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A Real-world Examination of Progressive Imagery Delivery in Competitive Basketball 竞技篮球中渐进式意象传递的现实检验
Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.09.002
Fatemeh Fazel, Tony Morris, Anthony P. Watt, Roy Maher

Effective delivery of imagery training has been studied for some time. Recently, researchers have determined that, in some contexts, Progressive Imagery (PI), in which content is added to the imagery script in phases, can be more effective than Routine Imagery (RI), in which all the imagery content is presented in every session of an imagery program. However, most research to date consists of field studies, lacking ecological validity. We examined the efficacy of a PI program presented to highly-skilled basketball players in league competition across a whole season, using a Single-Case Design (SCD). Participants were five male players from Division 1 of the State Basketball League, who were pre-tested on the Sport Imagery Ability Measure (SIAM) to ensure they had at least moderate imagery ability. We monitored their Free-Throw Shooting (FTS) percentage in every league match of the whole season. The first 4 to 6 matches (Phase A) gave a stable baseline. Phase B, again lasting 4 to 6 matches, involved imagery that focused on static aspects of FTS movements. In Phase C (4 to 6 matches), more complex elements of FTS were added to imagery, including teammates and opponents on court. Phase D, lasting at least 4 matches, introduced imagery of a high-pressure context in which the FTS shot would decide the match. At the end of the season, each participant was interviewed about his experiences with imagery. We employed visual analysis and the split-middle technique to measure performance and self-efficacy. On these measures, all participants improved their FTS from baseline to Phase D, although two performed best in Phase C. Participants reported feeling comfortable with the changing phases, although one commented that he would have preferred the high-pressure imagery earlier, before he faced real high-pressure finals. We concluded that PI was an effective intervention among highly-skilled participants over a full competition season, while timing of high-pressure imagery should be tested prior to crucial season-ending matches.

意象训练的有效传递已经被研究了一段时间。最近,研究人员已经确定,在某些情况下,渐进式图像(PI),即内容分阶段添加到图像脚本中,可以比常规图像(RI)更有效,在常规图像(RI)中,所有图像内容都在图像程序的每个会话中呈现。然而,迄今为止,大多数研究都是实地研究,缺乏生态有效性。我们使用单案例设计(SCD)研究了在整个赛季中向高技能篮球运动员提供PI计划的有效性。实验对象是5名来自州篮球联赛第1赛区的男球员,他们被预先测试了运动想象能力量表(SIAM),以确保他们至少有中等的想象能力。我们在整个赛季的每一场联赛中都监测了他们的罚球命中率。前4 ~ 6次配对(A期)基线稳定。阶段B,同样持续4到6次匹配,涉及的图像集中在FTS运动的静态方面。在C阶段(4到6场比赛),图像中加入了更复杂的FTS元素,包括场上的队友和对手。阶段D,持续至少4场比赛,引入了高压环境的图像,其中FTS射击将决定比赛。在赛季结束时,每个参与者都接受了关于他的图像体验的采访。我们采用视觉分析和中间分割法来测量绩效和自我效能感。在这些测量中,所有参与者的FTS从基线到D阶段都有所改善,尽管有两人在c阶段表现最好。参与者报告说,他们对变化的阶段感到舒适,尽管其中一人评论说,在面对真正的高压决赛之前,他更喜欢更早的高压图像。我们得出的结论是,在整个比赛赛季中,PI是对高技能参与者的有效干预,而高压成像的时机应该在关键的赛季结束比赛之前进行测试。
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引用次数: 1
Questioning the transfer effect of motor imagery benefits: The neglected variable of interest 质疑运动意象利益的转移效应:被忽视的兴趣变量
Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.08.001
Aymeric Guillot , Ursula Debarnot , Yann Monarchi-Comte , Franck Di Rienzo

Over the last three decades, a large amount of experimental research aimed at determining the optimal motor imagery practice guidelines, and provided a comprehensive overview of the main recommendations to develop effective interventions. Yet, the scientific literature paid little attention to transfer effects resulting from motor imagery practice. In the present paper, we examined whether performance gains following motor imagery were task-specific or likely to be transferred to partially distinct motor skills. Twenty-eight golf players of intermediate level were involved in a 12-weeks test-retest design, where swing and putting performances were measured. All participants were subjected to three 4-week imagery interventions (internal visual imagery, external visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery), which were contrasted to a control pre-test measure. During each imagery intervention, they were requested to imagine only the swing shot. All imagery interventions contributed to enhance swing performance, and gains largely transferred to the putting performance in spite of a complete absence of training. A slight superiority of external visual imagery was observed for both shots. Interestingly, individual motor imagery ability scores predicted performance gains under the corresponding motor imagery training condition. Taken together, present findings support transfer effects of motor imagery interventions. Practically, this effect should be considered to achieve optimally effective interventions to enhance performance in relation to individual motor imagery ability profiles.

