Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.058
Mrudul Nilesh Shroff, Supriyo Kumar Mondal, Sandhya R. Shewale
Sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.) are well-known for their high protein and oil content, which are particularly abundant in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA). Traditionally, oil extraction from these seeds involves pre-pressing and the use of solvents like n-hexane. However, these method has certain disadvantages, including solvent toxicity and prolonged processing times. To mitigate these issues, the three phase partitioning (TPP) technique has been introduced as an alternative, allowing for the efficient extraction of both oil and high-quality protein from sunflower seed residue. The TPP technique was used to extract oil from sunflower seeds, optimizing parameters such as ammonium sulphate concentration (45% w/v), slurry to t-butanol ratio (1:2 v/v), temperature (28 ± 2 °C), and solid to aqueous ratio (1:10 w/v). The study also includes a comparison of two types of ultrasound assisted TPP study. Ultrasound pre-treatment followed by TPP and simultaneous ultrasound-assisted TPP, both yielding 48.3% and 48% oil extraction. Extraction kinetics for conventional method, ultrasound-assisted three phase partitioning (UTPP), and ultrasound pre-treatment-assisted three phase partitioning (UPTPP) conformed to Peleg’s model.
{"title":"A study of three phase partitioning and ultrasound assisted three phase partitioning method to extract sunflower oil","authors":"Mrudul Nilesh Shroff, Supriyo Kumar Mondal, Sandhya R. Shewale","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sunflower seeds (<em>Helianthus annuus L.</em>) are well-known for their high protein and oil content, which are particularly abundant in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA). Traditionally, oil extraction from these seeds involves pre-pressing and the use of solvents like n-hexane. However, these method has certain disadvantages, including solvent toxicity and prolonged processing times. To mitigate these issues, the three phase partitioning (TPP) technique has been introduced as an alternative, allowing for the efficient extraction of both oil and high-quality protein from sunflower seed residue. The TPP technique was used to extract oil from sunflower seeds, optimizing parameters such as ammonium sulphate concentration (45% w/v), slurry to t-butanol ratio (1:2 v/v), temperature (28 ± 2 °C), and solid to aqueous ratio (1:10 w/v). The study also includes a comparison of two types of ultrasound assisted TPP study. Ultrasound pre-treatment followed by TPP and simultaneous ultrasound-assisted TPP, both yielding 48.3% and 48% oil extraction. Extraction kinetics for conventional method, ultrasound-assisted three phase partitioning (UTPP), and ultrasound pre-treatment-assisted three phase partitioning (UPTPP) conformed to Peleg’s model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10019,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research & Design","volume":"227 ","pages":"Pages 234-242"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.055
H.M. Radwan , K. Pope , K.A. Hawboldt , G.F. Naterer
This study investigates the hydrolysis process of the thermochemical copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle of hydrogen production, specifically the influence of CuCl₂ particle morphology and size on conversion and reaction rates. Effects of drying, crushing, and crystallization of particles are considered. CuCl₂ samples with average particle diameters of 95 µm (dried), 27 µm (crushed), and 230 µm (crystallized) were tested in a semi-batch fixed bed reactor at 390°C. Crystallization using HCl as an anti-solvent yielded flaky agglomerated particles and achieved up to 97 % conversion, outperforming dried material and closely matching the crushed sample. Kinetic modelling with a shrinking core model (SCM), for both spherical and cylindrical geometries, identified gas film diffusion as the dominant resistance for the smallest sizes of crushed and crystallized particles. X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of CuCl as a side product. The findings established crystallization as a promising approach to facilitate the hydrolysis process.
