Cleaner Chemical Engineering最新文献_第3页

Functionalized MgONanoparticle integrated with PVDF-PEG fibre enhances strength and contaminant separation efficacy

Cleaner Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100135

Mohammed Abdulsalam , Mohammed Umar Abba , Ibrahim Babangida Dalha , Badruddeen Saulawa Sani , Katibi Kayode Kamil , Kiman Silas , Ibrahim Garba Shitu , Bello Suleiman

The constituent recalcitrant color pigments and other organic pollutants (such as COD, and MLSS) in palm oil mill effluent (POME) are detrimental, yet the commonly employed conventional remediation method has been inefficient. This study focused on the development of an innovative hybrid membrane designed for efficient decolorization and separation of pollutants. The research involves the incorporation of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles at a varied loading (0.0–0.75 wt%) into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethylene-glycol (PEG) hollow-fiber using blending dry-jet wet-swirling phase inversion technique. Initially, the crystallinity and purity of the MgO were examined using X-ray diffraction before the application. Then, morphological characteristics, elemental constituents, mechanical strength, and thermal stability of the resultant membranes were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Diffraction X-ray, tensile loading, and thermogravimetric analysis. The performance results indicated that the membrane sample with the nanoparticles MgO-0.50wt% demonstrated superior mechanical and thermal stability, as well as separation performance. The membrane was able to remove the colorants, COD, suspended solids, total nitrogen, and turbidity by 80.05, 94.10, 98.67, 87.02, and 96.01 %, respectively. Additionally, the sample has the highest flux recovery ratio of 0.929 (or 92.9 %) with a minimal irreversible fouling ratio of 0.071 (or 7.1 %). The regeneration and reusability analysis indicates that at the end of the 4th filtration cycle, the modified membrane (0.50 wt% MgO) exhibited only a 23.22 % reduction in permeability flux. This finding suggests that the nanoparticles MgO 0.50wt% PVDF/PEG sample is a promising technology for POME treatment.

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation the efficiency of individual organic coagulants and associated with aluminum sulfate in the removal of colloidal substances from Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Cleaner Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100134

Letícia Reggiane de Carvalho Costa, Igor Ferreira Fioravante

The conventional water treatment process, involving primary, secondary, and tertiary stages, frequently employs chemical coagulants like aluminum sulfate during coagulation/flocculation. However, this practice generates residues with high concentrations of harmful inorganic salts, posing environmental and operational challenges. This study investigates the use of natural organic coagulants as sustainable and effective alternatives, emphasizing their potential to reduce residual inorganic content and leverage resources already present in the environment. Water samples from the Rio Doce in Santana do Paraíso, MG—impacted by the 2015 Fundão tailings dam collapse (SAMARCO)—were treated using Jar-test equipment to simulate coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation processes. The performance of aluminum sulfate, Tanfloc SG, and Moringa oleifera Lam was evaluated for turbidity removal, color reduction, and pH stability. While aluminum sulfate achieved 92 % turbidity and 83 % color removal, the natural coagulants demonstrated competitive results: Tanfloc SG achieved 83 % turbidity and 70 % color removal, and M. oleifera Lam achieved 75 % turbidity and 65 % color removal. Remarkably, combining aluminum sulfate with M. oleifera enhanced removal efficiencies to 99 % for both turbidity and color, with minimal pH variation. The findings highlight the advantages of natural coagulants, including lower residual inorganic waste and the opportunity to repurpose environmentally available resources, making them a promising alternative to conventional aluminum-based coagulants. This approach contributes to more sustainable water treatment practices, particularly for areas impacted by environmental disasters.

