Sine-wave drive and square-wave drive are two common motor control strategies. This study constructs a mathematical model capable of predicting the distribution of electromagnetic force waves in synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) under these two drive methods, and comparatively analyzes the vibration phenomena induced by electromagnetic forces under different drive methods. It aims to provide an effective tool for predicting the distribution of electromagnetic force waves in SynRMs, while exploring the influence of drive modes on their vibration characteristics. The study focuses on a 4-pole, 36-slot 5.5 kW SynRM. Based on the magnetomotive force (MMF)-permeance method, incorporating the special rotor structure and the characteristics of current harmonics under square-wave drive, an air-gap flux distribution function is established. Meanwhile, Maxwell's stress tensor method is adopted to analyze how the air-gap flux density relates to electromagnetic excitation force waves. Subsequently, this analysis is applied to forecast the spatiotemporal distribution features of radial electromagnetic force waves. Finite element simulations are conducted to compute the modal and vibration responses of the SynRM, followed by a comparative analysis of the vibration characteristics under the two drive methods. Additionally, a 6-pole, 36-slot SynRM is used for additional comparative verification. Ultimately, the effectiveness of the simulation results is verified through experiments.
{"title":"Analysis on Electromagnetic Vibration of Synchronous Reluctance Motors under Different Drive Methods","authors":"Tiansa Chen;Xiuhe Wang;Lingling Sun;Jinyang Xu;Jihao Wang;Jinjun Huang","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00026","url":null,"abstract":"Sine-wave drive and square-wave drive are two common motor control strategies. This study constructs a mathematical model capable of predicting the distribution of electromagnetic force waves in synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) under these two drive methods, and comparatively analyzes the vibration phenomena induced by electromagnetic forces under different drive methods. It aims to provide an effective tool for predicting the distribution of electromagnetic force waves in SynRMs, while exploring the influence of drive modes on their vibration characteristics. The study focuses on a 4-pole, 36-slot 5.5 kW SynRM. Based on the magnetomotive force (MMF)-permeance method, incorporating the special rotor structure and the characteristics of current harmonics under square-wave drive, an air-gap flux distribution function is established. Meanwhile, Maxwell's stress tensor method is adopted to analyze how the air-gap flux density relates to electromagnetic excitation force waves. Subsequently, this analysis is applied to forecast the spatiotemporal distribution features of radial electromagnetic force waves. Finite element simulations are conducted to compute the modal and vibration responses of the SynRM, followed by a comparative analysis of the vibration characteristics under the two drive methods. Additionally, a 6-pole, 36-slot SynRM is used for additional comparative verification. Ultimately, the effectiveness of the simulation results is verified through experiments.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 3","pages":"300-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11189081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00023
Haowen Jiang;Xueqing Wang;Xinyu Yan;Dianxun Xiao;Xiaobao Yang;Zheng Wang
To achieve high power rating and low current harmonics of motor drive, this paper develops a dual three-phase open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-OW-PMSM) drive with the DC-link voltage ratio of 2:1:1. Based on this topology, this paper proposes a DTP four-level space vector pulse width modulation (DTP-FL SVPWM) strategy. First, two identical three-phase four-level space vector diagrams are constructed and divided. Then, three adjacent vectors nearest to the reference vector in each diagram are selected for the vector synthesis to guarantee high modulation precision and low switching frequency. Furthermore, to avoid the modulation error caused by the voltage deviation, the proposed DTP-FL SVPWM strategy is further optimized through unified duty ratio compensation (UDRC). The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified through experiments.
