Grassland Research最新文献

{"title":"Growth performance of different Epichloë sinensis strains on media with different additives","authors":"Pei Tian,&nbsp;Meining Wang,&nbsp;Yang Luo,&nbsp;Xingdi Wang,&nbsp;Wenbo Xu","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12029","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12029","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Epichloë sinensis</i> is a newly found endophyte species that is frequently involved in symbiosis with <i>Festuca sinensis</i>. There are a little reports on the characteristics of <i>E. sinensis</i> <i>in vitro</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the present study, five <i>E. sinensis</i> endophyte strains (strain ID 1, 2, 41D, 57D, 111D) isolated from different <i>F. sinensis</i> ecotypes were used to evaluate their antioxidant capacities and enzyme activities. Also, the growth of <i>E. sinensis</i> on potato dextrose agar (PDA) with different additives was investigated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The five strains had significantly different (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) total antioxidant capacities and radical-scavenging abilities. In most cases, the growth rate of strain 1 was the fastest (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), and that of strain 57D was the slowest (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The growth rates of these five strains on PDA with vitamins significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) increased with increasing vitamin concentration. The growth rates of these five strains on PDA with plant growth regulators also significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) increased; however, the increase was inconsistent at different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin. Low concentrations (5 and 10 mg L⁻¹) of forchlorfenuron (KT-30) significantly promoted the growth of all five strains, whereas high concentrations (20 and 40 mg L⁻¹) of KT-30 significantly inhibited their growth (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The Na⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cr⁶⁺ ions all inhibited the growth of these five strains, and their growth rates were significantly decreased with an increase in ion concentrations (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Under Na⁺ stress, strain 41D grew the fastest and had the strongest tolerance (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05); under Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cr⁶⁺ stresses, strain 111D grew the fastest and had the strongest tolerance (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results indicated that the <i>E. sinensis</i> had antioxidant activities and hydrolase activities. Additives could promote or inhibit the growth of the strains in different degrees. All these evaluations in the present study improve our understanding of the <i>E. sinensis</i> endophyte and provide referenced information for further studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"1 3","pages":"187-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86701973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends of seasonal forage yield changes of triticale in the southern Great Plains of the United States","authors":"Tadele T. Kumssa,&nbsp;Joshua D. Anderson,&nbsp;James P. Johnson,&nbsp;Shawn Norton,&nbsp;Malay C. Saha,&nbsp;Michael A. Trammell,&nbsp;James K. Rogers,&nbsp;Twain J. Butler,&nbsp;Xue-Feng Ma","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12027","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The focus of triticale breeding in the southern Great Plains of the United States has been to increase forage yield for autumn–winter seasons when most other forage species are dormant. This study aims to estimate the trends of seasonal yield changes over time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Yield trials had been conducted in a randomized complete block design for up to two decades. Seasonal yield changes over time were estimated using linear regression analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The analysis revealed a significant positive relation between autumn forage yield (relative to common checks) and calendar years when the trials were conducted. The estimated improvement of autumn forage yield was about 1.9% per year on medium and heavy soil at Ardmore, Oklahoma, and about 5.4% per year on light soil at Burneyville, Oklahoma. However, winter forage yield change was minimal and the spring forage yield increase was negative, although this decline was not significant. Total forage yield improvements were about 0.6% and 0.7% per year at Ardmore and Burneyville, respectively. Similar results were also observed when years of cultivars' introduction were used instead.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results indicate a significant gain in autumn forage yield, but a minor gain in the total forage yield due to the yield tradeoff between the autumn and spring seasons.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"1 3","pages":"166-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90089608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forage production and persistence characteristics of grazed native warm-season grass mixtures with or without nitrogen fertilizer","authors":"Caroline Nicole Chappell,&nbsp;Marty Landon Marks,&nbsp;Katie Michelle Mason,&nbsp;Liliane Severino da Silva,&nbsp;Joshua Luke Jacobs,&nbsp;Mary Kimberly Mullenix,&nbsp;Sandra Leanne Dillard,&nbsp;Russell Brian Muntifering","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12028","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Native warm-season grass (NWSG) mixtures may provide a low-nitrogen (N)-input summer perennial forage option to extensively managed forage–livestock systems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mixed pastures of big bluestem (<i>Andropogon gerardii</i> Vitman), little bluestem (<i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> Michx.), and indiangrass (<i>Sorghastrum nutans</i> L.) fertilized with 0 or 67 kg N ha⁻¹ were continuously stocked with beef heifers and cows. Forage mass, nutritive value, and canopy heights were determined every 2 weeks during the grazing season. Stand persistence measures included the canopy cover and leaf area index (LAI) and plant crown density at spring emergence following 3 years of grazing management.