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引用次数: 0

Valorization of industrial brine sludge waste for augmented spray dry scrubbing of SO₂ using hygroscopic additives

Cleaner Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100136

B.J. Chepkonga , L. Koech , H.L. Rutto , R.S. Makomere , E.K. Suter

Detailed experiments were conducted using a laboratory-scale spray dryer under controlled conditions to investigate the effects of highly hygroscopic additives on the performance of hydrated lime (Ca(OH)₂) in spray dry scrubbing (SDS) of sulfur dioxide (SO₂). The experiment involved the preparation of hydrated lime sorbent from industrial brine sludge waste (IBSW) as the starting material. The evaluated additives included sodium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, and urea. The additives were chosen based on their hygroscopicity, as it is understood that the degree of desulfurization and sorbent conversion in an SDS is significantly enhanced in the prolonged liquid phase. Experiments were conducted at a constant inlet flue gas temperature of 140 °C, sorbent particle size of -45μm, while the calcium to sulfur (Ca:S) ratio was varied in the range of 1.0 - 2.5. Slurry with 10 wt. % Ca(OH)₂ was used while varying the additive concentration from 2 to 8 wt. %. The experimental findings revealed that all the investigated additives, except urea, promoted the removal efficiency of SO₂ above baseline. Sodium hydroxide was the best-performing additive achieving 92.06 % SO₂ removal efficiency and a calcium conversion of 54.59 %. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed traces of additives present in the sulfation products. Similarly, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on the final product showed the presence of desulfurization products and the respective additive compounds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depicted reaction products particles as course, irregular, and deformed.

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the influence of thermodynamic equation of state and simulation software on modelling the CO2 solubility in physical solvents 评估热力学状态方程和模拟软件对模拟二氧化碳在物理溶剂中溶解度的影响

Cleaner Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100132

Mohsen Abbaszadeh

The most useful physical solvents in the industry are Propylene Carbonate (Fluor Solvent^SM), Methanol (Rectisol), Dimethyl Ether of Polyethylene Glycol (DEPG - Selexol) and Sulfolane. To address the challenge of choosing the right software and property package, two commercial software packages, HYSYS 14.0 and ProMax 6.0, are used to model the CO₂ solubility experimental data in the above physical solvents at operating pressures and temperatures as this two software are the most applicable software in gas treating simulations. The property packages of Peng-Robinson (PR) and Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) and their regressed versions for CO2 capture purposes by Fluor Corporation and Bryan Research and Engineering LLC are utilized. The results show that the HYSYS Fluor property package demonstrates the strongest agreement with experimental CO₂ solubility data in propylene carbonate. In the case of CO₂ solubility in methanol, despite HYSYS showing a warning and guiding user to choose Acid Gas property package, HYSYS PR offers a more accurate match below 273.15 K compared with HYSYS Acid Gas and HYSYS Fluor property package and ProMax Polar property packages. ProMax PR and SRK demonstrate a stronger performance in modelling CO₂ solubility in sulfolane at all temperatures compared to HYSYS. Both the HYSYS PR and SRK property packages show a high accuracy in modelling CO₂ solubility data in DEPG.

工业中最有用的物理溶剂是碳酸丙烯酯（Fluor SolventSM）、甲醇（Rectisol）、聚乙二醇二甲醚（DEPG - Selexol）和磺丙烷。为了解决选择合适软件和属性包的难题，我们使用了 HYSYS 14.0 和 ProMax 6.0 这两款商业软件来模拟上述物理溶剂在工作压力和温度下的二氧化碳溶解度实验数据，因为这两款软件是最适用于气体处理模拟的软件。此外，还使用了 Peng-Robinson（PR）和 Soave-Redlich-Kwong（SRK）属性软件包及其由 Fluor Corporation 和 Bryan Research and Engineering LLC 提供的用于二氧化碳捕集的回归版本。结果表明，HYSYS Fluor 属性软件包与二氧化碳在碳酸丙烯酯中的溶解度实验数据的一致性最强。就二氧化碳在甲醇中的溶解度而言，尽管 HYSYS 显示了警告并引导用户选择酸性气体属性包，但与 HYSYS 酸性气体和 HYSYS Fluor 属性包以及 ProMax 极性属性包相比，HYSYS PR 在 273.15 K 以下提供了更精确的匹配。与 HYSYS 相比，ProMax PR 和 SRK 在模拟所有温度下 CO2 在磺丙烷中的溶解度时表现出更强的性能。HYSYS PR 和 SRK 属性包在模拟 DEPG 中的二氧化碳溶解度数据时均表现出较高的准确性。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of olive leaf extract on the physicochemical properties of bio-based hair clipper lubricating oil developed from Neem seed oil 橄榄叶提取物对楝树籽油开发的生物基理发剪润滑油理化特性的影响