{"title":"Four-Level SVPWM Strategy of Dual Three-Phase Open-Winding PMSM Drive","authors":"Haowen Jiang;Xueqing Wang;Xinyu Yan;Dianxun Xiao;Xiaobao Yang;Zheng Wang","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00023","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve high power rating and low current harmonics of motor drive, this paper develops a dual three-phase open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-OW-PMSM) drive with the DC-link voltage ratio of 2:1:1. Based on this topology, this paper proposes a DTP four-level space vector pulse width modulation (DTP-FL SVPWM) strategy. First, two identical three-phase four-level space vector diagrams are constructed and divided. Then, three adjacent vectors nearest to the reference vector in each diagram are selected for the vector synthesis to guarantee high modulation precision and low switching frequency. Furthermore, to avoid the modulation error caused by the voltage deviation, the proposed DTP-FL SVPWM strategy is further optimized through unified duty ratio compensation (UDRC). The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified through experiments.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 3","pages":"257-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11189080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00024
Kaiyu Shan;Ke Wang;Wei Zhang;Yuxiang Zhu;Lu Zhao;Jinquan Zhu;Yaohua Li
During the startup of the hydraulic turbine generators, the hybrid magnetic bearing support system exhibits displacement fluctuations, and the nonlinearity and strong coupling characteristics of the magnetic bearings limit the accuracy of rotor modeling, making traditional control methods difficult to adapt to parameter variations. To suppress startup disturbances and achieve a control strategy with low computational complexity and high precision, this paper proposes a five-degree-of-freedom hybrid magnetic bearing control strategy based on an improved cascaded reduced-order linear active disturbance rejection controller (CRLADRC). The front-stage reduced-order linear extended state observer (FRLESO) reduces the system's computational complexity, enabling the system to maintain stability during motor startup disturbances. The second-stage reduced-order linear extended state observer (SRLESO) further enhances the system's disturbance estimation accuracy while maintaining low computational complexity. Furthermore, the disturbance rejection and noise suppression capabilities are analyzed in the frequency domain and the stability of the proposed control method is proven using Lyapunov theory. Experimental results indicate that the proposed strategy effectively reduces displacement fluctuations in the hybrid magnetic bearing support system during motor startup, significantly enhancing the system's robustness.
{"title":"Control Strategy for Hybrid Magnetic Bearing Based on Improved Cascaded Reduced-Order Active Disturbance Rejection Controller","authors":"Kaiyu Shan;Ke Wang;Wei Zhang;Yuxiang Zhu;Lu Zhao;Jinquan Zhu;Yaohua Li","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00024","url":null,"abstract":"During the startup of the hydraulic turbine generators, the hybrid magnetic bearing support system exhibits displacement fluctuations, and the nonlinearity and strong coupling characteristics of the magnetic bearings limit the accuracy of rotor modeling, making traditional control methods difficult to adapt to parameter variations. To suppress startup disturbances and achieve a control strategy with low computational complexity and high precision, this paper proposes a five-degree-of-freedom hybrid magnetic bearing control strategy based on an improved cascaded reduced-order linear active disturbance rejection controller (CRLADRC). The front-stage reduced-order linear extended state observer (FRLESO) reduces the system's computational complexity, enabling the system to maintain stability during motor startup disturbances. The second-stage reduced-order linear extended state observer (SRLESO) further enhances the system's disturbance estimation accuracy while maintaining low computational complexity. Furthermore, the disturbance rejection and noise suppression capabilities are analyzed in the frequency domain and the stability of the proposed control method is proven using Lyapunov theory. Experimental results indicate that the proposed strategy effectively reduces displacement fluctuations in the hybrid magnetic bearing support system during motor startup, significantly enhancing the system's robustness.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 3","pages":"340-351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11189078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00025
Jiawei Chai;Xianguo Gui;Qiang Gao;Dianguo Xu
Compared to the conventional permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), the main characteristic of permanent magnet torque machine (PMTM) with high torque is that armature current is high, which has a great influence on magnetic circuit saturation, so this paper proposes a novel analytical method (AM) considering this problem. The key of this new AM is to consider armature reaction flux and armature leakage flux, which are closely related to output torque. Firstly, the expressions, including magnetomotive force (MMF) generated by permanent magnets (PMs) and armature windings are derived, and meanwhile slotting effect is considered by planning flux path. In addition, the expression of leakage flux density generated by armature windings are calculated, and flux density equivalence coefficient of tooth is calculated to be 2/3, which is used to solve the problem of uneven saturation of each tooth. Then, based on main flux factor and leakage flux factor proposed, an improved iteration process is proposed, and by this new process, the flux density of each yoke and tooth can be obtained, which is beneficial to obtain more accurate air-gap flux density and flux linkage. Finally, a prototype of 60-pole 54-slot is fabricated, and the performances of the electric machine, such as back electromotive force (EMF) and output torque, are calculated by this new AM and finite element method (FEM). The results of FEM and experimental test show that this new AM is good enough to calculate the performance of PMTM.
