Applied Research is a multidisciplinary journal that focuses on bridging fundamental research and practical applications, supporting sustainable problem-solving and global initiatives. The journal covers high-quality research in fields such as Materials, Applied Physics, Chemistry, Applied Biology, Food Science, Engineering, Biomedical Sciences, and Social Sciences. Authors can submit various article types, including Reviews, Tutorials, and Research Articles. The journal aims to highlight innovative research that demonstrates the application of knowledge, methods, instrumentation, and technology into solutions.
{"title":"Cover Image: Volume 3 Issue 4","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/appl.202470401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202470401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Applied Research</i> is a multidisciplinary journal that focuses on bridging fundamental research and practical applications, supporting sustainable problem-solving and global initiatives. The journal covers high-quality research in fields such as Materials, Applied Physics, Chemistry, Applied Biology, Food Science, Engineering, Biomedical Sciences, and Social Sciences. Authors can submit various article types, including Reviews, Tutorials, and Research Articles. The journal aims to highlight innovative research that demonstrates the application of knowledge, methods, instrumentation, and technology into solutions.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202470401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141967158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surjit Sahoo, D. Chatterjee, Subhasish Basu Majumder, Kh M Asif Raihan, Brice Lacroix, Suprem R. Das
Lithium‐sulfur battery (LSB) chemistry is regarded as one of the most promising contenders for powering next‐generation electronics, including electric vehicles. This is due to its high theoretical capacity, the use of inexpensive and environmentally friendly materials, and its alignment with climate‐smart manufacturing principles. Sulfur, the electroactive element in LSBs, undergoes lithiation to form a series of polysulfides, each contributing to the battery's energy density. However, this chemistry encounters several challenges, particularly concerning the stability of sulfur. Recent studies have shown that the presence of a full gamma phase of sulfur in an LSB cathode significantly enhances the capacity and overall cell performance. However, despite the advantages of cathodes with gamma sulfur, the characteristics of LSBs with mixed crystal phases of sulfur (alpha, beta, and gamma) have not been extensively studied. In this context, we developed a simple and cost‐effective synthesis method to produce both single‐phase (alpha) and mixed‐phase sulfur (primarily a mixture of alpha and gamma, with a trace of beta) and conducted their detailed physical and electrochemical characterization for use as electroactive cathode materials in LSBs. The cells fabricated using sulfur‐carbon black as the cathode delivered a specific capacity of approximately 640 mAh/g at a current density of 275 mA/g, demonstrating excellent cyclic stability over 50 cycles with a capacity retention of around 97%. This performance is superior to that of the sulfur‐baked carbon black composite cathode, which achieved 440 mAh/g at the same current density.
{"title":"Comparative study of pure and mixed phase sulfurized‐carbon black in battery cathodes for lithium sulfur batteries","authors":"Surjit Sahoo, D. Chatterjee, Subhasish Basu Majumder, Kh M Asif Raihan, Brice Lacroix, Suprem R. Das","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400034","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium‐sulfur battery (LSB) chemistry is regarded as one of the most promising contenders for powering next‐generation electronics, including electric vehicles. This is due to its high theoretical capacity, the use of inexpensive and environmentally friendly materials, and its alignment with climate‐smart manufacturing principles. Sulfur, the electroactive element in LSBs, undergoes lithiation to form a series of polysulfides, each contributing to the battery's energy density. However, this chemistry encounters several challenges, particularly concerning the stability of sulfur. Recent studies have shown that the presence of a full gamma phase of sulfur in an LSB cathode significantly enhances the capacity and overall cell performance. However, despite the advantages of cathodes with gamma sulfur, the characteristics of LSBs with mixed crystal phases of sulfur (alpha, beta, and gamma) have not been extensively studied. In this context, we developed a simple and cost‐effective synthesis method to produce both single‐phase (alpha) and mixed‐phase sulfur (primarily a mixture of alpha and gamma, with a trace of beta) and conducted their detailed physical and electrochemical characterization for use as electroactive cathode materials in LSBs. The cells fabricated using sulfur‐carbon black as the cathode delivered a specific capacity of approximately 640 mAh/g at a current density of 275 mA/g, demonstrating excellent cyclic stability over 50 cycles with a capacity retention of around 97%. This performance is superior to that of the sulfur‐baked carbon black composite cathode, which achieved 440 mAh/g at the same current density.","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lena Schaller, Katharina Hofmann, Fabienne Geiger, Alexander Dietrich