Cleaner Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100128

Delkoumnode Bassol Marius , Yinka Sofihullahi Sanusi , Shitu Abubakar , Muhammad Usman Kaisan

Nowadays, mineral-based oil is the most popular used lubricant in hair-clipper applications. However, producing these petroleum-based lubricants contributes to environmental pollution and climate change. This study explores the effect of olive leaf extract on the physicochemical properties of a bio-based hair clipper lubricating oil derived from neem seed oil. Neem crude oil was synthesised using a double transesterification method to develop a neem bio-based hair clipper lubricating oil. The produce neem bio-lubricant was blended with olive leaf extract at concentrations of 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, and 200 mg/ml to enhance its anti-bacterial properties. The physicochemical properties of the blend, including viscosity, density, flash point, and pour point, were evaluated to determine its suitability as a sustainable alternative to conventional clipper oil. The results indicated that the flash point of the blended bio-based hair clipper lubricating oil was 180 °C, 195 °C, and 210 °C respectively, and they were found to be within the minimum requirement of the ISO standard value (EN ISO 2719) and above the conventional clipper oil (129 °C). From the pour point values obtained, the blended bio-lubricant offers a poorer value of 3 °C and 8 °C compared to that of ISO standard value (ISO standard 3016) and conventional clipper oil (-40 to -6 °C). It was also observed that the viscosities of 14.5 cSt, 15.6 cSt, and 16.7 cSt for the blended bio-lubricant conform with the minimum requirement of the ISO standard value (EN ISO 3104) and that of conventional clipper oil (7.5 to 90 cSt) at 40 °C. The density values of the blended bio-lubricant (0.897, 0.898, and 0.902) were found to be slightly above that of the ISO standard value (EN ISO 12185) and the conventional clipper oil (0.85–0.88). The antibacterial sensitivity test results of the blended bio-lubricant demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity against all tested microorganisms at both high and low concentrations, except for Escherichia coli, which showed moderate sensitivity at low concentrations (50 mg/mL). In general, the results of this work show that the bio-based hair clipper lubricating oil is a potential alternative to conventional clipper oil.

如今，矿物油是剪发器应用中最常用的润滑油。然而，生产这些石油基润滑油会造成环境污染和气候变化。本研究探讨了橄榄叶提取物对从楝树籽油中提取的生物基剪发器润滑油理化特性的影响。使用双酯交换法合成楝树原油，以开发楝树生物基剪发器润滑油。生产出的楝树生物润滑油与浓度分别为 50 毫克/毫升、100 毫克/毫升和 200 毫克/毫升的橄榄叶提取物混合，以增强其抗菌特性。对混合液的理化特性（包括粘度、密度、闪点和倾点）进行了评估，以确定其是否适合作为传统剪毛机油的可持续替代品。结果表明，混合生物基剪发机润滑油的闪点分别为 180 °C、195 °C 和 210 °C，均符合 ISO 标准值（EN ISO 2719）的最低要求，且高于传统剪发机油（129 °C）。从获得的倾点值来看，混合生物润滑油的倾点值比 ISO 标准值（ISO 标准 3016）和传统剪毛机油的倾点值（-40 至 -6°C）分别低 3°C 和 8°C。此外，还观察到混合生物润滑剂在 40 °C 时的粘度分别为 14.5 厘斯特、15.6 厘斯特和 16.7 厘斯特，符合 ISO 标准值（EN ISO 3104）和传统剪毛机油（7.5 至 90 厘斯特）的最低要求。混合生物润滑剂的密度值（0.897、0.898 和 0.902）略高于 ISO 标准值（EN ISO 12185）和传统剪子油的密度值（0.85-0.88）。混合生物润滑剂的抗菌敏感性测试结果表明，除了大肠杆菌在低浓度（50 毫克/毫升）下表现出中等敏感性外，在高浓度和低浓度下对所有受测微生物都具有广谱活性。总之，这项工作的结果表明，生物基剪发器润滑油是传统剪发器油的潜在替代品。