{"title":"Particle morphology effects on conversion and reaction rate of copper chloride hydrolysis for thermochemical hydrogen production","authors":"H.M. Radwan , K. Pope , K.A. Hawboldt , G.F. Naterer","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the hydrolysis process of the thermochemical copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle of hydrogen production, specifically the influence of CuCl₂ particle morphology and size on conversion and reaction rates. Effects of drying, crushing, and crystallization of particles are considered. CuCl₂ samples with average particle diameters of 95 µm (dried), 27 µm (crushed), and 230 µm (crystallized) were tested in a semi-batch fixed bed reactor at 390°C. Crystallization using HCl as an anti-solvent yielded flaky agglomerated particles and achieved up to 97 % conversion, outperforming dried material and closely matching the crushed sample. Kinetic modelling with a shrinking core model (SCM), for both spherical and cylindrical geometries, identified gas film diffusion as the dominant resistance for the smallest sizes of crushed and crystallized particles. X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of CuCl as a side product. The findings established crystallization as a promising approach to facilitate the hydrolysis process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10019,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research & Design","volume":"227 ","pages":"Pages 255-267"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, hydroxyapatite (HAp) synthesized from natural Moroccan phosphate and its polyaniline-modified composites (HAp–5PANI and HAp–10PANI) were developed as efficient adsorbents for the removal of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solutions. Structural and spectroscopic characterizations using XRD, FTIR, and SEM–EDX confirmed the successful formation of crystalline hydroxyapatite and its effective functionalization with polyaniline, resulting in hybrid materials with modified surface chemistry and enhanced heterogeneity. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that polyaniline incorporation markedly improved adsorption performance. The theoretical adsorption capacity derived from the Dubinin–Radushkevich model increased from 39.3 mg·g⁻¹ for pristine HAp to 94.2 mg·g⁻¹ for HAp–10PANI, reflecting a strong synergistic effect between the inorganic matrix and the polymeric phase. Kinetic studies showed that MO adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model with high correlation coefficients (R² > 0.97), indicating rapid uptake and efficient utilization of adsorption sites. Isotherm analysis revealed that the Freundlich model provided the most appropriate description of the adsorption process (R² up to 0.981), consistent with heterogeneous multilayer adsorption dominated by physical interactions, as confirmed by low mean adsorption energy values (E < 0.5 kJ·mol⁻¹). Regeneration experiments demonstrated good reusability of the PANI-modified composites, with HAp–10PANI retaining approximately 89 % of its initial removal efficiency after five adsorption–desorption cycles using alkaline regeneration, compared to about 70 % for pristine HAp. Overall, the results highlight the potential of polyaniline-functionalized hydroxyapatite derived from natural phosphate as a sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective adsorbent for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Enhanced adsorption of methyl orange using polyaniline-modified hydroxyapatite derived from natural Moroccan phosphate","authors":"Yousra Benchhiba, Souhayla Latifi, Douae Touareb, Larbi El Hammari, Sanaâ Saoiabi","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, hydroxyapatite (HAp) synthesized from natural Moroccan phosphate and its polyaniline-modified composites (HAp–5PANI and HAp–10PANI) were developed as efficient adsorbents for the removal of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solutions. Structural and spectroscopic characterizations using XRD, FTIR, and SEM–EDX confirmed the successful formation of crystalline hydroxyapatite and its effective functionalization with polyaniline, resulting in hybrid materials with modified surface chemistry and enhanced heterogeneity. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that polyaniline incorporation markedly improved adsorption performance. The theoretical adsorption capacity derived from the Dubinin–Radushkevich model increased from 39.3 mg·g⁻¹ for pristine HAp to 94.2 mg·g⁻¹ for HAp–10PANI, reflecting a strong synergistic effect between the inorganic matrix and the polymeric phase. Kinetic studies showed that MO adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model with high correlation coefficients (R² > 0.97), indicating rapid uptake and efficient utilization of adsorption sites. Isotherm analysis revealed that the Freundlich model provided the most appropriate description of the adsorption process (R² up to 0.981), consistent with heterogeneous multilayer adsorption dominated by physical interactions, as confirmed by low mean adsorption energy values (E < 0.5 kJ·mol⁻¹). Regeneration experiments demonstrated good reusability of the PANI-modified composites, with HAp–10PANI retaining approximately 89 % of its initial removal efficiency after five adsorption–desorption cycles using alkaline regeneration, compared to about 70 % for pristine HAp. Overall, the results highlight the potential of polyaniline-functionalized hydroxyapatite derived from natural phosphate as a sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective adsorbent for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10019,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research & Design","volume":"227 ","pages":"Pages 165-186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.031
Yao Shi, Ming Xiao, Zhe Wu
Traditional Lyapunov-based model predictive control (LMPC) using machine learning models typically involves three sequential steps: developing a machine learning (ML) model, designing a Lyapunov function for stability guarantees, and constructing the model predictive controller (MPC). However, these steps are inherently interdependent, and improper design in one component, such as the ML model or the Lyapunov function, can adversely affect controller design and closed-loop performance. To overcome these challenges, we propose an end-to-end machine learning-based Lyapunov-stable MPC (E2E-MLMPC) framework that simultaneously learns the Lyapunov function and MPC policy for nonlinear systems directly from data. Given a pre-trained ML model, a stabilizing control policy is learned within a unified computational graph that integrates the ML-based dynamics, system constraints, and Lyapunov stability conditions. The neural policy parameters are optimized via automatic differentiation, enabling end-to-end training with explicit stability certification. A rigorous theoretical analysis is provided to establish the closed-loop stability of the resulting controller. Furthermore, since the learned controller is implemented as a neural network, it substantially reduces online computation time compared with traditional ML-based MPC schemes. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed E2E-MLMPC framework achieves stable and efficient control performance in a chemical reactor example.