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forage mass, canopy height, and stocking densities were greater for N-fertilized NWSG than unfertilized NWSG for the first 30 days of the growing season across the 3-year study. Forage NWSG fertilized with N had a greater decrease in LAI during the growing season (51% decrease) than unfertilized NWSG. Spring NWSG plant density estimates following 3 years of grazing did not differ across N management strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forage NWSG mixtures supported superior forage attributes and greater stocking densities early in the grazing season under low-level N than zero-N-input systems and may provide a low-N-input alternative for improved species use in southeastern US forage–livestock systems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"1 3","pages":"157-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91456156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of herbivores in the grassland carbon budget for Three-Rivers Headwaters region, Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China","authors":"Junbang Wang,&nbsp;Xinquan Zhao,&nbsp;Xihuang Ouyang,&nbsp;Liang Zhao,&nbsp;Wenying Wang,&nbsp;Chan Zuo,&nbsp;Zhenhua Zhang,&nbsp;Huakun Zhou,&nbsp;Alan Watson,&nbsp;Yingnian Li","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12025","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12025","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An accurate assessment of the carbon budget is a crucial part of projecting future climate change and its impact on ecosystems. Grasslands foster multiple ecological functions including support for wild animals and livestocks. Herbivores intake forage biomass carbon, then digest and metabolize, and finally retain some carbon. The carbon processes have not been well quantified, resulting in uncertainties in the estimation of regional carbon budgets for grassland ecosystems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An animal metabolic carbon flux model was developed for herbivores in the Three-Rivers Headwaters region of China. The forage intake and metabolic carbon rates were estimated through metabolic body weight and daily digested measures for the main herbivore species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The carbon intake was 5.52 Tg C year⁻¹ (45%) from partial aboveground biomass (12.2 Tg C year⁻¹), in which 39.31% was released into the atmosphere by respiration CO₂, 43.77% was returned to the ecosystem as feces and urine, and 16.96% was retained in herbivores for population regeneration or for human well-being.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study, as the first research on this topic, quantified the carbon flux of herbivores and found livestock accounts for a major part of consumed carbon on grasslands, which is important for understanding regional carbon budgets to mitigate and adapt to climate change over grasslands worldwide.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"1 3","pages":"207-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86488926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding sheep baa-haviour: Investigating the relationship between pasture and animal grazing patterns","authors":"Danica Parnell,&nbsp;Igor Kardailsky,&nbsp;Jacob Parnell,&nbsp;Warwick Brabazon Badgery,&nbsp;Lachlan Ingram","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12026","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12026","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grasslands are the primary source of feed for grazing livestock, and as such, knowledge on how to best manage livestock and grasslands, through the use of spatiotemporal modelling, will assist in the long-term management of a valuable ecosystem resource.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study was conducted over 14 months between March and April 2017 in Orange, NSW, Australia. The study evaluated sheep behaviour in relation to the presence of pasture species, environment and paddock structures, using random forest modelling, to predict sheep location under continuous high (HSR, 13 DSE ha⁻¹) and low (LSR, 7 DSE ha⁻¹) stocking rates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the LSR, significant drivers included water, shade and fence lines (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). In the HSR, only fence lines and available biomass were found to be significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). The presence of green legumes in both stocking rates often increased residency by sheep. Animals spent more time together in the LSR, suggesting that social behaviour played a larger role than pasture quantity and quality in driving grazing behaviours.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding how pasture type can influence grazing behaviours and also how animal behaviour affects pasture performance and utilisation is important in developing long-term sustainable management strategies on a paddock scale.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"1 3","pages":"143-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76940559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying golf course nitrogen use efficiency","authors":"Michael A. H. Bekken,&nbsp;Douglas J. Soldat","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12024","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12024","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Previous studies have surveyed golf courses to determine nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates on golf courses, but no previous studies have attempted to quantify how efficiently golf courses use nitrogen.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study tests the ability of the growth potential (GP) N Requirement model as a benchmarking tool to predict a target level of N use on 76 golf courses in 5 regions of the US (Midwest, Northeast, East Texas, Florida, Northwest) and 3 countries in Europe (Denmark, Norway, UK).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ratio of the golf course-wide N application rate to the GP N requirement prediction (termed the nitrogen efficiency score or NES) was 0.27, indicating that golf courses used 73% less N than predicted by the model. As such, the GP N Requirement model needs to be recalibrated to predict N use on golf courses. This was achieved by adjusting the <i>N</i>_max coefficient in the model. N rates on golf courses were widely variable both within and across regions. All regions had a coefficient of variation in N rates of 0.46 or greater.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The high variation in N rates, which is largely unexplained by climate, economic factors, grass type, and soil type, may be indicative of inefficient N use in golf course management.