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引用次数: 0

Adsorptive processes applied to the defluorination of groundwater for human consumption 应用于人类饮用地下水脱氟的吸附过程

Cleaner Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100131

Júlia Toffoli De Oliveira , Letícia Reggiane de Carvalho Costa , Keila Guerra Pacheco Nunes , Vanessa Jurado-Davila , Robson Alves de Oliveira , Elvis Carissimi , Liliana Amaral Féris

Contamination of groundwater by fluoride ions can occur through both natural and anthropogenic activities, such as the discharge of industrial waste containing this compound. Thus, effective fluoride removal from groundwater is essential to ensure safe drinking water. This study evaluated the performance of adsorption techniques for defluoridating groundwater in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Preliminary tests were conducted using synthetic solutions with a fluoride concentration of 5 mg.L⁻¹, applying several adsorbents. Additionally, an ultrasonic process was used to synthesize an adsorbent from activated alumina pre-treated with carbon (AACP) and modified with ZnCl₂ (AA-ZnCl₂). The AACP and AA-ZnCl₂ were characterized through BET, EDS, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and FT-IR analysis. A Central Composite Design and response surface methodology were applied to optimize adsorption efficiency, focusing these factors: pH and adsorbent dosage. Kinetic and isotherm adsorption tests were conducted for both AACP and AA-ZnCl₂. The results showed that AACP achieved fluoride removal efficiencies of 65.4 % in synthetic solutions and 38.6 % in groundwater. The AA-ZnCl₂ demonstrated superior performance, removing over 98 % of fluoride in synthetic solutions and 55.4 % in groundwater, across a pH range of 4 to 10, with an optimal solid dosage of 3 g.L⁻¹. For an initial fluoride concentration of 5 mg.L⁻¹, a removal efficiency of 97.4 % was achieved within 5 min of contact time. The kinetic adsorption data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, while the Freundlich isotherm model provided the best fit for the adsorption isotherm data. The findings in this work indicate hat ZnCl₂-modified activated alumina, synthesized with ultrasonic assistance, is highly effective for defluoridating groundwater for safe human consumption being an alternative method to be implemented in an industrial scale.

氟离子对地下水的污染可通过自然和人为活动发生，如排放含有这种化合物的工业废物。因此，有效去除地下水中的氟对确保饮用水安全至关重要。本研究评估了巴西南里奥格兰德州地下水脱氟吸附技术的性能。使用氟浓度为 5 mg.L-1 的合成溶液进行了初步测试，并使用了几种吸附剂。此外，还使用超声波工艺合成了一种吸附剂，该吸附剂来自用碳预处理过的活性氧化铝（AACP）和用氯化锌₂改性过的活性氧化铝（AA-ZnCl₂）。通过 BET、EDS、扫描电子显微镜、X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和傅立叶变换红外分析对 AACP 和 AA-ZnCl2 进行了表征。采用中心复合设计和响应面方法优化吸附效率，重点关注 pH 值和吸附剂用量等因素。对 AACP 和 AA-ZnCl₂ 进行了动力学和等温线吸附测试。结果表明，AACP 在合成溶液中的氟去除率为 65.4%，在地下水中的氟去除率为 38.6%。AA-ZnCl₂ 表现出卓越的性能，在 pH 值为 4 到 10 的范围内，最佳固体剂量为 3 g.L-1，在合成溶液中的氟去除率超过 98%，在地下水中的去除率为 55.4%。当初始氟浓度为 5 mg.L-1 时，在 5 分钟的接触时间内，去除率达到 97.4%。假二阶模型对动力学吸附数据进行了最佳描述，而 Freundlich 等温线模型对吸附等温线数据进行了最佳拟合。这项工作的研究结果表明，在超声波辅助下合成的氯化锌₂改性活性氧化铝对人类安全饮用的地下水除氟非常有效，是一种可在工业规模上实施的替代方法。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of different laboratory-scale techniques for preventing coal spontaneous combustion 不同实验室规模的煤炭自燃预防技术分析

