Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3365576
Muhammad Usama;Muhammad Naveed Aman
Cybersecurity is important in the realization of various smart grid technologies. Several studies have been conducted to discuss different types of cyberattacks and provide their countermeasures. The false command injection attack (FCIA) is considered one of the most critical attacks that have been studied. Various techniques have been proposed in the literature to detect FCIAs on different components of smart grids. The predominant focus of current surveys lies on FCIAs and detection techniques for such attacks. This article presents a survey of existing works on FCIAs and classifies FCIAs in smart grids according to the targeted component. The impacts of FCIAs on smart grids are also discussed. Subsequently, this article provides an extensive review of detection studies, categorizing them based on the type of detection technique employed.
{"title":"Command Injection Attacks in Smart Grids: A Survey","authors":"Muhammad Usama;Muhammad Naveed Aman","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3365576","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3365576","url":null,"abstract":"Cybersecurity is important in the realization of various smart grid technologies. Several studies have been conducted to discuss different types of cyberattacks and provide their countermeasures. The false command injection attack (FCIA) is considered one of the most critical attacks that have been studied. Various techniques have been proposed in the literature to detect FCIAs on different components of smart grids. The predominant focus of current surveys lies on FCIAs and detection techniques for such attacks. This article presents a survey of existing works on FCIAs and classifies FCIAs in smart grids according to the targeted component. The impacts of FCIAs on smart grids are also discussed. Subsequently, this article provides an extensive review of detection studies, categorizing them based on the type of detection technique employed.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"75-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10433776","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139945611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3353309
Xingxuan Huang;Dingrui Li;Min Lin;Leon M. Tolbert;Fred Wang;William Giewont
This article presents a desat protection scheme with the ultrafast response for high-voltage (>3.3 kV) SiC MOSFETs. Its working principle is the same as the conventional desat protection designed for high-voltage SiC MOSFETs, yet its blanking time is implemented by fully considering the influence of high negative dvds/dt during the fast turn- on transient. With the same circuitry as the conventional desat protection, the proposed protection scheme can significantly shorten the response time of the desat protection when it is used to protect high-voltage SiC MOSFETs. In addition, the proposed protection scheme with ultrafast response features strong noise immunity, low-cost, and simple implementation. By taking advantage of the high dv/dt during the normal turn- on transients, the proposed protection scheme can be even faster when the MOSFET has a faster switching speed. Design details and the response speed analysis under various short circuit faults are presented in detail. A half bridge phase leg based on discrete 10 kV/20 A SiC MOSFETs is built to demonstrate the proposed protection scheme. Experimental results at 6.5 kV validate the ultrafast response (115 ns response time under a hard switching fault, 155 ns response time under a fault under load), and strong noise immunity of the proposed desat protection scheme.
本文介绍了一种针对高压（>3.3 kV）SiC MOSFET 的超快响应失压保护方案。其工作原理与为高压 SiC MOSFET 设计的传统失压保护相同，但其消隐时间是通过充分考虑快速导通瞬态期间高负 dvds/dt 的影响来实现的。在电路与传统失效保护相同的情况下，当拟议的保护方案用于保护高压 SiC MOSFET 时，它能显著缩短失效保护的响应时间。此外，所提出的超快响应保护方案还具有抗噪能力强、成本低和实施简单等特点。通过利用正常导通瞬态期间的高 dv/dt，当 MOSFET 开关速度较快时，所提出的保护方案甚至可以更快。本文详细介绍了设计细节和各种短路故障下的响应速度分析。建立了一个基于离散 10 kV/20 A SiC MOSFET 的半桥相腿，以演示所提出的保护方案。6.5 kV 下的实验结果验证了所提出的脱扣保护方案的超快响应速度（硬开关故障下 115 ns 响应时间，负载故障下 155 ns 响应时间）和强大的抗噪能力。
{"title":"Desat Protection With Ultrafast Response for High-Voltage SiC MOSFETs With High dv/dt","authors":"Xingxuan Huang;Dingrui Li;Min Lin;Leon M. Tolbert;Fred Wang;William Giewont","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3353309","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3353309","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a desat protection scheme with the ultrafast response for high-voltage (>3.3 kV) SiC MOSFETs. Its working principle is the same as the conventional desat protection designed for high-voltage SiC MOSFETs, yet its blanking time is implemented by fully considering the influence of high negative \u0000<italic>dv<sub>ds</sub>/dt</i>\u0000 during the fast turn-\u0000<sc>on</small>\u0000 transient. With the same circuitry as the conventional desat protection, the proposed protection scheme can significantly shorten the response time of the desat protection when it is used to protect high-voltage SiC MOSFETs. In addition, the proposed protection scheme with ultrafast response features strong noise immunity, low-cost, and simple implementation. By taking advantage of the high \u0000<italic>dv/dt</i>\u0000 during the normal turn-\u0000<sc>on</small>\u0000 transients, the proposed protection scheme can be even faster when the MOSFET has a faster switching speed. Design details and the response speed analysis under various short circuit faults are presented in detail. A half bridge phase leg based on discrete 10 kV/20 A SiC MOSFETs is built to demonstrate the proposed protection scheme. Experimental results at 6.5 kV validate the ultrafast response (115 ns response time under a hard switching fault, 155 ns response time under a fault under load), and strong noise immunity of the proposed desat protection scheme.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"94-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10411019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139945578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-19DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3356311
