significant lattice distortion resulting from reduced grain size. AC conductivity is analyzed with Jonscher's power law, and correlated-barrier-hopping type of conduction mechanism is proposed in these nanomaterials. Temperature dependence of DC conductivity confirms semiconducting behavior of hematite. Investigation into the electric modulus reveals that both electrical conduction and dielectric polarization are governed by a common mechanism. Present study explores into the process of crystal growth influenced by the plant extract and examines its impact on the dielectric property.

赤铁矿是用不同浓度的紫檀花提取物获得的。XRD和Raman研究证实了形成的纳米尺寸(20-30 nm)和刚玉结构。颗粒大小取决于用于合成的花提取物的含量。频率和温度相关的介电常数,介电损耗,交流/直流电导率和电模量进行了探讨。在室温下,在低频处观察到较大的介电常数(6 × 103 ~ 40 × 103)。介电常数ε r ${{rm{varepsilon}}}_{r}$取决于频率、温度、粒度和孔隙率。ε r ${{rm{varepsilon}}_{r}$的频率依赖性质可以用麦克斯韦-瓦格纳-库普理论来解释。颗粒尺寸和介电常数之间的相关性归因于颗粒尺寸减小导致的显著晶格畸变。利用Jonscher幂定律分析了纳米材料的交流电导率,并提出了相关的跳垒型导电机理。直流电导率的温度依赖性证实了赤铁矿的半导体行为。对电模量的研究表明,电导率和介电极化是由一个共同的机制控制的。本研究探讨了植物提取物对晶体生长过程的影响,并考察了其对介电性能的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Accelerating Drug Discovery With High-Throughput Crystallographic Fragment Screening and Structural Enablement 利用高通量晶体学片段筛选和结构赋能加速药物发现
Pub Date : 2024-11-24 DOI: 10.1002/appl.202400192
Daren Fearon, Ailsa Powell, Alice Douangamath, Alexandre Dias, Charles W. E. Tomlinson, Blake H. Balcomb, Jasmin C. Aschenbrenner, Anthony Aimon, Isabel A. Barker, José Brandão-Neto, Patrick Collins, Louise E. Dunnett, Michael Fairhead, Richard J. Gildea, Mathew Golding, Tyler Gorrie-Stone, Paul V. Hathaway, Lizbé Koekemoer, Tobias Krojer, Ryan M. Lithgo, Elizabeth M. Maclean, Peter G. Marples, Xiaomin Ni, Rachael Skyner, Romain Talon, Warren Thompson, Conor F. Wild, Max Winokan, Nathan David Wright, Graeme Winter, Elizabeth J. Shotton, Frank von Delft

Fragment-based drug discovery is a well-established method for the identification of chemical starting points for development into clinical candidates. Historically, crystallographic fragment screening was perceived to be low-throughput and time consuming. However, thanks to advances in synchrotron capabilities and the introduction of dedicated facilities, such as the XChem platform at Diamond Light Source, there have been substantial improvements in throughput and integration between sample preparation, data collection and hit identification. Herein we share our experiences of establishing a crystallographic fragment screening facility, our learnings from operating a user programme for ten years and our perspective on applying structural enablement to rapidly progress initial fragment hits to lead-like molecules.

基于片段的药物发现是一种成熟的方法,用于确定开发到临床候选药物的化学起点。过去,晶体碎片筛选被认为是低通量和耗时的。然而,由于同步加速器功能的进步和专用设备的引入,例如Diamond Light Source的XChem平台,在样品制备、数据收集和命中识别之间的吞吐量和集成方面有了实质性的改进。在此,我们分享了我们建立晶体碎片筛选设备的经验,我们从操作用户程序中获得的经验,以及我们应用结构使能来快速推进初始片段命中铅样分子的观点。
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引用次数: 0
PEDOT:PSS Electropolymerization Protocol for Microelectrodes Enabling Low-Cost Impedance-Based Cellular Assays 微电极的PSS电聚合协议,实现低成本的基于阻抗的细胞测定
Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1002/appl.202400087
Andrea Kauth, Joachim Wegener, Huijie Jiang, Vivek Pachauri, Sven Ingebrandt

Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is a label-free method for in vitro cell analysis in different research fields such as virology, cancer research, and stem cell research. In the ECIS configuration, the working electrode (WE) is typically much smaller than the counter electrode, thus the measured impedance between both is mainly dominated by the impedance of the WE. However, if the impedance of the WE is too high, it is challenging to detect small changes in impedance caused by cells attached to the electrode surface. In this study, we present an easily reproducible and cost-effective method to lower the impedance of commercial ECIS electrodes, and by this increase the cell contribution in adhesion assays. Hereby we deposit a thin layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) only onto the gold electrodes by electropolymerization and study the layer characteristics in detail. We compare cell-free and cell-covered impedance spectra of gold and PEDOT:PSS electrodes recorded with a low-cost potentiostat and analyze the ECIS spectra of two different cell lines in detail.

电细胞-底物阻抗传感(ECIS)是一种无标记的方法,用于不同研究领域的体外细胞分析,如病毒学、癌症研究和干细胞研究。在ECIS配置中,工作电极(WE)通常比反电极小得多,因此两者之间的测量阻抗主要由WE的阻抗决定。然而,如果WE的阻抗太高,则很难检测到由附着在电极表面的细胞引起的阻抗的微小变化。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种易于重复和经济有效的方法来降低商用ECIS电极的阻抗,并通过这种方法增加细胞在粘附试验中的贡献。本文通过电聚合的方法在金电极上沉积了一层薄薄的聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩):聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)(PEDOT:PSS),并详细研究了该层的特性。我们比较了用低成本的恒电位仪记录的金电极和PEDOT:PSS电极的无细胞和覆盖细胞的阻抗谱,并详细分析了两种不同细胞系的ECIS谱。
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引用次数: 0
Perspective on Dual-Tower Concentrated Solar Power Plants 双塔聚光太阳能电站展望
Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1002/appl.202400207
Alberto Boretti

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of dual-tower concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, highlighting their key technical advantages, including improved efficiency and enhanced heat distribution. The novel dual-tower design, implemented at Guazhou, Gansu Province by Three Gorges Renewables, significantly enhances optical efficiency and reduces spillage losses compared to traditional single-tower systems. Utilizing molten salts or particle receivers, the dual-tower configuration offers a more efficient thermal management approach. A comparative analysis of various designs underscores the trade-offs between increased efficiency and capital costs. The paper also discusses the economic and environmental benefits, technical challenges, and future research directions associated with dual-tower systems, providing valuable insights into their potential to advance solar thermal technology.

本文全面分析了双塔聚光太阳能发电站(CSP),重点介绍了其主要技术优势,包括提高效率和增强热分布。与传统的单塔系统相比,三峡可再生能源公司在甘肃瓜州实施的新型双塔设计显著提高了光学效率,减少了溢出损失。利用熔盐或粒子接收器,双塔配置提供了一种更高效的热管理方法。对各种设计的比较分析强调了提高效率与资本成本之间的权衡。本文还讨论了与双塔系统相关的经济和环境效益、技术挑战和未来研究方向,为了解双塔系统在推动太阳能热技术发展方面的潜力提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Improved Production Process Map and Safety of Millet-Based Fermented Beverage 改进的小米发酵饮料生产工艺图及安全性研究
Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1002/appl.202400166
Eric Owusu Mensah, Emmanuel Boakye Asare

The present study aimed to develop a standardized process map to produce a microbiologically safe and consumer-acceptable Brukina beverage. Field interactions and observations were employed for the baseline data, while an improved production process was developed and utilized to produce a Brukina beverage. The microbial safety of the new approach was assessed by determining the total coliform, yeast and mold, as well as Staphylococcus aureus. A consumer preference test was conducted to validate the contribution of the improved and hygienic steps to the overall acceptability. The existing production processes for manufacturing Brukina beverage did not embrace Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and as such, the resultant beverage was contaminated with coliforms and S. aureus. Moreover, the sensory characteristics including taste, mouthfeel, viscosity and overall acceptability, were negatively affected. The inclusion of food safety management practices and efficient production steps has a greater tendency of producing microbiologically safe and market-acceptable fermented millet-based beverages while safeguarding consumers’ health and satisfaction.