Cleaner Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100130

Theodora Noely Tambaria, Yuichi Sugai, Takehiro Esaki

The focus of this study is to investigate laboratory-scale techniques aimed at preventing an increase in heat flux, which can potentially lead to spontaneous coal combustion. This research involves two pieces of equipment designed to analyze the heat flux on untreated coal and coal treated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The laboratory equipment consists of a copper cell capable of holding up to 75 ml of coal samples and an aluminum cell designed to accommodate up to 3.17 ml of coal samples. The results on untreated coal showed that copper cell had a higher heat flux and took longer to reach the heat flux peak than aluminum cell. The aluminum cell provided more excellent stability, resulting in consistent heat distribution and dependable outcomes. The analysis using copper and aluminum cells on coal treated with PVA indicates that PVA can effectively reduce the heat of combustion by 35 %. This finding could have significant implications for future coal combustion studies. This study provides valuable insights for future research into coal spontaneous combustion experiments and using PVA to prevent spontaneous coal combustion.

本研究的重点是调查实验室规模的技术，旨在防止热通量增加，因为热通量增加有可能导致煤炭自燃。这项研究涉及两台设备，分别用于分析未经处理的煤炭和经聚乙烯醇（PVA）处理的煤炭的热通量。实验室设备包括一个可容纳多达 75 毫升煤炭样品的铜样品池和一个可容纳多达 3.17 毫升煤炭样品的铝样品池。对未处理煤炭的研究结果表明，铜样品池比铝样品池具有更高的热通量，达到热通量峰值所需的时间也更长。铝电池的稳定性更好，因此热量分布一致，结果可靠。在使用 PVA 处理的煤炭上使用铜和铝电池进行的分析表明，PVA 能有效降低 35% 的燃烧热。这一发现对未来的煤燃烧研究具有重要意义。这项研究为今后的煤炭自燃实验研究和使用 PVA 防止煤炭自燃提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization, Kinetics and thermodynamic modeling of pulp production from plantain stem using the kraft process

Cleaner Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100129

Effi Evelyn, Akindele Oyetunde Okewale, Chiedu Ngozi Owabor

Pulp production is a very essential industrial process. This study employed response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design of experiment (CCD) to determine the best process conditions for kraft pulp production from plantain stems. The pulp pseudo-stem was physically pretreated by shredding, drying, grinding, and sieving. Kraft pulping was conducted using the CCD of the experiment and the process was optimized using RSM. The independent variables include the mass ratio of Sodium Hydroxide to Sodium Sulphide, temperature, and time, while the response is the pulp yield. The analysis of variance showed that the temperature, time, and ratio of NaOH to Na2S were significant. The obtained coefficient of determination (R²) value is 0.9125, which indicates a strong correlation is consistent with the adjusted (R²) value of 0.964. Optimum temperature, time, and NaOH: Na2S ratio values obtained at optimum were 110.50 C, 146.88 min, and 3.372. The yield of pulp obtained at this optimum process variable is 55.064 wt%. The mechanistic and thermodynamics results showed that at a higher model fit R² value of 0.9977, rate constant of 6.3 × 10^–3min^-1, and lower activation energy value of 29.523 KJ/kg confirmed that the pseudo-first-order best described the kinetics of the pulp production process compared to the pseudo-second-order kinetics with activation energy value of 40.997 KJ/kg at R² =0.9834. From this study, optimization of the process helps to maximize the Pulp yield while minimizing the resource consumption which in turn will also help to reduce the cost of production.