The lungs are exposed to a hostile environment from both sites: the airways and the vasculature. However, an efficient gas exchange of oxygen (O2) and CO2 is only possible through a very thin alveolo‐capillary membrane. Therefore, maintaining cell barrier integrity is essential for respiratory health and function. On the vascular site, endothelial cells form a natural barrier, while in the airways epithelial cells are most important for protection of the lung tissues. Moreover, fibroblasts, by transforming to myofibroblasts, are essential for wound closure after mechanical and chemical microinjuries in the respiratory tract. Along this line, loss of cell resistance in vascular endothelial and lung epithelial cells enhances invasion of pathogens (e.g., SARS‐CoV‐2) and results in pulmonary edema formation, while increasing barrier function of pulmonary (myo)fibroblasts blocks gas exchange in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, electrical cell‐substrate impedance sensing‐based quantification of changes in cell barrier function in lung endothelial and epithelial cells as well as fibroblasts after application of harmful triggers (e.g., hypoxia, receptor agonists, and toxicants) is a convenient and state‐of‐the‐art technique. After isolation of primary cells from mouse models and human tissues, changes in cell resistance can be detected in real time. By using lung cells from gene‐deficient mouse models, microRNAs or the small‐interfering RNA technology essential proteins for cell adhesion, for example, ion channels of the transient receptor potential family are identified in comparison to wild‐type control cells. In the future, these proteins may be useful as drug targets for novel therapeutic options in patients with lung edema or pulmonary fibrosis.
{"title":"Electrical cell‐substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) in lung biology and disease","authors":"Lena Schaller, Katharina Hofmann, Fabienne Geiger, Alexander Dietrich","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400059","url":null,"abstract":"The lungs are exposed to a hostile environment from both sites: the airways and the vasculature. However, an efficient gas exchange of oxygen (O2) and CO2 is only possible through a very thin alveolo‐capillary membrane. Therefore, maintaining cell barrier integrity is essential for respiratory health and function. On the vascular site, endothelial cells form a natural barrier, while in the airways epithelial cells are most important for protection of the lung tissues. Moreover, fibroblasts, by transforming to myofibroblasts, are essential for wound closure after mechanical and chemical microinjuries in the respiratory tract. Along this line, loss of cell resistance in vascular endothelial and lung epithelial cells enhances invasion of pathogens (e.g., SARS‐CoV‐2) and results in pulmonary edema formation, while increasing barrier function of pulmonary (myo)fibroblasts blocks gas exchange in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, electrical cell‐substrate impedance sensing‐based quantification of changes in cell barrier function in lung endothelial and epithelial cells as well as fibroblasts after application of harmful triggers (e.g., hypoxia, receptor agonists, and toxicants) is a convenient and state‐of‐the‐art technique. After isolation of primary cells from mouse models and human tissues, changes in cell resistance can be detected in real time. By using lung cells from gene‐deficient mouse models, microRNAs or the small‐interfering RNA technology essential proteins for cell adhesion, for example, ion channels of the transient receptor potential family are identified in comparison to wild‐type control cells. In the future, these proteins may be useful as drug targets for novel therapeutic options in patients with lung edema or pulmonary fibrosis.","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141822210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel approach exploiting surfaces and interfaces between liquid oils and porous soil media was used to investigate the role of xanthan gum (XG) in minimizing the spread of petroleum oil spills on land. 1.6 wt% XG added to soil‐based mixture matrixes (topsoil, sand, clay, and moisture) resulted in a 50% reduction in oil spreading area at 0 and 5 wt% moisture content, at 1.3 cm depth of soil matrix. Also recorded was a 45% increase in time taken for the low‐ and medium‐viscosity oils to penetrate this soil depth. XG alters the surface energy and roughness of the soil matrixes, which additionally contributes to a reduction in oil spreading capabilities. Interfacial phenomena between individual oil droplets and soil matrixes demonstrated variable findings of droplet spreading and penetration with XG, depending upon the heterogeneity of the soil matrix itself. XG assisted a reduced lateral spread in heterogeneous soil matrixes and a reduced vertical penetration in clay‐based matrixes. These interfacial results highlighted the often‐observed differing transport phenomena at the interface compared with the bulk. This initial study demonstrates a novel approach to incorporate surface energy phenomena into the suite of soil remediation efforts by introducing natural biopolymers in high‐risk land oil‐spill areas to slow oil contaminant spread. Future studies will further characterize the benefits of XG in containing oil flow.