然而,科学文献很少关注运动意象练习产生的迁移效应。在本文中,我们研究了运动想象后的表现提高是特定任务的,还是可能转移到部分不同的运动技能上。28名中级水平的高尔夫球手参与了一项为期12周的测试-重测试设计,在测试中测量了挥杆和推杆的表现。所有参与者都接受了三次为期四周的意象干预(内部视觉意象、外部视觉意象和动觉意象),并与对照测试前测量结果进行对比。在每次意象干预中,他们被要求只想象挥杆投篮。所有的想象干预都有助于提高挥杆成绩,尽管完全没有训练,但收益很大程度上转移到推杆成绩上。观察到两个镜头的外部视觉图像略有优势。有趣的是,在相应的运动意象训练条件下,个人运动意象能力得分预测了成绩的提高。综上所述,目前的研究结果支持运动意象干预的转移效应。实际上,这种影响应该被认为是实现最有效的干预措施,以提高个人运动想象能力的表现。
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引用次数: 2
Self-regulation of learning in sport practices: An ecological dynamics approach 体育实践中学习的自我调节:一种生态动力学方法
Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.03.003
Adriano Carvalho, Duarte Araújo

Self-regulation of learning (SRL) in sports has received much attention from sport sciences researchers. Zimmerman's theory of SRL is frequently used in sport psychology, which, in turn, is derived from the social cognitive theory of self-regulation developed by Bandura. Despite all the contributions to the domain of expertise in general, and sport in particular, this approach has limitations for the understanding and evaluation of SRL in sport performance. Alternatively, we discuss an ecological dynamics perspective of SRL, emphasizing the transactional relationship established between performers and environment as an alternative to attribute to metacognition the explanation for goal directed behaviour, as they self-regulate their performance behaviours. We also discuss methodological consequences for capturing SRL in sport performance guided by an ecological dynamics framework.

体育运动中的学习自我调节(Self-regulation of learning, SRL)一直受到体育科学研究者的关注。Zimmerman的SRL理论在运动心理学中经常被用到,而运动心理学又源于Bandura的社会认知自我调节理论。尽管在一般的专业领域,特别是运动领域做出了贡献,但这种方法对于理解和评估运动表现中的SRL有局限性。另外,我们讨论了SRL的生态动力学视角,强调表演者与环境之间建立的交易关系,作为元认知解释目标导向行为的另一种选择,因为他们自我调节他们的表演行为。我们还讨论了在生态动力学框架的指导下,在运动表现中捕获SRL的方法后果。
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引用次数: 2
Information and Communication Technology as an enabler for implementing Nonlinear Pedagogy in Physical Education: Effects on students’ exploration and motivation 信息和通信技术在体育教学中实施非线性教学法:对学生探索和动机的影响
Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.02.001
John Komar, Jia Yi Chow, Masato Kawabata, Corliss Zhi Yi Choo

In the twenty-first century the Physical Education (PE) landscape is ever changing, with students being immersed increasingly in technologically driven learning environments. Therefore, there is a need to understand how Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are impacting learning opportunities. Specifically, how pedagogical practices could benefit from the development of ICT. This study investigated the effect of using ICT in PE when it is accompanied by a pedagogical innovation to promote students’ motivation. Thirty participants from 5 different indoor climbing PE classes were involved. Three experimental conditions were used: (1) Control, a regular climbing lesson, where traditional climbing holds are used, (2) Placebo climbing lesson, where participants climbed on an instrumented climbing wall with electronic climbing holds but the content of the lesson was similar to the regular condition, and (3) Nonlinear Pedagogy climbing lesson, where participants also climbed on the instrumented wall but with technology used in this context to implement innovative tasks routed on Nonlinear Pedagogy concepts (i.e., fostering motor exploration). Participants were involved in all three conditions and at the end of each condition, and they completed a survey set on their experiences in the climbing lessons. Compared to the control and placebo conditions, external regulation and tension scores were significantly lower and enjoyment scores were significantly higher during the Nonlinear Pedagogy climbing lesson. These results indicated that when integrated with a clear pedagogical purpose, ICT could positively impact learners.

