Dermatological Reviews最新文献

Fungi cause cutaneous pathology in humans in three broad categories: superficial mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, and systemic or opportunistic mycoses. In this chapter, we will discuss recent updates in treatment for dermatological diagnoses in each of these categories. We will also discuss dermatologically relevant emerging fungal pathogens.

Arthropods are responsible for most of the animal-related emergency room visits each year, and nonvenomous arthropods cause the greatest number of animal-related deaths in the emergency setting. Physicians should recognize the sequela of common and lethal arthropod bites and stings as they can range from asymptomatic or mild pruritus to fatal anaphylactic reactions. This chapter provides an update on recent advancements in the dermatological manifestations, pathophysiology, and management of conditions caused by arthropod bites and stings. Key topics include emerging treatments for pediculosis, characteristic rashes of mosquito-borne viral diseases, cutaneous lesions in Chagas disease, new Lyme disease vaccine development, topical Spinosad for scabies, and Loxosceles venom composition and early use of antivenom. Recent research reveals progress in understanding arthropod-related dermatologic diseases but also persistent knowledge gaps in the literature. This focused update delivers a concise overview of current concepts and developments at the intersection of arthropods and dermatology for clinicians.

The present state of skincare addresses the consequences of photodamage, hormonal influences, and the cumulative impact of exposome exposure throughout a person's life. Treatments within the aesthetic domain either harness biological pathways to achieve rejuvenation, such as retinoids and antioxidants, or suppress them, like lightening ingredients. Emerging advancements encompass techniques that stimulate the differentiation of stem cells to generate younger keratinocytes and fibroblasts, activate macrophages to diminish proinflammatory cellular waste, and restore glycosaminoglycans within the dermal matrix. While these innovations have significantly enhanced the potential of skincare to revitalize the skin in recent years, obstacles to their adoption remain substantial, including complex multistep regimens, the elevated cost of novel technologies, and limited accessibility for a majority of consumers. The next phase of skincare innovation targets the root cause of aging, at the genetic and epigenetic level. By reversing the effect of the exposome at this level, it is conceivable that biological age and chronological age might no longer correlate. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence, the identification of biomarkers, and improved accessibility to genetic predisposition lab testing will combine to allow for greater personalization of skincare recommendations.

Topical retinoids are among the most well-studied and widely used cosmeceutical ingredients. Topical retinoids have skin rejuvenating benefits and can soften fine lines and wrinkles, lighten mottled hyperpigmentation, improve skin roughness, sallowness, and overall appearance of photoaged skin. Retinoic acid or tretinoin remains favored among dermatologists because there are a plethora of well-designed clinical trials confirming its efficacy as a topical therapy for treating aging skin. In contrast, cosmeceutical retinoids are regulated as cosmetics and in general are not subjected to the same degree of scientific rigor as prescription retinoids. Despite this difference, there are studies confirming the antiaging benefits of cosmeceutical retinoids and studies comparing their efficacy and tolerability to tretinoin. This review will focus on over-the-counter retinoids including retinol, retinaldehyde, retinyl esters, adapalene, and novel retinoid molecules. Studies on pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, clinical benefits, and tolerability will be reviewed.