{"title":"Xanthan gum modification to surface and interfacial properties between soil‐based matrixes and petroleum oils to minimize soil pollution","authors":"Firoz Ahmed, Brenda Hutton-Prager","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400096","url":null,"abstract":"A novel approach exploiting surfaces and interfaces between liquid oils and porous soil media was used to investigate the role of xanthan gum (XG) in minimizing the spread of petroleum oil spills on land. 1.6 wt% XG added to soil‐based mixture matrixes (topsoil, sand, clay, and moisture) resulted in a 50% reduction in oil spreading area at 0 and 5 wt% moisture content, at 1.3 cm depth of soil matrix. Also recorded was a 45% increase in time taken for the low‐ and medium‐viscosity oils to penetrate this soil depth. XG alters the surface energy and roughness of the soil matrixes, which additionally contributes to a reduction in oil spreading capabilities. Interfacial phenomena between individual oil droplets and soil matrixes demonstrated variable findings of droplet spreading and penetration with XG, depending upon the heterogeneity of the soil matrix itself. XG assisted a reduced lateral spread in heterogeneous soil matrixes and a reduced vertical penetration in clay‐based matrixes. These interfacial results highlighted the often‐observed differing transport phenomena at the interface compared with the bulk. This initial study demonstrates a novel approach to incorporate surface energy phenomena into the suite of soil remediation efforts by introducing natural biopolymers in high‐risk land oil‐spill areas to slow oil contaminant spread. Future studies will further characterize the benefits of XG in containing oil flow.","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141646461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Athanasiadi, M. Andrikopoulou, M. Smyrnioti, Y. Georgiou, M. Zamparas, V. Dracopoulos, T. Ioannides
The main purpose of many current studies regarding energy efficiency is the improvement of the thermal resistance of buildings. To fulfill this goal, the development of advanced insulating materials, to be incorporated in the building envelopes, is imperative. Aerogels are ultralight porous materials typically produced via the sol‐gel process followed by supercritical drying of the wet gel. They exhibit very high porosities and a mesoporous‐macroporous structure which endows aerogels with extremely low thermal conductivity. This makes them ideal candidates for ambient thermal insulation applications. However, the cost for aerogel insulation is considerably higher than the one of standard insulation products. In the present work, highly porous aerogel‐like materials based on silica and commercial novolac resin were developed and added to common mortars. The prepared materials were dried under ambient pressure to minimize the manufacturing cost. The bulk density of silica quasi‐aerogels was 0.03 g/cm3–0.09 g/cm3 and that of the novolac resin samples 0.09 g/cm3–0.21 g/cm3. The aerogels were incorporated in mortars and cured for 28 days before measurement of thermal conductivity. The values of the thermal conductivity coefficient of the measured samples were 0.047 W/m K–0.058 W/m K for the silica reinforced mortars and 0.036 W/m K–0.044 W/m K for the novolac reinforced ones.