本研究旨在制定一个标准化的过程图,以生产微生物安全,消费者可接受的Brukina饮料。实地互动和观察采用了基线数据,同时改进了生产工艺,并用于生产Brukina饮料。通过测定总大肠菌群、酵母菌和霉菌以及金黄色葡萄球菌,对新方法的微生物安全性进行了评估。进行了消费者偏好测试,以验证改进和卫生步骤对总体可接受性的贡献。Brukina饮料的现有生产工艺没有遵循良好生产规范(gmp),因此,生产的饮料被大肠菌群和金黄色葡萄球菌污染。此外,包括味道、口感、粘度和整体可接受性在内的感官特性也受到负面影响。纳入食品安全管理实践和高效的生产步骤,更有可能生产微生物安全且市场可接受的发酵小米饮料,同时保障消费者的健康和满意度。
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引用次数: 0
How Two-Dimensional Heterocovariance Spectroscopy and Data Fusion Level out the Inadequacies of Compact Spectrometers 二维异质协方差光谱和数据融合如何弥补小型光谱仪的不足
Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1002/appl.202400175
Lukas Mahler, Christian Mayer, Martin Jaeger

Over the past decade, sensors and compact spectrometers have emerged as a powerful means for real-time monitoring of chemical and biochemical processes in the field of process analytical technologies (PATs). This is largely attributed to cost-efficiency and their robustness in near-line applications. In comparison to more sophisticated laboratory instruments, these devices exhibit limited sensitivity and resolution. In this study, a combination of near-infrared, low-field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and compact Raman spectrometers were employed for the process monitoring of the acid-catalyzed esterification of isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid to isoamyl acetate. The resulting real-time data were transformed and visualized for interpretation using two-dimensional heterocovariance spectroscopy. The data were also subjected to pretreatment, concatenation, and multivariate analysis in accordance with low- and mid-level data fusion. The spectral interpretation derived from heterocovariance spectroscopy provided support for the data pretreatment during data fusion. By applying these computational techniques, the inherent limitations of sensitivity and resolution associated with compact spectroscopic instruments could be overcome, thereby facilitating the interpretation of data and yielding further insights into the process under study. A comparison of the process parameters resulting from the applied methods indicated that consistent data could be obtained. This study demonstrates that heterocovariance spectroscopy and data fusion allow to enhance compact, less expensive analytical instruments for process monitoring and to acquire process knowledge. This, in turn, enables material, financial, and energy resources to be conserved.

在过去的十年中,传感器和紧凑型光谱仪已经成为过程分析技术(PATs)领域中实时监测化学和生化过程的强大手段。这在很大程度上归功于成本效益和它们在近线应用中的稳健性。与更复杂的实验室仪器相比,这些设备表现出有限的灵敏度和分辨率。本研究采用近红外、低场1H核磁共振和紧凑型拉曼光谱仪相结合的方法,对酸催化异戊醇和乙酸酯化制醋酸异戊酯的过程进行了监测。得到的实时数据被转换和可视化,以便使用二维异方差光谱进行解释。根据中低水平数据融合,对数据进行预处理、拼接和多变量分析。异质协方差光谱解释为数据融合过程中的数据预处理提供了支持。通过应用这些计算技术,可以克服与紧凑型光谱仪器相关的灵敏度和分辨率的固有限制,从而促进对数据的解释,并对正在研究的过程产生进一步的见解。对所采用方法得到的工艺参数进行了比较,结果表明所得到的数据是一致的。这项研究表明,异质协方差光谱和数据融合可以增强紧凑,更便宜的分析仪器,用于过程监测和获取过程知识。这反过来又使物质、财政和能源资源得以节约。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Applied Research
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