{"title":"Analytical Method of Permanent Magnet Torque Machine with High Torque for Considering the Influence of Armature Magnetic Field","authors":"Jiawei Chai;Xianguo Gui;Qiang Gao;Dianguo Xu","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00025","url":null,"abstract":"Compared to the conventional permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), the main characteristic of permanent magnet torque machine (PMTM) with high torque is that armature current is high, which has a great influence on magnetic circuit saturation, so this paper proposes a novel analytical method (AM) considering this problem. The key of this new AM is to consider armature reaction flux and armature leakage flux, which are closely related to output torque. Firstly, the expressions, including magnetomotive force (MMF) generated by permanent magnets (PMs) and armature windings are derived, and meanwhile slotting effect is considered by planning flux path. In addition, the expression of leakage flux density generated by armature windings are calculated, and flux density equivalence coefficient of tooth is calculated to be 2/3, which is used to solve the problem of uneven saturation of each tooth. Then, based on main flux factor and leakage flux factor proposed, an improved iteration process is proposed, and by this new process, the flux density of each yoke and tooth can be obtained, which is beneficial to obtain more accurate air-gap flux density and flux linkage. Finally, a prototype of 60-pole 54-slot is fabricated, and the performances of the electric machine, such as back electromotive force (EMF) and output torque, are calculated by this new AM and finite element method (FEM). The results of FEM and experimental test show that this new AM is good enough to calculate the performance of PMTM.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 3","pages":"289-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11189079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00022
Ping Zheng;Wei Liu;Yiteng Gao;Chengde Tong;Yi Sui
Permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are widely used in robotics, rail transportation, and electric vehicles owing to their high power density, high efficiency, and high power factor. However, PMSMs often operate in harsh environments, where critical components such as windings and permanent magnets (PMs) are susceptible to failures. These faults can lead to a significant degradation in performance, posing substantial challenges to the reliable operation of PMSMs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of common fault types in PMSMs, along with their corresponding fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategies. The underlying mechanisms of typical faults are systematically analyzed, followed by a detailed comparison of various diagnostic and fault-tolerant control methods to evaluate their respective advantages and limitations. Finally, the review concludes by identifying key research gaps in PMSM fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control, while proposing potential future directions for advancing this field.
{"title":"Review of Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control Technologies for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine","authors":"Ping Zheng;Wei Liu;Yiteng Gao;Chengde Tong;Yi Sui","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00022","url":null,"abstract":"Permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are widely used in robotics, rail transportation, and electric vehicles owing to their high power density, high efficiency, and high power factor. However, PMSMs often operate in harsh environments, where critical components such as windings and permanent magnets (PMs) are susceptible to failures. These faults can lead to a significant degradation in performance, posing substantial challenges to the reliable operation of PMSMs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of common fault types in PMSMs, along with their corresponding fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategies. The underlying mechanisms of typical faults are systematically analyzed, followed by a detailed comparison of various diagnostic and fault-tolerant control methods to evaluate their respective advantages and limitations. Finally, the review concludes by identifying key research gaps in PMSM fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control, while proposing potential future directions for advancing this field.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 3","pages":"320-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11189075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00028
Xiang Wu;Yongqi Ji;Chao Li;Yongxiang Xu;Jibin Zou;Lisi Tian;Shuo Chen;Zhixun Ma;Yaofei Han
Active damping (AD) strategy is an economical and efficient method to solve the resonant problem of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system with inductor-capacitor (LC) sine wave filter. In this article, the AD methods used in PMSM drive system are classified as inherent damping (ID), state variable feedback, and digital filter. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview and analysis of the AD methods on PMSM drive system in recent years, and to comprehensively review, compare, and summarize the stability, dynamic performance, robustness, and algorithm complexity. Furthermore, a new expansion of AD method based on capacitor current feedback with high-pass filter (HPF-CCF) is studied to ensure the effectiveness when the resonant frequency is around sixth of the sampling frequency. The simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of theoretical analysis.