{"title":"End-to-end machine learning of Lyapunov-stable MPC for nonlinear systems with unknown dynamics","authors":"Yao Shi, Ming Xiao, Zhe Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional Lyapunov-based model predictive control (LMPC) using machine learning models typically involves three sequential steps: developing a machine learning (ML) model, designing a Lyapunov function for stability guarantees, and constructing the model predictive controller (MPC). However, these steps are inherently interdependent, and improper design in one component, such as the ML model or the Lyapunov function, can adversely affect controller design and closed-loop performance. To overcome these challenges, we propose an end-to-end machine learning-based Lyapunov-stable MPC (E2E-MLMPC) framework that simultaneously learns the Lyapunov function and MPC policy for nonlinear systems directly from data. Given a pre-trained ML model, a stabilizing control policy is learned within a unified computational graph that integrates the ML-based dynamics, system constraints, and Lyapunov stability conditions. The neural policy parameters are optimized via automatic differentiation, enabling end-to-end training with explicit stability certification. A rigorous theoretical analysis is provided to establish the closed-loop stability of the resulting controller. Furthermore, since the learned controller is implemented as a neural network, it substantially reduces online computation time compared with traditional ML-based MPC schemes. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed E2E-MLMPC framework achieves stable and efficient control performance in a chemical reactor example.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10019,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research & Design","volume":"227 ","pages":"Pages 130-141"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.053
Ayse Elif Ates , Sinan Ates , Serdar Aydın , Gamze Varank
The treatment of real pharmaceutical wastewater remains a major challenge due to its highly complex composition, strong matrix effects, and associated toxicity. In this study, a real industrial pharmaceutical wastewater was treated using electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO) and photo electrocatalytic oxidation (PECO) processes employing Zn/TiO2-coated stainless-steel electrodes. The performance of the two processes was systematically evaluated and compared under identical operating conditions. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize key operational parameters, including initial pH, applied current density, reaction time, and temperature. The developed models successfully predicted COD and UV254 removal efficiencies with high accuracy (R2>0.98), revealing strong interaction effects among operational variables. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was further employed to elucidate multivariate relationships, identifying COD, UV254, and current density as the dominant contributors to process variability. Among the tested configurations, the PECO system using a Zn/TiO2-TiO2 electrode pair exhibited superior performance, achieving maximum removal efficiencies of 78.78 % COD and 71.75 % UV254. Acute toxicity assessment using Daphnia magna demonstrated a substantial improvement in effluent quality, with immobilization decreasing from 97 % to 28 % after PECO treatment. A strong correlation between UV₂₅₄ reduction and toxicity abatement was observed, indicating that UV254 may serve as a useful indicative parameter for tracking ecotoxicity changes within this specific system. This study presents a comparative and integrated evaluation of ECO and PECO processes for real pharmaceutical wastewater, combining advanced electrode design, statistical optimization, multivariate analysis, and ecotoxicological assessment. The results highlight the critical role of photo-assisted electrocatalysis and process optimization in achieving effective pollutant removal and toxicity reduction under realistic industrial conditions.