在21世纪,随着学生越来越多地沉浸在技术驱动的学习环境中,体育教育(PE)的格局正在发生变化。因此,有必要了解信息和通信技术(ICT)如何影响学习机会。具体而言,教学实践如何从信息通信技术的发展中受益。本研究探讨了在体育教学中使用信息通信技术并辅以教学创新以促进学生学习动机的效果。来自5个不同的室内攀岩体育课的30名参与者参与了研究。采用三种实验条件:(1)对照组,常规攀岩课,使用传统的攀爬点;(2)安慰剂攀爬课,参与者攀爬带有电子攀爬点的带仪器的攀爬墙,但课程内容与常规条件相似;(3)非线性教学法攀爬课,参与者也攀爬带仪器的攀爬墙,但使用的是基于非线性教学法概念的创新任务(即:促进运动探索)。参与者参与了所有三种情况,在每种情况结束时,他们完成了一份关于他们在攀岩课上的经历的调查。与对照组和安慰剂组相比,非线性教学法攀岩课的外部调节和紧张得分显著降低,享受得分显著提高。这些结果表明,当与明确的教学目的相结合时,ICT可以对学习者产生积极的影响。
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引用次数: 6
Application of ecological dynamics principles to drowning prevention 生态动力学原理在溺水预防中的应用
Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.04.001
Chris Button, Jonathan Leo Ng, Carolina Burnay, Tina van Duijn

Drowning has been identified as the cause of over 2.5 million preventable deaths globally in the past decade. Lower- and middle-income countries in Asia have recorded the highest numbers of drowning worldwide and children seem particularly vulnerable. Drowning is a complex phenomenon informed by multiple interacting factors, and the majority of deaths occur in natural environments such as ponds, ditches, rivers and oceans. Any potential drowning prevention strategy should acknowledge the important relationships that are created between individuals and their environment in water safety education. In this article, we share how the ecological dynamics theoretical perspective can help inform our understanding of drowning prevention. First, we review recent drowning prevention recommendations provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Next, we discuss how well WHO's recommendations align with the principles of ecological dynamics. It is acknowledged that in many Asian countries, there are considerable challenges to delivering WHO's drowning prevention interventions. Teaching children basic swimming, water safety and self-rescue skills remains the most practical means to prevent drowning. The relevant scale of analysis for understanding behaviour is the individual-environment relationship. Specifically, the relative fit between these components may dictate how well water safety skills are learnt. Considerations such as installing barriers and adequate supervision around water can be scaffolded alongside an understanding of affordances in the context of water safety. We conclude that water safety education informed by an ecological dynamics approach is an effective partnership to help tackle the drowning pandemic.

在过去十年中,溺水已被确定为全球250多万例可预防死亡的原因。亚洲中低收入国家的溺水人数在世界范围内最高,儿童似乎特别容易受到伤害。溺水是一种复杂的现象,受到多种相互作用因素的影响,大多数死亡发生在池塘、沟渠、河流和海洋等自然环境中。任何潜在的溺水预防策略都应承认在水上安全教育中个人与其环境之间建立的重要关系。在这篇文章中,我们分享了生态动力学理论视角如何帮助我们了解溺水预防。首先,我们回顾了世界卫生组织(世卫组织)最近提供的预防溺水建议。接下来,我们将讨论世卫组织的建议在多大程度上符合生态动力学原则。人们承认,在许多亚洲国家,在提供世卫组织预防溺水干预措施方面存在相当大的挑战。教给孩子基本的游泳、水上安全和自救技能仍然是防止溺水最实用的方法。理解行为的相关分析尺度是个体与环境的关系。具体来说,这些组成部分之间的相对匹配可能决定了如何学习井水安全技能。在水周围安装障碍物和适当的监督等考虑因素可以与对水安全背景下的能力的理解一起建立起来。我们的结论是,以生态动力学方法为基础的水上安全教育是帮助解决溺水流行病的有效伙伴关系。
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引用次数: 4
An ecological dynamics perspective to learning 学习的生态动力学视角
Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.04.004
Jia Yi Chow, Ying Hwa Kee
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引用次数: 0
A games-based assessment in ecological dynamics for measuring physical literacy 一个基于游戏的评估在生态动态测量物理素养
Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.03.002
Brett Wilkie , Jonathan Foulkes , Carl T. Woods , Alice Sweeting , Colin Lewis , Keith Davids , James Rudd