{"title":"Advanced, high‐performance thermo‐insulating plaster","authors":"A. Athanasiadi, M. Andrikopoulou, M. Smyrnioti, Y. Georgiou, M. Zamparas, V. Dracopoulos, T. Ioannides","doi":"10.1002/appl.202300112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202300112","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of many current studies regarding energy efficiency is the improvement of the thermal resistance of buildings. To fulfill this goal, the development of advanced insulating materials, to be incorporated in the building envelopes, is imperative. Aerogels are ultralight porous materials typically produced via the sol‐gel process followed by supercritical drying of the wet gel. They exhibit very high porosities and a mesoporous‐macroporous structure which endows aerogels with extremely low thermal conductivity. This makes them ideal candidates for ambient thermal insulation applications. However, the cost for aerogel insulation is considerably higher than the one of standard insulation products. In the present work, highly porous aerogel‐like materials based on silica and commercial novolac resin were developed and added to common mortars. The prepared materials were dried under ambient pressure to minimize the manufacturing cost. The bulk density of silica quasi‐aerogels was 0.03 g/cm3–0.09 g/cm3 and that of the novolac resin samples 0.09 g/cm3–0.21 g/cm3. The aerogels were incorporated in mortars and cured for 28 days before measurement of thermal conductivity. The values of the thermal conductivity coefficient of the measured samples were 0.047 W/m K–0.058 W/m K for the silica reinforced mortars and 0.036 W/m K–0.044 W/m K for the novolac reinforced ones.","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141650226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philippe du Maire, Felix Gärtner, Matthias H. Deckert, M. Johlitz, Andreas Öchsner
Climate change is one of the significant challenges of the 21st century. To achieve climate goals a change in plastic waste management needs to be implemented. This research examines the potential of thermo‐mechanical recycling of plastic waste, focusing on agricultural binding twines made from polypropylene. Old binding twines from agriculture were collected and recycled with a twin screw extruder. The ageing behaviour of the recyclate in terms of multiple recycling is examined in detail with tensile tests and melt volume rate measurements. The findings indicate a general degradation in mechanical properties and a decrease in viscosity due to molecular chain scission. Despite these degradations, the material remains processable, indicating the potential for continued recycling loops.
{"title":"Investigation of the ageing behaviour of multiple reused polypropylene binding twines","authors":"Philippe du Maire, Felix Gärtner, Matthias H. Deckert, M. Johlitz, Andreas Öchsner","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400090","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is one of the significant challenges of the 21st century. To achieve climate goals a change in plastic waste management needs to be implemented. This research examines the potential of thermo‐mechanical recycling of plastic waste, focusing on agricultural binding twines made from polypropylene. Old binding twines from agriculture were collected and recycled with a twin screw extruder. The ageing behaviour of the recyclate in terms of multiple recycling is examined in detail with tensile tests and melt volume rate measurements. The findings indicate a general degradation in mechanical properties and a decrease in viscosity due to molecular chain scission. Despite these degradations, the material remains processable, indicating the potential for continued recycling loops.","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141670974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plasmonic sensors based on metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) waveguides are renowned for their miniaturization and high sensitivity in various sensing applications. A broad spectrum of researchers is numerically investigating the characteristics of MIM waveguide‐based plasmonic sensors with diverse cavity shapes. However, practical demonstrations of these sensors have not yet been realized, primarily due to the overlooked aspect of the light coupling mechanism into these waveguides. In this context, two distinct methods for coupling light into and out of plasmonic chips based on MIM waveguides are presented.
{"title":"Features of the modern development of metal‐insulator‐metal waveguide based plasmonic sensors","authors":"M. A. Butt","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400069","url":null,"abstract":"Plasmonic sensors based on metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) waveguides are renowned for their miniaturization and high sensitivity in various sensing applications. A broad spectrum of researchers is numerically investigating the characteristics of MIM waveguide‐based plasmonic sensors with diverse cavity shapes. However, practical demonstrations of these sensors have not yet been realized, primarily due to the overlooked aspect of the light coupling mechanism into these waveguides. In this context, two distinct methods for coupling light into and out of plasmonic chips based on MIM waveguides are presented.","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141670529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar-driven overall water splitting using particulate photocatalysts represents a sustainable route to generate H2. In this minireview, we outline recent progress in hybridization strategies in constructing high- performance cocatalyst/photocatalyst systems. We discussed the fundamental principles of photocatalytic water splitting and the pivotal role of cocatalysts. We placed special emphasis on understanding the structure-activity relationship of cocatalysts for effective photocatalytic H2 production from pure H2O. We expect this review to offer insights and stimulate further research interest in the development of high-performance cocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting.