{"title":"Performance comparison of electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic oxidation processes for the treatment of real pharmaceutical wastewater: Mechanistic insights and acute toxicity assessment","authors":"Ayse Elif Ates , Sinan Ates , Serdar Aydın , Gamze Varank","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The treatment of real pharmaceutical wastewater remains a major challenge due to its highly complex composition, strong matrix effects, and associated toxicity. In this study, a real industrial pharmaceutical wastewater was treated using electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO) and photo electrocatalytic oxidation (PECO) processes employing Zn/TiO<sub>2</sub>-coated stainless-steel electrodes. The performance of the two processes was systematically evaluated and compared under identical operating conditions. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize key operational parameters, including initial pH, applied current density, reaction time, and temperature. The developed models successfully predicted COD and UV<sub>254</sub> removal efficiencies with high accuracy (R<sup>2</sup>>0.98), revealing strong interaction effects among operational variables. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was further employed to elucidate multivariate relationships, identifying COD, UV<sub>254</sub>, and current density as the dominant contributors to process variability. Among the tested configurations, the PECO system using a Zn/TiO<sub>2</sub>-TiO<sub>2</sub> electrode pair exhibited superior performance, achieving maximum removal efficiencies of 78.78 % COD and 71.75 % UV<sub>254</sub>. Acute toxicity assessment using <em>Daphnia magna</em> demonstrated a substantial improvement in effluent quality, with immobilization decreasing from 97 % to 28 % after PECO treatment. A strong correlation between UV₂₅₄ reduction and toxicity abatement was observed, indicating that UV<sub>254</sub> may serve as a useful indicative parameter for tracking ecotoxicity changes within this specific system. This study presents a comparative and integrated evaluation of ECO and PECO processes for real pharmaceutical wastewater, combining advanced electrode design, statistical optimization, multivariate analysis, and ecotoxicological assessment. The results highlight the critical role of photo-assisted electrocatalysis and process optimization in achieving effective pollutant removal and toxicity reduction under realistic industrial conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10019,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research & Design","volume":"227 ","pages":"Pages 204-222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.056
Muhammad Usman Farid , Laura Unger , Dyrney Araújo dos Santos , Andreas Bück
Fine aggregates are considered as essential elements in the production of a wide range of food, pharmaceutical as well as other chemical products. In process industry, mixing of such particles is a crucial operation which controls the quality, texture and attributes of the final product. However, mixing becomes quite challenging while dealing with cohesive particles because of strong inter particulate forces, mostly van der Waals or capillary forces. A strong external force is required to overcome the cohesive forces and eventually, to agitate and mix such aggregates. With several advantages, mixing of such aggregates can be carried out in gas phase regime using fluidized bed systems. However, gas-solid environment yields to turbulence multiphase flow dynamics which needs to be investigated for optimum performance. In the current study, a two-way coupled Euler-Lagrange CFD model has been developed for the investigation of hydrodynamics and mixing of multiphase flows in an opposed jets fluidized bed. In total two phases were selected including air as a gas phase whereas TiO2 was considered as the solid phase. Particles were placed in the domain at known quantity and different streams of air jet were injected with the help of three nozzles mounted in the bottom and side walls of the apparatus. As a result, fluid dynamically different zones were formed such as stressing zone and mixing zone. Increasing air flow rate, the suspension and mixing of particles is improved. However, very high air injections results in formation of wall bounded layer of particles which negatively effects the mixing. High particle concentration was found near the wall in case of air flow rate injected at a flow rate of 0.003 kg/s. Further investigations are planned in order to further explore effect of dynamic classifier, particle size distribution and mass loading.