{"title":"Review and New Expansion of the Active Damping Strategy of the PMSM Drive System with LC Sine Wave Filter","authors":"Xiang Wu;Yongqi Ji;Chao Li;Yongxiang Xu;Jibin Zou;Lisi Tian;Shuo Chen;Zhixun Ma;Yaofei Han","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00028","url":null,"abstract":"Active damping (AD) strategy is an economical and efficient method to solve the resonant problem of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system with inductor-capacitor (LC) sine wave filter. In this article, the AD methods used in PMSM drive system are classified as inherent damping (ID), state variable feedback, and digital filter. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview and analysis of the AD methods on PMSM drive system in recent years, and to comprehensively review, compare, and summarize the stability, dynamic performance, robustness, and algorithm complexity. Furthermore, a new expansion of AD method based on capacitor current feedback with high-pass filter (HPF-CCF) is studied to ensure the effectiveness when the resonant frequency is around sixth of the sampling frequency. The simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of theoretical analysis.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 3","pages":"268-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11189082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00027
Rinki Roy Chowdhury;G. Koperundevi
This paper presents an improved, energy-efficient Model Predictive Current Control (MPCC) strategy based on centroid-based virtual voltage vector synthesis for three-phase inverter-fed induction motor drives in electric vehicle (EV) applications. Unlike conventional finite-set MPCC methods that rely on cost function evaluation over discrete switching states, the proposed approach eliminates the need for look-up tables by employing a pre-defined set of virtual vectors. These centroid-based virtual voltage vectors are synthesized by combining two adjacent active vectors and two nonzero voltage vectors in opposite directions adjacent to the sector replacing the traditional switching set. They approximate the reference voltage vector in both magnitude and phase angle, thereby reducing current tracking error through a simplified cost function. The number of candidate vectors is reduced, preserving computational efficiency. Furthermore, the scheme ensures zero average common-mode voltage (CMV) per sampling interval by completely avoiding zero-voltage vectors (ZVVs). The proposed method reduces torque ripple by up to 17% compared to the conventional approach and lowers stator current total harmonic distortion (THD) by 37%, while ensuring evenly distributed switching transitions among inverter legs. This results in reduced switching losses and enhanced drive efficiency-particularly advantageous in EV applications. Experimental validation under the high-speed extra urban driving cycle (EUDC) and low-speed ECE-R15 cycle, including torque ripple and energy consumption analysis, confirms the effectiveness of the approach, achieving an overall efficiency of 83.3%.
{"title":"Energy-Efficient MPCC Using Centroid-Synthesized Virtual Voltage Vectors for IM Drives in Electric Vehicles","authors":"Rinki Roy Chowdhury;G. Koperundevi","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00027","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an improved, energy-efficient Model Predictive Current Control (MPCC) strategy based on centroid-based virtual voltage vector synthesis for three-phase inverter-fed induction motor drives in electric vehicle (EV) applications. Unlike conventional finite-set MPCC methods that rely on cost function evaluation over discrete switching states, the proposed approach eliminates the need for look-up tables by employing a pre-defined set of virtual vectors. These centroid-based virtual voltage vectors are synthesized by combining two adjacent active vectors and two nonzero voltage vectors in opposite directions adjacent to the sector replacing the traditional switching set. They approximate the reference voltage vector in both magnitude and phase angle, thereby reducing current tracking error through a simplified cost function. The number of candidate vectors is reduced, preserving computational efficiency. Furthermore, the scheme ensures zero average common-mode voltage (CMV) per sampling interval by completely avoiding zero-voltage vectors (ZVVs). The proposed method reduces torque ripple by up to 17% compared to the conventional approach and lowers stator current total harmonic distortion (THD) by 37%, while ensuring evenly distributed switching transitions among inverter legs. This results in reduced switching losses and enhanced drive efficiency-particularly advantageous in EV applications. Experimental validation under the high-speed extra urban driving cycle (EUDC) and low-speed ECE-R15 cycle, including torque ripple and energy consumption analysis, confirms the effectiveness of the approach, achieving an overall efficiency of 83.3%.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 3","pages":"352-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11189077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00021
Jiawei Ren;Xiaoyong Zhu;Li Quan;Zixuan Xiang
In this paper, a 12/14-pole permanent magnet in-wheel motor is studied for potential in-wheel application, and the torque and loss are improved simultaneously based on designing and optimizing the corresponding dominant harmonics. The key of this study is to evaluate the contributions of harmonics on torque and loss, and further determines the harmonics related to them. Based on this, the torque enhancement factor and loss suppression factor are defined based on the selected dominant harmonics. And, the two factors are set as the optimization objectives, aiming at improving the characteristics of torque and loss. At the same time, to achieve an efficient optimization, a layered optimization method is presented, which includes magnet source layer and permeance layer. Based on the optimization, the motor torque is improved effectively, while the rotor iron loss is also reduced significantly. Then, a prototype motor is manufactured for experimental test. Finally, the simulation analysis and test results verify the validation of the studied motor and the proposed optimization method based on dominant harmonics.
