Applied Research最新文献

IgG1 and IgG4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent the two most widely used IgG subclasses in therapeutic applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of analytical characterization tools essential for understanding the physicochemical and functional properties of these molecules. The importance of robust analytical techniques is highlighted for structural conformation, posttranslational modifications (PTMs), charge heterogeneity, and aggregation behaviour. Advanced methodologies including imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF), membrane-confined electrophoresis (MCE), and LC-MS/MS peptide mapping are discussed for their roles in providing high-resolution insights into charge variants and PTM hotspots. The section on LC-MS/MS explores the advantages of different fragmentation techniques and the utility of middle-up approaches in profile consistency across samples. Advances in multidimensional LC-MS/MS workflows demonstrate improved efficiency in critical quality attribute detection. Complementary techniques such as size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are employed to quantify colloidal stability and evaluate global conformational changes. Additionally, the significance of in silico modelling and molecular dynamics simulations for predicting degradation-prone regions and electrostatic compatibility are discussed. Overall, the review underscores the integration of analytical strategies and modelling tools crucial for the developability engineering and biosimilarity assessment of IgG1 and IgG4 monoclonal antibodies, ensuring product quality and safety in therapeutic applications for researchers and biopharmaceutical developers.

Synergistic effects arising from the combination of various flame retardants (FRs) are critical in the design of effective FR systems. This study investigates the synergistic interactions between phosphatized starch (PS) and amino acids as FR systems for epoxy resins, with the goal of advancing the development of sustainable materials that exhibit enhanced fire resistance. The exceptional FR properties of these systems are comprehensively analyzed using a multi-step approach, including thermo-gravimetric analysis, thermo-gravimetric Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry, and cone calorimetry, beginning at the compound level. The combination of PS with L-tryptophan results in significant reductions in peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke release by approximately 87%, 88% and 92%, respectively. This demonstrates that the material system not only surpasses the performance of epoxy resins using conventional FRs but also underscores the importance of selecting an FR that is well-suited to the matrix material to achieve optimal FR performance.

Drying is a critical process for the preservation of agricultural products by decreasing moisture content. The food industry accounts for 25%–30% of greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbated by the climate crisis. The food sector is increasingly utilising renewable sources, such as solar energy, to enhance sustainability and address existing challenges. To attain significant advancement, the sector must implement focused strategies and technological innovations. This review paper summarises recent advancements in solar drying systems, focusing on different configurations established through experimental research. The objective is to aid researchers in selecting appropriate solar dryer designs for their experimental studies. The scope of this review article is focused on the experimentation of various kinds of solar dryers. The typical range of drying efficiencies was 16.73%–69.6%, while the typical drying temperatures and times were 29%–60% and 12 h, respectively.

Image zoom techniques play a crucial role in numerous applications, notably in biomedical imaging, where high-resolution visualization of fine details is essential. Traditional interpolation techniques often suffer from suboptimal image quality when the sampling rate is not adequately high. In this study, we systematically test and validate both adaptive and non-adaptive Sinc-based zoom technologies, utilizing the Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula (Sinc interpolation) and the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem (cardinal theorem of interpolation). Through experiments exploring various sampling rate and bandwidth combinations, we identify optimal parameter ranges for successful zoom and empirically elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our results show that adaptive and non-adaptive Sinc-based zoom can achieve robust zoom, with the adaptive technique demonstrating superior performance, particularly when sampling rates significantly exceed the bandwidth. Here, we present the key contributions of our research: (1) determination of optimal parameter combinations for high-quality zoom, (2) explanation of the zoom mechanism through empirical analysis and (3) comparison of adaptive and non-adaptive Sinc-based zoom techniques. For the non-adaptive technique, the ideal bandwidth range is between 0.2 and 0.5 spatial frequency units (sfu). The corresponding sampling rate is between 0.4 and 1.4 sfu. The optimal range for the adaptive technique is attained with sampling rates in between 0.4 and 10 sfu. The implications of this study are discussed in the context of MRI reconstruction, where Sinc-based zoom technology can significantly enhance the visualization of small anatomical features.