{"title":"Numerical study of multiphase mixing of micron sized aggregates in opposed jets fluidized bed","authors":"Muhammad Usman Farid , Laura Unger , Dyrney Araújo dos Santos , Andreas Bück","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fine aggregates are considered as essential elements in the production of a wide range of food, pharmaceutical as well as other chemical products. In process industry, mixing of such particles is a crucial operation which controls the quality, texture and attributes of the final product. However, mixing becomes quite challenging while dealing with cohesive particles because of strong inter particulate forces, mostly van der Waals or capillary forces. A strong external force is required to overcome the cohesive forces and eventually, to agitate and mix such aggregates. With several advantages, mixing of such aggregates can be carried out in gas phase regime using fluidized bed systems. However, gas-solid environment yields to turbulence multiphase flow dynamics which needs to be investigated for optimum performance. In the current study, a two-way coupled Euler-Lagrange CFD model has been developed for the investigation of hydrodynamics and mixing of multiphase flows in an opposed jets fluidized bed. In total two phases were selected including air as a gas phase whereas TiO<sub>2</sub> was considered as the solid phase. Particles were placed in the domain at known quantity and different streams of air jet were injected with the help of three nozzles mounted in the bottom and side walls of the apparatus. As a result, fluid dynamically different zones were formed such as stressing zone and mixing zone. Increasing air flow rate, the suspension and mixing of particles is improved. However, very high air injections results in formation of wall bounded layer of particles which negatively effects the mixing. High particle concentration was found near the wall in case of air flow rate injected at a flow rate of 0.003 kg/s. Further investigations are planned in order to further explore effect of dynamic classifier, particle size distribution and mass loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10019,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research & Design","volume":"227 ","pages":"Pages 223-233"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.054
Dongxiang Wang , Xinjun Yang , Fangyang Yuan , Jiyun Du , Wei Yu , Zhong Chen , Hao Peng , Xiang Ling
This study proposes a novel radially grooved spinning disk reactor (SDR) and evaluates its capability for the high-throughput synthesis of barium sulfate nanoparticles via reactive precipitation. The effect of operating parameters and flow characteristics on particle size were systematically investigated. The radial groove significantly affects the sizes. Increasing rotational Reynolds numbers produce particles with smaller size and narrower distribution. The radially grooved disk requires substantially lower rotational speeds to achieve comparable particle sizes. While the mean particle size increased with the inlet Reynolds number for the smooth disk, it decreased for the grooved disk even at 1.6 L/min, although this effect weakened at high rotational speeds. The mean sizes of smooth disk exhibit a pronounced relationship with Reynolds number ratios as , and a linear relationship with film heights of disk edge. While for the radially grooved disk, the sizes exhibit a power-law relationship with wall-averaged shear rates as . At high shear rates, centrifugal effects dominate the flow, the disk surface exhibit diminished effect on particle size. The specific dispersed power is a key factor affecting influencing the final particle size. For the smooth and radially grooved disks, the sizes can be predicted as and . Although the enhancing effect of the grooves attenuates at high specific power, the particle size is well determined by the dimensionless flow rate and the linear velocity at the disk edge.
{"title":"High-throughput synthesis of BaSO4 nanoparticles via a radially grooved spinning disk reactor: Process intensification and mechanistic elucidation","authors":"Dongxiang Wang , Xinjun Yang , Fangyang Yuan , Jiyun Du , Wei Yu , Zhong Chen , Hao Peng , Xiang Ling","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel radially grooved spinning disk reactor (SDR) and evaluates its capability for the high-throughput synthesis of barium sulfate nanoparticles via reactive precipitation. The effect of operating parameters and flow characteristics on particle size were systematically investigated. The radial groove significantly affects the sizes. Increasing rotational Reynolds numbers produce particles with smaller size and narrower distribution. The radially grooved disk requires substantially lower rotational speeds to achieve comparable particle sizes. While the mean particle size increased with the inlet Reynolds number for the smooth disk, it decreased for the grooved disk even at 1.6 L/min, although this effect weakened at high rotational speeds. The mean sizes of smooth disk exhibit a pronounced relationship with Reynolds number ratios as <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><msup><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Re</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.546</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, and a linear relationship with film heights of disk edge. While for the radially grooved disk, the sizes exhibit a power-law relationship with wall-averaged shear rates as <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><msup><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.412</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. At high shear rates, centrifugal effects dominate the flow, the disk surface exhibit diminished effect on particle size. The specific dispersed power is a key factor affecting influencing the final particle size. For the smooth and radially grooved disks, the sizes can be predicted as <span><math><mrow><mn>2.56</mn><msup><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.234</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>0.97</mn><msup><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.22</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. Although the enhancing effect of the grooves attenuates at high specific power, the particle size is well determined by the dimensionless flow rate and the linear velocity at the disk edge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10019,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research & Design","volume":"227 ","pages":"Pages 243-254"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.052
Fatemeh Radaei, Mohsen Jahanshahi, Majid Peyravi, Nima Hosseinzadeh Yekani
The increasing presence of antibiotics in water resources has raised serious environmental concerns, highlighting the need for efficient and practical treatment systems. In this study, a hybrid treatment system consisting of a gravity-driven packed-bed column inspired by the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) concept and a downstream membrane process was developed for the removal of azithromycin (AZI) from water. The PRB-based column was filled with magnetic granular activated carbon (MGAC) and operated as a passive pretreatment unit prior to membrane filtration. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized using FESEM, EDX, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, while the physicochemical properties of the fabricated polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were evaluated by cross-sectional FESEM and AFM analyses. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated a maximum AZI removal efficiency of 99.96 % at pH 2, a contact time of 80 min, and an initial AZI concentration of 100 mg/L, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 192.1 mg/g. The adsorption behavior followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm, with correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.9997 and 0.9976, respectively. Column experiments revealed that AZI removal performance was strongly influenced by bed height, inlet flow rate, and influent concentration, with a maximum removal efficiency of 67 % achieved at a bed depth of 10 cm, a flow rate of 5 mL/min, and an inlet AZI concentration of 100 mg/L. Breakthrough curve was well described by the Thomas and Yan models, with the Yan model providing the best fit. The effectiveness of the PRB-based column as a pretreatment step was further evaluated using PES membranes with polymer concentrations of 15 % (M1) and 20 % (M2). Following pretreatment, membrane flux and AZI rejection significantly improved, with flux increasing from 72 to 110 L/m2.h and rejection from 30 % to 82 % for M1, and from 30 to 50 L/m2.h with rejection increasing from 98 % to 99.9 % for M2. These results demonstrate that the proposed PRB-based hybrid system is an effective and energy-efficient approach for AZI removal and fouling mitigation in membrane processes.