{"title":"Improvement of Torque and Loss Characteristics for an In-Wheel Permanent Magnet Motor Based on Dominant Airgap Harmonic","authors":"Jiawei Ren;Xiaoyong Zhu;Li Quan;Zixuan Xiang","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00021","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a 12/14-pole permanent magnet in-wheel motor is studied for potential in-wheel application, and the torque and loss are improved simultaneously based on designing and optimizing the corresponding dominant harmonics. The key of this study is to evaluate the contributions of harmonics on torque and loss, and further determines the harmonics related to them. Based on this, the torque enhancement factor and loss suppression factor are defined based on the selected dominant harmonics. And, the two factors are set as the optimization objectives, aiming at improving the characteristics of torque and loss. At the same time, to achieve an efficient optimization, a layered optimization method is presented, which includes magnet source layer and permeance layer. Based on the optimization, the motor torque is improved effectively, while the rotor iron loss is also reduced significantly. Then, a prototype motor is manufactured for experimental test. Finally, the simulation analysis and test results verify the validation of the studied motor and the proposed optimization method based on dominant harmonics.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 3","pages":"313-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11189076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-18DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00016
Minrui Gu;Zheng Wang;Ming Cheng;Weifeng Su;Linyue Shang;Po Liu
The dual three-phase PMSM (DTP-PMSM) drives have received wide attention at high-power high-efficiency applications due to their merits of high output current ability and copper-loss-free field excitation. Meanwhile, the DTP-PMSM drive provides higher fault-tolerant capability for high-reliability applications, e.g., pumps and actuators in aircraft. For high-power drives with limited switching frequencies and high-speed drives with large fundamental frequencies, the ratio of switching frequency to fundamental frequency, i.e., the carrier ratio, is usually below 15, which would significantly degrade the control performance. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent work on the modulation and control schemes for improving the operation performance of DTP-PMSM drives with low carrier ratios. Specifically, three categories of methods, i.e., the space vector modulation based control, the model predictive control (MPC), and the optimized pulse pattern (OPP) based control are reviewed with principles and performance. In addition, brief discussions regarding the comparison and future trends are presented for low-carrier-ratio (LCR) modulation and control schemes of DTP-PMSM drives.
{"title":"Review of Control Techniques for Dual Three-Phase PMSM Drives with Low Carrier Ratios","authors":"Minrui Gu;Zheng Wang;Ming Cheng;Weifeng Su;Linyue Shang;Po Liu","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00016","url":null,"abstract":"The dual three-phase PMSM (DTP-PMSM) drives have received wide attention at high-power high-efficiency applications due to their merits of high output current ability and copper-loss-free field excitation. Meanwhile, the DTP-PMSM drive provides higher fault-tolerant capability for high-reliability applications, e.g., pumps and actuators in aircraft. For high-power drives with limited switching frequencies and high-speed drives with large fundamental frequencies, the ratio of switching frequency to fundamental frequency, i.e., the carrier ratio, is usually below 15, which would significantly degrade the control performance. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent work on the modulation and control schemes for improving the operation performance of DTP-PMSM drives with low carrier ratios. Specifically, three categories of methods, i.e., the space vector modulation based control, the model predictive control (MPC), and the optimized pulse pattern (OPP) based control are reviewed with principles and performance. In addition, brief discussions regarding the comparison and future trends are presented for low-carrier-ratio (LCR) modulation and control schemes of DTP-PMSM drives.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 2","pages":"177-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11042885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-18DOI: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00014
Kaiwei He;Wenxiang Zhao;Zhongze Wu;Jinghua Ji
High-speed permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have recently been widely applied in various applications. However, due to the increased rotor speed and operating frequency increase, the winding AC losses rise substantially, posing risks to the safety operation. Accurate modeling of the AC losses has therefore become critical at the motor initial design stage. This paper reviews the main modeling methods for AC copper losses in PMSMs, including analytical methods, finite element methods, and hybrid modeling methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are analyzed in detail, and key issues in the modeling process are discussed. Finally, future research directions in AC copper loss modeling are explored, providing new insights for motor design and performance optimization.
{"title":"Modeling of AC Losses in High-Speed PMSM Windings: Methods, Challenges, and Prospects","authors":"Kaiwei He;Wenxiang Zhao;Zhongze Wu;Jinghua Ji","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00014","url":null,"abstract":"High-speed permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have recently been widely applied in various applications. However, due to the increased rotor speed and operating frequency increase, the winding AC losses rise substantially, posing risks to the safety operation. Accurate modeling of the AC losses has therefore become critical at the motor initial design stage. This paper reviews the main modeling methods for AC copper losses in PMSMs, including analytical methods, finite element methods, and hybrid modeling methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are analyzed in detail, and key issues in the modeling process are discussed. Finally, future research directions in AC copper loss modeling are explored, providing new insights for motor design and performance optimization.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 2","pages":"163-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11042886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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