{"title":"Cover Image: Volume 3 Issue 3","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/appl.202470301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202470301","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solar-driven overall water splitting using particulate photocatalysts represents a sustainable route to generate H<sub>2</sub>. In this minireview, we outline recent progress in hybridization strategies in constructing high- performance cocatalyst/photocatalyst systems. We discussed the fundamental principles of photocatalytic water splitting and the pivotal role of cocatalysts. We placed special emphasis on understanding the structure-activity relationship of cocatalysts for effective photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> production from pure H<sub>2</sub>O. We expect this review to offer insights and stimulate further research interest in the development of high-performance cocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202470301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141264629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Marien, Maofan Zhou, M. Edeleva, Dagmar R. D’hooge
Multiphase polymeric materials and applications play a prominent role in our society. One of the key challenges is the design and modification of their macromolecules so that the composition and structuring of the phases as well as the interactions between them can be controlled from the molecular scale onwards. In the present contribution, it is highlighted that more recently developed event driven (kinetic) Monte Carlo models provide an interesting framework to grasp molecular variations over various length scales. The strength lies in the tracking of individual molecules per phase of interest so that interphase transfer events can be sampled based on the distributed nature of the (macro)molecules present. Hence, the micro‐scale of local concentrations and temperatures can be connected to the meso‐scale defining interphase transport and morphological variations, with an additional connection to the macro‐ or application scale within reach by adding macro‐scale transfer events to the overall sampling scheme. Starting from a benchmark coupled matrix based Monte Carlo (CMMC) study on the multiphase formation of engineering composites which explicitly acknowledges the type of (macro)molecules present in each phase, it is showcased that the CMMC framework can support the general field of energy and electronics applications. This is highlighted through (i) a case study devoted to the design of polymer electrolytes for batteries, and (ii) a case study on blend design for the regulated stretching of piezoresistive sensors.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Upgrading event driven Monte Carlo simulations for molecule‐based morphological control for battery and sensor applications","authors":"Y. Marien, Maofan Zhou, M. Edeleva, Dagmar R. D’hooge","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400048","url":null,"abstract":"Multiphase polymeric materials and applications play a prominent role in our society. One of the key challenges is the design and modification of their macromolecules so that the composition and structuring of the phases as well as the interactions between them can be controlled from the molecular scale onwards. In the present contribution, it is highlighted that more recently developed event driven (kinetic) Monte Carlo models provide an interesting framework to grasp molecular variations over various length scales. The strength lies in the tracking of individual molecules per phase of interest so that interphase transfer events can be sampled based on the distributed nature of the (macro)molecules present. Hence, the micro‐scale of local concentrations and temperatures can be connected to the meso‐scale defining interphase transport and morphological variations, with an additional connection to the macro‐ or application scale within reach by adding macro‐scale transfer events to the overall sampling scheme. Starting from a benchmark coupled matrix based Monte Carlo (CMMC) study on the multiphase formation of engineering composites which explicitly acknowledges the type of (macro)molecules present in each phase, it is showcased that the CMMC framework can support the general field of energy and electronics applications. This is highlighted through (i) a case study devoted to the design of polymer electrolytes for batteries, and (ii) a case study on blend design for the regulated stretching of piezoresistive sensors.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140994817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lukas Appelhoff, Nicolas Hornemann, Jochen Schmidt, Anita Krautz, Bernd Strehmel