{"title":"PRB based hybrid adsorption-membrane for the treatment of pharmaceutical -contaminated water","authors":"Fatemeh Radaei, Mohsen Jahanshahi, Majid Peyravi, Nima Hosseinzadeh Yekani","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing presence of antibiotics in water resources has raised serious environmental concerns, highlighting the need for efficient and practical treatment systems. In this study, a hybrid treatment system consisting of a gravity-driven packed-bed column inspired by the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) concept and a downstream membrane process was developed for the removal of azithromycin (AZI) from water. The PRB-based column was filled with magnetic granular activated carbon (MGAC) and operated as a passive pretreatment unit prior to membrane filtration. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized using FESEM, EDX, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, while the physicochemical properties of the fabricated polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were evaluated by cross-sectional FESEM and AFM analyses. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated a maximum AZI removal efficiency of 99.96 % at pH 2, a contact time of 80 min, and an initial AZI concentration of 100 mg/L, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 192.1 mg/g. The adsorption behavior followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm, with correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.9997 and 0.9976, respectively. Column experiments revealed that AZI removal performance was strongly influenced by bed height, inlet flow rate, and influent concentration, with a maximum removal efficiency of 67 % achieved at a bed depth of 10 cm, a flow rate of 5 mL/min, and an inlet AZI concentration of 100 mg/L. Breakthrough curve was well described by the Thomas and Yan models, with the Yan model providing the best fit. The effectiveness of the PRB-based column as a pretreatment step was further evaluated using PES membranes with polymer concentrations of 15 % (M1) and 20 % (M2). Following pretreatment, membrane flux and AZI rejection significantly improved, with flux increasing from 72 to 110 L/m<sup>2</sup>.h and rejection from 30 % to 82 % for M1, and from 30 to 50 L/m<sup>2</sup>.h with rejection increasing from 98 % to 99.9 % for M2. These results demonstrate that the proposed PRB-based hybrid system is an effective and energy-efficient approach for AZI removal and fouling mitigation in membrane processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10019,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research & Design","volume":"227 ","pages":"Pages 187-203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.049
Yuxin Wang , Jingting Liu
Surface wettability governs critical interfacial phenomena at the solid-liquid-gas three-phase boundary. It serves as a pivotal factor in regulating bubble dynamics, which in turn fundamentally dictates bubble acoustic emissions. However, despite this intrinsic link, a comprehensive synthesis elucidating the relationship between surface wettability and bubble acoustics remains absent, and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. To address this gap, this paper systematically reviews state-of-the-art methodologies for engineering superhydrophobic (contact angle >150º) and superhydrophilic (contact angle <5º) surfaces via the synergistic combination of laser texturing and low-surface-energy chemical modification. It provides an in-depth elucidation of the physical mechanisms linking wettability gradients to the thermodynamics of bubble nucleation, the mechanics of directional transport, and the modulation of acoustic signatures. By identifying current challenges in wettability-driven bubble control, this study offers critical theoretical insights and innovative design concepts for advancing ship drag reduction and mitigating underwater noise, measures that are crucial for the conservation of marine ecosystems.