Shane Winters;Nikung Thapa;Luke D. Doucette;Jonathan Kincaid;Qingsong Cui;Nuri W. Emanetoglu;Mauricio Pereira da Cunha
This article reports on the development of key components required for a self-powered oscillator unit designed to wirelessly transmit its signal under full insertion in high-temperature (HT) harsh-environments (HE), such as those present in power plants and industrial settings (metallurgic, oil extraction, molding, and aerospace). The oscillator employed a silicon carbide power transistor and HT passive components on a screen-printed alumina circuit board capable of operation beyond 300 °C. The HT oscillator circuit was powered solely by in-situ energy-scavenging thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules using passive cooling, eliminating the need for an external power supply or active cooling. In addition, a silicon-based external booster circuit was used to achieve the required TEG voltage regulation to test the TEG-powered HT oscillator circuit. The TEG-powered oscillator circuit was tested inside a nonmetallic furnace from room temperature to over 300 °C for transmission of a wireless signal, which was detected outside the furnace at 11 ft (3.4 m). Such a wireless transmitting system powered only by in-situ TEGs, with no requirement for external power or active cooling, is very attractive for flexible, mobile standalone control and sensor units targeted for operation in HT HE conditions found in power plants and industrial settings.
{"title":"High-Temperature Wireless Sensor Platform Powered by Energy Scavenging","authors":"Shane Winters;Nikung Thapa;Luke D. Doucette;Jonathan Kincaid;Qingsong Cui;Nuri W. Emanetoglu;Mauricio Pereira da Cunha","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3356311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3356311","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports on the development of key components required for a self-powered oscillator unit designed to wirelessly transmit its signal under full insertion in high-temperature (HT) harsh-environments (HE), such as those present in power plants and industrial settings (metallurgic, oil extraction, molding, and aerospace). The oscillator employed a silicon carbide power transistor and HT passive components on a screen-printed alumina circuit board capable of operation beyond 300 °C. The HT oscillator circuit was powered solely by in-situ energy-scavenging thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules using passive cooling, eliminating the need for an external power supply or active cooling. In addition, a silicon-based external booster circuit was used to achieve the required TEG voltage regulation to test the TEG-powered HT oscillator circuit. The TEG-powered oscillator circuit was tested inside a nonmetallic furnace from room temperature to over 300 °C for transmission of a wireless signal, which was detected outside the furnace at 11 ft (3.4 m). Such a wireless transmitting system powered only by in-situ TEGs, with no requirement for external power or active cooling, is very attractive for flexible, mobile standalone control and sensor units targeted for operation in HT HE conditions found in power plants and industrial settings.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"63-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10409583","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139694943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354451
{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354451","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10403404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139488179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354899
Mohamed Massaoudi;Haitham Abu-Rub;Ali Ghrayeb
Lithium-ion battery prognostics and health management (BPHM) systems are vital to the longevity, economy, and environmental friendliness of electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Recent advancements in deep learning (DL) techniques have shown promising results in addressing the challenges faced by the battery research and innovation community. This review article analyzes the mainstream developments in BPHM using DL techniques. The fundamental concepts of BPHM are discussed, followed by a detailed examination of the emerging DL techniques. A case study using a data-driven DLinear model for state of health estimation is introduced, achieving accurate forecasts with minimal data and high computational efficiency. Finally, the potential future pathways for research and development in BPHM are explored. This review offers a holistic understanding of emerging DL techniques in BPHM and provides valuable insights and guidance for future research endeavors.