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引用次数: 0

Technological maturity and future perspectives for green diesel production in Brazil 巴西绿色柴油生产的技术成熟度和未来前景

Cleaner Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100127

Lucas Sudré dos Santos, Henrique Gasparetto, Nina Paula Gonçalves Salau

During technological and social development, non-renewable sources were used to generate energy in various forms. The overexploitation of fossil fuel sources has raised significant concerns about environmental impacts. Given the need to transition to developing a more sustainable energy matrix, biofuels play an essential role as the transport sector contributes to a large percentage of gas emissions into the atmosphere. Among them, green diesel is an advanced biofuel obtained on an industrial scale, mainly by the catalytic hydrotreating of vegetable oils. In terms of technology and properties, green diesel stands out as a drop-in biofuel, which lacks blending restrictions with conventional diesel due to its chemical similarity. This biofuel also contains fewer impurities and has better combustion performance and an efficient production process. The leading green diesel manufacturing technologies are the main topic of this technological prospection review. Their particularities regarding industrial maturity are discussed, and challenges, opportunities, and drawbacks are considered and discussed for the Brazilian scenario. This analysis shows that although existing technologies have higher technological maturity, Brazil would have a special tendency toward catalytic hydrotreating for producing renewable diesel.

在技术和社会发展过程中，不可再生资源被用于生产各种形式的能源。化石燃料的过度开采引起了人们对环境影响的极大关注。鉴于需要过渡到发展更可持续的能源组合，生物燃料发挥着至关重要的作用，因为运输部门向大气排放的气体占很大比例。其中，绿色柴油是一种先进的生物燃料，主要通过对植物油进行催化加氢处理，在工业规模上获得。就技术和特性而言，绿色柴油是一种可直接使用的生物燃料，由于其化学性质相似，因此与传统柴油没有混合限制。这种生物燃料还含有较少的杂质，具有更好的燃烧性能和高效的生产工艺。领先的绿色柴油生产技术是本技术展望综述的主题。我们讨论了这些技术在工业成熟度方面的特点，并针对巴西的情况考虑和讨论了挑战、机遇和缺点。分析表明，虽然现有技术的技术成熟度较高，但巴西特别倾向于催化加氢处理生产可再生柴油。

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引用次数: 0

A review of the gold nanoparticles' Synthesis and application in dye degradation 金纳米粒子的合成及在染料降解中的应用综述

Cleaner Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100126

Irum Jamil , Fawad Ahmad , Muhammad Imran Khan , Abdallah Shanableh , Nosheen Farooq , Saima Anjum , Muhammad Babar Taj

In this review, we covered the recent advances in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their uses in the degradation of dyes. This study provides a framework to develop a low-cost, eco-friendly, and highly efficient synthesis of AuNPs. From these synthesis methods, toxic by-products are not produced. The present study focuses on the removal of dyes by AuNPs because AuNPs act as suitable absorbents for dyes in a short time. Synthesis of AuNPs from plant extracts, e.g., marine alga, Scutellarin Barbata, Alpinia nigra, Fruit peels, Bacillus marisflavi from raw silk cocoons, amylopectin and poly acrylic acid, L. asparagine, Graphene oxide, LPEI coated AuNPs. The synthesized AuNPs were used further to remove dyes like methylene blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RB) degradation, methyl orange, acid red degradation, and Congo red.

在这篇综述中，我们介绍了金纳米粒子（AuNPs）合成及其在染料降解中应用的最新进展。这项研究为开发低成本、环保和高效的 AuNPs 合成方法提供了一个框架。这些合成方法不会产生有毒的副产品。本研究的重点是用 AuNPs 去除染料，因为 AuNPs 可以在短时间内吸收染料。从植物提取物中合成 AuNPs，如海洋藻类、Scutellarin Barbata、Alpinia nigra、果皮、生丝茧中的 Marisflavi 杆菌、直链淀粉和聚丙烯酸、天门冬酰胺、氧化石墨烯、LPEI 涂层 AuNPs。合成的 AuNPs 被进一步用于去除亚甲基蓝（MB）、罗丹明 B（RB）降解、甲基橙、酸性红降解和刚果红等染料。

引用次数: 0