{"title":"Superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surfaces: Interfacial engineering for regulating bubble dynamics and acoustic signatures","authors":"Yuxin Wang , Jingting Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface wettability governs critical interfacial phenomena at the solid-liquid-gas three-phase boundary. It serves as a pivotal factor in regulating bubble dynamics, which in turn fundamentally dictates bubble acoustic emissions. However, despite this intrinsic link, a comprehensive synthesis elucidating the relationship between surface wettability and bubble acoustics remains absent, and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. To address this gap, this paper systematically reviews state-of-the-art methodologies for engineering superhydrophobic (contact angle >150º) and superhydrophilic (contact angle <5º) surfaces via the synergistic combination of laser texturing and low-surface-energy chemical modification. It provides an in-depth elucidation of the physical mechanisms linking wettability gradients to the thermodynamics of bubble nucleation, the mechanics of directional transport, and the modulation of acoustic signatures. By identifying current challenges in wettability-driven bubble control, this study offers critical theoretical insights and innovative design concepts for advancing ship drag reduction and mitigating underwater noise, measures that are crucial for the conservation of marine ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10019,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research & Design","volume":"227 ","pages":"Pages 142-164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.050
Lei Chen , Yuting Guo , Yanqiu Wang , Yin Tang , Hong Liu , Yixian Wang , Shuangyu Wang , Zishan Yin , Yong Li
Coking wastewater is an organic wastewater containing recalcitrant contaminants. If not treated properly, it poses a serious threat to public health and environment. In this study, a novel heterogeneous Fenton catalyst, honeycomb activated carbon (HAC)/α-FeOOH, was fabricated via an impregnation and calcination method, in which HAC served as a support matrix for immobilizing α-FeOOH. HAC/α-FeOOH exhibits notable process-intensification attributes, including broad pH adaptability (3−9), high efficiency, and practical applicability. In heterogeneous chemical Fenton, the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH₃-N, and color reached 89.3 %, 85 %, and 90 %, respectively. In the heterogeneous electrical Fenton (hetero-EF), the concentrations of COD and NH₃-N were both decreased to below the detection limit. The color removal efficiency reached 99 %. Kinetic analysis revealed that COD reduction followed first-order reaction kinetics. Both quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra confirmed that the hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated is the primary active substance for removing pollutants. Spectral analyses provided evidence of the effective degradation of heterocyclic and aromatic compounds. A miniaturized dynamic apparatus was constructed using HAC/α-FeOOH to mimic real industrial conditions. Over 48 h of continuous operation, the apparatus maintained excellent removal efficiency and stability, confirming the stable performance and practical application potential of HAC/α-FeOOH.
{"title":"Honeycomb activated carbon/α-FeOOH catalyst: Construction of heterogeneous chemical and electrical Fenton for treating coking wastewater and dynamic practicality assessment","authors":"Lei Chen , Yuting Guo , Yanqiu Wang , Yin Tang , Hong Liu , Yixian Wang , Shuangyu Wang , Zishan Yin , Yong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cherd.2026.01.050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coking wastewater is an organic wastewater containing recalcitrant contaminants. If not treated properly, it poses a serious threat to public health and environment. In this study, a novel heterogeneous Fenton catalyst, honeycomb activated carbon (HAC)/α-FeOOH, was fabricated via an impregnation and calcination method, in which HAC served as a support matrix for immobilizing α-FeOOH. HAC/α-FeOOH exhibits notable process-intensification attributes, including broad pH adaptability (3−9), high efficiency, and practical applicability. In heterogeneous chemical Fenton, the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH₃-N, and color reached 89.3 %, 85 %, and 90 %, respectively. In the heterogeneous electrical Fenton (hetero-EF), the concentrations of COD and NH₃-N were both decreased to below the detection limit. The color removal efficiency reached 99 %. Kinetic analysis revealed that COD reduction followed first-order reaction kinetics. Both quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra confirmed that the hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated is the primary active substance for removing pollutants. Spectral analyses provided evidence of the effective degradation of heterocyclic and aromatic compounds. A miniaturized dynamic apparatus was constructed using HAC/α-FeOOH to mimic real industrial conditions. Over 48 h of continuous operation, the apparatus maintained excellent removal efficiency and stability, confirming the stable performance and practical application potential of HAC/α-FeOOH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10019,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research & Design","volume":"227 ","pages":"Pages 77-88"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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