{"title":"Advancing Lithium-Ion Battery Health Prognostics With Deep Learning: A Review and Case Study","authors":"Mohamed Massaoudi;Haitham Abu-Rub;Ali Ghrayeb","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354899","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion battery prognostics and health management (BPHM) systems are vital to the longevity, economy, and environmental friendliness of electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Recent advancements in deep learning (DL) techniques have shown promising results in addressing the challenges faced by the battery research and innovation community. This review article analyzes the mainstream developments in BPHM using DL techniques. The fundamental concepts of BPHM are discussed, followed by a detailed examination of the emerging DL techniques. A case study using a data-driven DLinear model for state of health estimation is introduced, achieving accurate forecasts with minimal data and high computational efficiency. Finally, the potential future pathways for research and development in BPHM are explored. This review offers a holistic understanding of emerging DL techniques in BPHM and provides valuable insights and guidance for future research endeavors.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"43-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10400849","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139654440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-12DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3353328
Stefan Wettengel;Andreas Hoffmann;Jonas Kienast;Lars Lindenmüller;Steffen Bernet
To guarantee sufficient surge current fault protection for power electronic converters, power semiconductors have to be tested under appropriate surge current conditions. Standard maximum surge current values include the permissible fault current amplitude, or the I 2t -value; however, they might not be sufficient to describe a power semiconductor's performance under all potential fault conditions. Surge current sources based on passive components are state-of-the-art, but are limited to usually only one specific current waveform. This article describes the topology and the design of a new modular and highly dynamic surge current source for power semiconductor tests with adjustable current waveforms. The new modular converter concept is introduced, with two potential operation modes: High current mode (HCM) and dynamic current mode (DCM). The requirements for the surge current tester are defined, and the electrical and mechanical design are described, including the modulation scheme and control. Experimental investigations prove the function of the current source with peak currents up to 100 kA (HCM) and the realization of highly dynamic load current trajectories with peak currents up to 50 kA (DCM). The output current ripple is exceptionally small with a theoretical value of below 1%.
{"title":"Topology, Design, and Characteristics of a Modular, Dynamic 100 kA Surge Current Source With Adjustable Current Shape","authors":"Stefan Wettengel;Andreas Hoffmann;Jonas Kienast;Lars Lindenmüller;Steffen Bernet","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3353328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3353328","url":null,"abstract":"To guarantee sufficient surge current fault protection for power electronic converters, power semiconductors have to be tested under appropriate surge current conditions. Standard maximum surge current values include the permissible fault current amplitude, or the \u0000<italic>I</i>\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000<italic>t</i>\u0000-value; however, they might not be sufficient to describe a power semiconductor's performance under all potential fault conditions. Surge current sources based on passive components are state-of-the-art, but are limited to usually only one specific current waveform. This article describes the topology and the design of a new modular and highly dynamic surge current source for power semiconductor tests with adjustable current waveforms. The new modular converter concept is introduced, with two potential operation modes: High current mode (HCM) and dynamic current mode (DCM). The requirements for the surge current tester are defined, and the electrical and mechanical design are described, including the modulation scheme and control. Experimental investigations prove the function of the current source with peak currents up to 100 kA (HCM) and the realization of highly dynamic load current trajectories with peak currents up to 50 kA (DCM). The output current ripple is exceptionally small with a theoretical value of below 1%.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"29-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10398419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139572902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3352134
Roberto Felicetti;Vinícius M. de Albuquerque;Urban Lundin
Salient pole wound field synchronous motors find many industrial applications, thanks to their favorable characteristics: reactive power regulation, stiff mechanical characteristic, and overall outstanding efficiency. Nevertheless, their competitiveness toward the induction motors, especially for medium and small power sizes, depends crucially on their capability to be asynchronously started as well. Regrettably, the asynchronous run-up of a synchronous motor can be sometimes very problematic because of thermal issues, torsional vibrations, and grid voltage disturbances. This article presents an alternative method of starting salient pole wound field synchronous machines by activating the field winding in a special manner, which makes it possible to mitigate the three problems at once. The suggested method is validated through a two-dimensional finite elements simulation and by starting a 60-kVA prototype generator. The requirements for the application of the proposed run-up strategy are critically discussed together with related pros and cons.