Heptamethine based cyanines, namely 1,3,‐trimethyl‐2‐(2‐2[2‐phenylsulfanyl‐3‐[2‐(1,3,3‐trimethyl‐1,3,3‐trithyl‐1,3‐dihydro‐indol‐2‐ylidene)‐ethylidene]cyclohex‐1‐enyl]vinyl)‐3H‐indolium chloride (S1) and 2‐[2‐(2‐chloro‐[2‐[1,1‐dimethyl‐7‐sulfo‐3‐(4‐sulfobutyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐benzo[e]indol‐2‐ylidene]‐ethylidene]cyclopent‐1‐enyl]vinyl]‐1,1‐dimethyl‐7‐sulfo‐3‐(4‐sulfobutyl)‐1Hbenzo[e]indolium hydroxide, inner salt, triethylammonium salt (S2), efficiently result in physical drying of an aqueous dispersion comprising a polyurethane binder. S2 possesses a water solubility of 40 g/L. A high‐intensity NIR‐LED emitting at 820 nm with an intensity of 1 W/cm2 served as light source. The cyanine converted the light absorbed into heat by internal conversion needing less drying time compared to conventional drying. Water content after film formation showed less then 1%. In the second step, UV exposure with a LED emitting at 395 nm resulted in formation of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks by crosslinking of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate operating as reactive diluent. TPO‐L served as effective UV‐photoinitiator. Furthermore, the UV‐exposure together with Norrish Type I and Type II photoinitator systems results in a very efficient bleaching of the green physical dried film. This contribution shows for the first time a new photonic hybrid technique describing successful replacement of an oven‐based process by a photonic based step that generates heat needed for drying.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
七亚胺基氰基，即 1,3,-三甲基-2-(2-2-[2-苯硫基-3-[2-(1,3,3-三甲基-1,3,3-三乙基-1,3-二氢-吲哚-2-亚基)-亚乙基]环己-1-烯基]乙烯基)-3H-吲哚鎓氯化物（S1）和 2-[2-(2-氯-[2-[1,1-二甲基-7-磺酸基-3-(4-磺酸基丁基)-1、2-(2-氯-[2-[1,1-二甲基-7-磺酸基-3-(4-磺酸基丁基)-1,3-二氢-苯并[e]吲哚-2-亚基]-亚乙基]环戊-1-烯基]乙烯基]-1,1-二甲基-7-磺酸基-3-(4-磺酸基丁基)-1H 苯并[e]吲哚鎓氢氧化物，内盐，三乙基铵盐（S2）能有效地使包含聚氨酯粘合剂的水性分散体物理干燥。S2 的水溶性为 40 克/升。820 纳米波长、强度为 1 W/cm2 的高强度近红外发光二极管用作光源。与传统的干燥方法相比，氰基通过内部转换将吸收的光能转化为热能，所需的干燥时间更短。成膜后的含水量低于 1%。第二步，用波长为 395 nm 的 LED 进行紫外线照射，通过交联作为活性稀释剂的多功能（甲基）丙烯酸酯，形成半互穿聚合物网络。TPO-L 可作为有效的紫外线光引发剂。此外，紫外线照射与 Norrish I 型和 II 型光引发剂系统一起使用，可对绿色物理干燥薄膜进行高效漂白。本文首次展示了一种新的光子混合技术，描述了用光子步骤成功取代烘箱工艺，产生干燥所需的热量。本文受版权保护。
{"title":"Combination of NIR and UV‐LEDs Enables Physical and Chemical Drying of Aqueous Coating Dispersions as New Green Technology","authors":"Lukas Appelhoff, Nicolas Hornemann, Jochen Schmidt, Anita Krautz, Bernd Strehmel","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400011","url":null,"abstract":"Heptamethine based cyanines, namely 1,3,‐trimethyl‐2‐(2‐2[2‐phenylsulfanyl‐3‐[2‐(1,3,3‐trimethyl‐1,3,3‐trithyl‐1,3‐dihydro‐indol‐2‐ylidene)‐ethylidene]cyclohex‐1‐enyl]vinyl)‐3H‐indolium chloride (S1) and 2‐[2‐(2‐chloro‐[2‐[1,1‐dimethyl‐7‐sulfo‐3‐(4‐sulfobutyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐benzo[e]indol‐2‐ylidene]‐ethylidene]cyclopent‐1‐enyl]vinyl]‐1,1‐dimethyl‐7‐sulfo‐3‐(4‐sulfobutyl)‐1Hbenzo[e]indolium hydroxide, inner salt, triethylammonium salt (S2), efficiently result in physical drying of an aqueous dispersion comprising a polyurethane binder. S2 possesses a water solubility of 40 g/L. A high‐intensity NIR‐LED emitting at 820 nm with an intensity of 1 W/cm2 served as light source. The cyanine converted the light absorbed into heat by internal conversion needing less drying time compared to conventional drying. Water content after film formation showed less then 1%. In the second step, UV exposure with a LED emitting at 395 nm resulted in formation of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks by crosslinking of the multifunctional (meth)acrylate operating as reactive diluent. TPO‐L served as effective UV‐photoinitiator. Furthermore, the UV‐exposure together with Norrish Type I and Type II photoinitator systems results in a very efficient bleaching of the green physical dried film. This contribution shows for the first time a new photonic hybrid technique describing successful replacement of an oven‐based process by a photonic based step that generates heat needed for drying.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141003335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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