Cactus pear popularly known as prickly pear, Findla, Nagphani or Hathlo thor in the local languages of India, possess many medicinal values. Traditionally this fruit has been utilized as therapeutic agent across various parts of the world to treat conditions such as asthma, anemia, wound infections, intestinal inflammation, and diabetes. It is valuable fruit because it contains important phytochemicals that promote human health. The nutritional profiling of the fruit extract revealed the presence of polyphenols, pigments, flavonoids, vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals, fibers and water content, all of which offer potential health benefits. Therefore, considering the cactus pear fruit's nutritional quality, medicinal values and potential for its application in diverse food products development, this review highlights the composition of cactus pear fruit, medicinal properties and utilizations in the production of a wide range of food items, including juices, beverages, jams, jellies, sirups, concentrates, natural colorants, functional dairy-based products, and fermented foods.

The presented study probing a green Indian borage leaves (IBL) mediated synthesis of MoO₃ and La-MoO₃ nanoparticles by combustion method offers a unique, cost-effective, and stable semiconductor for hetero-junction photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications. The structural confirmation of synthesized materials were well examined by various spectral technique viz; X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV-visible spectral analysis. The crystallinity and average particle sizes of prepared nanoparticles were ascertained by XRD studies. The impact of La doping on surface morphology for MoO₃ nanoparticles were discussed using SEM-EDX technique. The observed energy band gap for La-MoO₃ photocatalyst is 3.59 eV, and their absolute electronegativity was determined to be 1.5 eV using Milliken's electronegativity equation. The greater photo-degradation ability of La-MoO₃ photocatalyst on Methylene blue (MB) than Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under UV-light irradiation was examined. The results display the degradation of MB and RhB dye were found to be 85.8% than 79.7% respectively for 140 min and its follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics (kinetic rate of 0.03367 min⁻¹). I-V characterization of perovskite solar cells fabricated by La doped nanoparticles pretenses a better result with its open-circuit voltage (OCV) found to be 0.71 V and an efficiency of 1.33%. The short circuit current density (SCD) of the PSC fabricated with La-doped material was determined to be 4.789 mA/cm² This experimental measurements directs a route for photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications of various nano-semiconductor materials.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as cutting-edge technology in photovoltaic domain, offering a promising avenue for cost-effective and efficient solar energy conversion. The use of guanidinium cation (GA⁺) as A-site dopant is demonstrated herein to modify the properties of FA-Cs perovskite film, particularly FA_0.83Cs_0.17PbI₃, resulting in an improved performance for photovoltaic applications. In this work, we aim to investigate the impact of GA doping on electronic, structural and optical properties of resultant perovskite material. The successful formation of perovskite structure has been confirmed by both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The XRD results reveal that GA content plays a pivotal role in improving the film quality while suppressing the formation of residual PbI₂ precursor. Furthermore, the high absorbance and reduced band gap caused by GA doping have been investigated with the help of UV-Vis spectroscopy. The surface chemistry and defect states of prepared perovskites are examined using XPS. The DFT simulations also validate the experimental findings, confirming electronic structure and band gap of the studied material. Our findings highlight the potential of GA-doped FA-Cs perovskite in revolutionizing the photovoltaic scenario, paving a path towards highly efficient, robust and next-generation solar cells.

Herein, to enhance the universal applicability of the photoreduction of graphene oxide (GO), the capacity of Type II photoinitiators to reduce GO under irradiation of 395 nm LED, along with the underlying photoreduction mechanism are investigated. The results demonstrate that certain photoinitiators, including thiaxanthone and anthraquinone, can effectively reduce GO within 15 min, albeit with varying reduction efficiencies. When 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDB) is employed as a hydrogen donor, isopropylthioanthrone (ITX) exhibits the optimal reduction performance, with the C/O atomic ratio of the reduced sample increasing from 2.11 to 4.83. In addition, a hypothesis regarding the mechanism of GO photoreduction by photoinitiator is proposed, and the occurrence of electron transfer reactions from photoinitiator to GO is verified. For photoinitiators that cannot undergo thermodynamically feasible electron transfer with GO, their actual reduction effect is indeed inferior. Furthermore, RGO/photoresist conductive coatings and patterns with conductivities of 0.17 and 0.78 S cm⁻¹, respectively, are successfully prepared via in situ polymerization. Notably, the photoinitiator improves the conductivity of the composites through photoinduced in situ reduction of GO to reduced graphene oxide (RGO), indicating that this strategy for preparing graphene composites has wide application prospects in fields such as photocurable coatings.