{"title":"An Alternative Run-Up Strategy for Salient Pole Wound Field Synchronous Machines","authors":"Roberto Felicetti;Vinícius M. de Albuquerque;Urban Lundin","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3352134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3352134","url":null,"abstract":"Salient pole wound field synchronous motors find many industrial applications, thanks to their favorable characteristics: reactive power regulation, stiff mechanical characteristic, and overall outstanding efficiency. Nevertheless, their competitiveness toward the induction motors, especially for medium and small power sizes, depends crucially on their capability to be asynchronously started as well. Regrettably, the asynchronous run-up of a synchronous motor can be sometimes very problematic because of thermal issues, torsional vibrations, and grid voltage disturbances. This article presents an alternative method of starting salient pole wound field synchronous machines by activating the field winding in a special manner, which makes it possible to mitigate the three problems at once. The suggested method is validated through a two-dimensional finite elements simulation and by starting a 60-kVA prototype generator. The requirements for the application of the proposed run-up strategy are critically discussed together with related pros and cons.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"15-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10387787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139572940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3349480
Joseph Kiran Banda;Daniel Dos Santos Mota;Elisabetta Tedeschi
Power hardware in the loop (PHIL) is a modern experimental technique that allows the emulation of a full-scale converter (FSC) with the combination of a scaled-down converter (SDC), a power amplifier, and a real-time simulator, thus enabling the study of real-time interactions of power electronics with large power systems. However, assembling an accurate scaled-down replica of an FSC with off-the-shelf laboratory SDCs is practically impossible due to a mismatch in per unit losses, as well as in the impedance of the $L/LC/LCL$ filter. Consequently, the scaled-up power flow capability of SDCs differs from that of FSCs, restricting emulation to smaller regions of the four quadrants than those corresponding to the FSCs' nominal active and reactive capacity. These PHIL test beds cannot be used to emulate FSCs demanding bidirectional active and reactive power flow. Any scaling method on SDCs, emulating the entire operation of FSCs, demands underutilization of SDCs, reducing the advantages of PHIL tests. This article, therefore, proposes a physics-informed scaling method that exploits power capability curves to emulate FSCs in all four quadrants of operation. This method is independent of SDC topology, filter type, and interfacing methods. A visual identification of semiconductor device constraints bounding the emulation is also presented, utilizing the physics of converter control. A theoretical analysis of the proposed method is presented, followed by validation with MATLAB simulations and experimental tests using a 50-kVA SDC.