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"1 3","pages":"174-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88445290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of tall fescue genotypes for relative water content and osmotic potential under drought stress","authors":"Francis M. Kirigwi,&nbsp;Malay C. Saha","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12021","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12021","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tall fescue (<i>Festuca arundinacea</i> Schreb.) is an important cool-season perennial grass. Its persistence and forage yield can be severely affected by drought stresses during the hot, dry summers of the southern USA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One thousand tall fescue genotypes were evaluated in the greenhouse for high relative water content (RWC) and low cell sap osmotic potential (OP). Fifty contrasting genotypes for the two traits were identified and used in further greenhouse and field studies. These genotypes were also screened with 30% PEG8000. Root and shoot characteristics were studied in 10 genotypes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The genotypes differed for RWC (33.7%–97.3%, mean: 79.7%) and had an almost fivefold difference in OP (−0.5 to −2.4 MPa, mean: −1.2 MPa). Significant variation (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) for the main effects of environment and genotypes was found for RWC and OP. Apart from the greenhouse trial, no correlation was found between RWC and OP, indicating that differences in RWC might have been due to factors other than osmotic adjustment. Genotypes with either long roots or high root weights, and high root/shoot ratios demonstrated high RWC and low OP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Genotypes with consistently high RWC and low OP were identified and used for the development of mapping populations and transcriptome studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"1 2","pages":"84-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82078417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of daughter tiller removal on shoot and root growth of the parent tiller in Lolium perenne","authors":"Arif Hasan Khan Robin,&nbsp;Cory Matthew","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12023","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12023","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigated the effects of daughter tiller removal on parent tiller development in <i>Lolium perenne</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plants of <i>L. perenne</i> were grown hydroponically to allow separation of roots by phytomer position on the tiller axis and allowed to form two daughter tillers. In Experiment 1, adult daughter tillers were excised and effects on subsequent main tiller growth were observed for 16 days, on average. In Experiment 2, the growth of main tillers with or without daughter tillers was compared over 90–100 days. Two cultivars, ‘Alto’ bred from New Zealand germplasm and ‘Aberdart’ bred from United Kingdom germplasm were tested.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Excision of adult daughter tillers reduced the dry weight of older roots at the base of parent tiller axes and accelerated new phytomer appearance. Preventing tillers from forming daughter tillers by new tiller excision resulted in increased individual leaf and root dry weight in tillers without daughter tillers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The data indicated that daughter tillers contributed substrate for root development of their parent tillers. The presence of daughter tillers reduced the size of their main tiller but greatly enhanced whole plant yield.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"1 2","pages":"103-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75435671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverse perennial circular forage systems are needed to foster resilience, ecosystem services, and socioeconomic benefits in agricultural landscapes","authors":"Valentin D. Picasso,&nbsp;Marisol Berti,&nbsp;Kim Cassida,&nbsp;Sarah Collier,&nbsp;Di Fang,&nbsp;Ann Finan,&nbsp;Margaret Krome,&nbsp;David Hannaway,&nbsp;William Lamp,&nbsp;Andrew W. Stevens,&nbsp;Carol Williams","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12020","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Prevailing agricultural systems dominated by annual crop monocultures, and the landscapes that contain them, lack resilience and multifunctionality. They are vulnerable to extreme weather events, contribute to degradation of soil, water, and air quality, reduce biodiversity, and negatively impact human health, social engagement, and equity. To achieve greater resilience, stability, and multiple ecosystem services therein, and to improve socioeconomic outcomes, we propose a practical framework to gain multifunctionality at multiple scales. This framework includes forages within agroecosystems that have the essential structural features of diversity, perenniality, and circularity. These three structural features are associated with increased resilience, stability, and provision of several ecosystem services, which in turn improve human health and socioeconomic outcomes. This framework improves understanding of, and access to, tools and materials for promoting the adoption of diverse circular agroecosystems with perennial forages. Application of this framework can result in land transformations that solve sustainability challenges in agriculture if policy, economic, and social barriers can be overcome by a transdisciplinary process of equitable knowledge production.</p>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"1 2","pages":"123-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79224160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defoliation affects the root competitive balance for N between Poa annua plants grown in a split-root box","authors":"Sayuki Mori,&nbsp;Louis John Irving","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12022","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plants compete aboveground for light and belowground for patchily distributed nutrients. Defoliation causes an immediate loss of leaf area and photosynthetic capacity, leading to reduced root growth, with hypothesised implications for nutrient uptake and nitrogen use efficiency.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Experiment 1, we grew single plants in split root boxes with N supplied equally or unequally, with half the plants subject to repeated defoliation to quantify the impact of each treatment. In Experiment 2, we grew pairs of <i>Poa annua</i> plants in three-chamber split root boxes, with N supplied either to the outer chambers (no competition) or to a shared centre chamber (competition), to quantify the influence of defoliation on root competition.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Experiment 1, defoliation caused a significant decrease in root mass but did not affect root distribution between chambers, while differential N supply led to an 11% increase in shoot mass. In Experiment 2, strong root competition was seen in undefoliated plants under competitive conditions. Where one plant was defoliated, the other exhibited increased shoot mass and N content in competitive, but not noncompetitive conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our data suggest that plant belowground competitive success following defoliation may be strongly influenced by the spatial distribution of soil resources.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"1 2","pages":"94-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85381024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}