Ideas and concepts taken from ecological dynamics might provide an alternative perspective on physical literacy assessment. The aim of this paper was to pilot an assessment of physical literacy conceptualised in an ecological dynamics theoretical rationale. The assessment that was designed has a number of unique features: its scale of analysis is captured at an individual-environment interaction level during game play and it captures key affordances that a child is attuning to and how they are functionally playing the game. Data collection involved observing primary school children playing invasion games in physical education classes. Digital, video-based tagging (Dartfish Pro) of children's behaviours using the emergent game-based assessment tool was completed. Pilot data provided insights on the potential rich interpretations possible, such as readily differentiating between low and high physical literacy learners’ behaviours when playing small-sided games. Greater knowledge of the performance environment was observed in children with higher physical literacy, noted through a greater capacity to favourably regulate their relative positioning between competing and cooperating players, adopting more varied offensive functionality, and exhibiting greater attunement to key affordances. Better understanding children's knowledge of the environment during games play, provides practitioners novel insight into how physical literacy reveals itself through embedded actions. This appreciation can help inform practice more holistically, contributing to richer learning environments and task design.

来自生态动力学的思想和概念可能为物理素养评估提供另一种视角。本文的目的是试点评估的物理素养概念化的生态动力学理论基础。所设计的评估有许多独特的功能:它的分析范围是在游戏过程中的个人-环境互动层面上捕获的,它捕获了儿童正在适应的关键功能,以及他们是如何玩游戏的。数据收集包括观察小学生在体育课上玩入侵游戏。使用基于紧急游戏的评估工具完成儿童行为的数字视频标记(Dartfish Pro)。试点数据提供了对潜在的丰富解释的见解,例如在玩小型游戏时容易区分低和高身体素养学习者的行为。在身体素质较高的儿童中观察到对表演环境的更多了解,通过更大的能力来有利地调节他们在竞争和合作参与者之间的相对定位,采用更多不同的进攻功能,并对关键的支持表现出更大的协调。更好地了解儿童在游戏过程中对环境的了解,为实践者提供了关于物理素养如何通过嵌入的行动揭示自身的新颖见解。这种欣赏可以帮助更全面地告知实践,有助于丰富学习环境和任务设计。
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引用次数: 4
An ecological dynamics approach to motor learning in practice: Reframing the learning and performing relationship in high performance sport 实践中运动学习的生态动力学方法:重构高性能运动中的学习与表演关系
Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.04.003
Ian Renshaw , Keith Davids , Mark O'Sullivan , Michael A. Maloney , Rian Crowther , Chris McCosker

For practitioners working in high performance sport, the primary goal is to ensure that precious preparation time is utilised efficiently, effectively and resourcefully to provide maximal impact on the performance potential of the individual or team. To achieve this goal, there is a need to treat athlete learning and development as an integral part of performing with a key focus on increasingly aligning the relation between the perfomer(s) and their environment, which may differ according to practice and performance (Button et al., 2020b). This article critiqued the weaknesses and limitations of traditional learning approaches in sport, seeking to highlight instead the value of adopting a contemporary ecological dynamics perspective, informing how practitioners should design practice to support a greater connectivity between the contexts of performance and learning.

对于从事高水平运动的实践者来说,首要目标是确保宝贵的准备时间得到高效、有效和机智的利用,以最大限度地发挥个人或团队的表现潜力。为了实现这一目标,有必要将运动员的学习和发展视为表演的一个组成部分,重点是越来越多地调整表演者与其环境之间的关系,这种关系可能会根据练习和表现而有所不同(Button等,2020b)。本文批评了传统体育学习方法的弱点和局限性,试图强调采用当代生态动力学视角的价值,告知从业者应该如何设计实践,以支持表演和学习背景之间的更大联系。
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引用次数: 10
Generality and specificity in a piecewise linear map model for motor learning 运动学习的分段线性映射模型的一般性和特异性
Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.02.002
Yeou-Teh Liu , Tsung-Yu Hsieh , Karl M. Newell

The specificity and generality of practice effects are central issues in motor learning, retention and transfer. The current study implemented the piecewise linear map model to analyze practice effects on five different target time conditions in discrete timing tasks. Five individualized target times were constructed and tested for eighteen adult healthy participants. After the pre-test, all participants practiced the mid-fast condition for 7 sessions before the post-test and the one-week retention-test were performed. In addition to the stochastic and deterministic model parameters, the success rates and ratios of absolute errors to the target windows were analyzed for the task performance. The results showed the general performance improvements as well as reduction of the noise amplitudes in the stochastic component of the map model for the mid-fast, median, mid-slow, and slow conditions but not the fast condition. The decreased absolute value of the trial-to-trial slopes that indicated a more efficient target time adjustment was only observed for the mid-fast condition. The practice effects of generality and specificity in performing sequential timing tasks were revealed in the stochastic and deterministic components of the piecewise linear map model.

练习效果的特异性和普遍性是运动学习、保留和迁移的核心问题。本研究采用分段线性映射模型分析了离散时间任务中五种不同目标时间条件下的练习效果。对18名成年健康参与者构建了5个个性化目标时间并进行了测试。在前测结束后,所有被试进行了7次中速训练,然后进行后测和一周记忆测试。除了随机和确定性模型参数外,还分析了任务性能的成功率和绝对误差与目标窗口的比率。结果表明,在中快、中位数、中慢和慢条件下,map模型的随机分量的噪声幅值有所降低,但在快速条件下则没有。试验对试验斜率的绝对值减小,表明更有效的目标时间调整仅在中速条件下观察到。在分段线性映射模型的随机和确定性成分中揭示了执行顺序时序任务的一般性和特异性的实践效应。
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引用次数: 1
‘Embracing turbulent waters’: Enhancing athlete self-regulation using the ‘PoST’ framework for performance preparation at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games 拥抱汹涌的水域:在2020年东京奥运会上,利用“PoST”框架加强运动员的自我监管
Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.03.001
Craig E. Morris , Fabian W. Otte , Martyn Rothwell , Keith Davids

Sport science has increasingly witnessed use of contemporary ecological approaches to athlete development, preparation, and skill acquisition, providing alternatives to traditional pedagogical approaches. Here we examine an ecological perspective on transferring theory into coaching practice for athlete self-regulation and performance preparation, by presenting the case example of one lead coach and three athletes representing Team GB in the sport of Canoe Slalom at the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo. The aims of this case exemplar are: (1) to offer insights into how an ecological dynamics rationale supported integration of nonlinear pedagogy and (skill) training periodisation, underpinning athlete preparation for world class Canoe Slalom competition; and (2), to provide a first-hand perspective on transfer of theory to support self-regulation, skill learning, and performance preparation in high-performance sport. In the case example, the ‘Periodisation of Skill Training’ framework (i.e., termed ‘PoST’ framework) for venue specific preparation at the Tokyo Olympics was applied and adapted. Principles of co-design, the Constraints-Led Approach, perception-action coupling and representative learning design were embedded within collaborative application of the framework across a support team including athlete, coach and psychologist. To conclude, facilitating athlete self-regulation is highlighted in practical exemplars to support paddlers to cope with the dynamic environments in canoe slalom.

体育科学越来越多地见证了当代生态学方法在运动员发展、准备和技能获取方面的应用,为传统的教学方法提供了替代方案。本文以2020年东京奥运会皮划艇激流回旋项目中代表英国队的一名首席教练和三名运动员为例,从生态学的角度考察了将理论转化为运动员自我调节和表现准备的教练实践。本案例范例的目的是:(1)深入了解生态动力学原理如何支持非线性教学法和(技能)训练周期的整合,支持运动员为世界级独木舟激流回旋比赛做准备;(2)提供理论迁移在高水平运动中支持自我调节、技能学习和表现准备的第一手视角。在这个案例中,东京奥运会特定场馆准备的“技能培训周期化”框架(即称为“PoST”框架)被应用和调整。协同设计原则、约束引导方法、感知-行动耦合和代表性学习设计被嵌入到包括运动员、教练和心理学家在内的支持团队的框架协作应用中。总之,促进运动员的自我调节是在实践范例中强调,以支持桨手应对动态环境的独木舟激流回旋。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
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