{"title":"A Physics-Informed Scaling Method for Power Electronic Converters in Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Beds","authors":"Joseph Kiran Banda;Daniel Dos Santos Mota;Elisabetta Tedeschi","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3349480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3349480","url":null,"abstract":"Power hardware in the loop (PHIL) is a modern experimental technique that allows the emulation of a full-scale converter (FSC) with the combination of a scaled-down converter (SDC), a power amplifier, and a real-time simulator, thus enabling the study of real-time interactions of power electronics with large power systems. However, assembling an accurate scaled-down replica of an FSC with off-the-shelf laboratory SDCs is practically impossible due to a mismatch in per unit losses, as well as in the impedance of the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$L/LC/LCL$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 filter. Consequently, the scaled-up power flow capability of SDCs differs from that of FSCs, restricting emulation to smaller regions of the four quadrants than those corresponding to the FSCs' nominal active and reactive capacity. These PHIL test beds cannot be used to emulate FSCs demanding bidirectional active and reactive power flow. Any scaling method on SDCs, emulating the entire operation of FSCs, demands underutilization of SDCs, reducing the advantages of PHIL tests. This article, therefore, proposes a physics-informed scaling method that exploits power capability curves to emulate FSCs in all four quadrants of operation. This method is independent of SDC topology, filter type, and interfacing methods. A visual identification of semiconductor device constraints bounding the emulation is also presented, utilizing the physics of converter control. A theoretical analysis of the proposed method is presented, followed by validation with MATLAB simulations and experimental tests using a 50-kVA SDC.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10381859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139488180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in power converter-based systems has the potential to revolutionize the way these systems are optimized and controlled. With the rapid advancements in AI and machine learning technologies, this article presents the analysis and evaluation of these powerful tools as well as in computational capabilities of microprocessors that control the converter. This article provides an overview of AI-based controllers, with a focus on online/offline supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement-trained controllers. These controllers can be used to create surrogates for inner control loops, complete power converter controllers, and external supervisory or energy management control. The benefits of using AI-based controllers are discussed. AI-based controllers reduce the need for complex mathematical modeling and enable near-optimal real-time operation via computational efficiency. This can lead to increased efficiency, reliability, and scalability of power converter-based systems. By using physics-informed methods, a deeper understanding of the underlying physical processes in power converters can be achieved and the control performance can be made more robust. Finally, by using data-driven methods, the vast amounts of data generated by power converter-based systems can be leveraged to analyze the behavior of the surrounding system and thereby forming the basis for adaptive control. This article discusses several other potential disruptive impacts that AI could have on a wide variety of power converter-based systems.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Enhancing the Performance of Controllers in Power Converter-Based Systems—An Overview","authors":"Yuan Gao;Songda Wang;Tomislav Dragicevic;Patrick Wheeler;Pericle Zanchetta","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2023.3338534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2023.3338534","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in power converter-based systems has the potential to revolutionize the way these systems are optimized and controlled. With the rapid advancements in AI and machine learning technologies, this article presents the analysis and evaluation of these powerful tools as well as in computational capabilities of microprocessors that control the converter. This article provides an overview of AI-based controllers, with a focus on online/offline supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement-trained controllers. These controllers can be used to create surrogates for inner control loops, complete power converter controllers, and external supervisory or energy management control. The benefits of using AI-based controllers are discussed. AI-based controllers reduce the need for complex mathematical modeling and enable near-optimal real-time operation via computational efficiency. This can lead to increased efficiency, reliability, and scalability of power converter-based systems. By using physics-informed methods, a deeper understanding of the underlying physical processes in power converters can be achieved and the control performance can be made more robust. Finally, by using data-driven methods, the vast amounts of data generated by power converter-based systems can be leveraged to analyze the behavior of the surrounding system and thereby forming the basis for adaptive control. This article discusses several other potential disruptive impacts that AI could have on a wide variety of power converter-based systems.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"4 ","pages":"366-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10336908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139034026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2023.3327606
Udoka C. Nwaneto;Seyed Ali Seif Kashani;Andrew M. Knight
Single-phase grid-forming inverters are commonly used in uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems that feed single-phase critical loads in homes, data centers, and hospitals. With the increasing use of power electronics-interfaced loads, single-phase UPS inverters are being designed to exhibit characteristics such as low total harmonic distortion (THD) in output voltage, fast dynamic response, and strong robustness against large changes in load, to ensure a seamless operation of critical loads. The Lyapunov-function-based control strategy is a popular method to provide these characteristics in UPS inverters. However, most studies and designs related to Lyapunov-function-controlled single-phase UPS inverters are conducted by using detailed switching models. While detailed switching models accurately represent the true dynamics of power converters, simulating these models with nonlinear control schemes requires small time steps to produce accurate results. To address this limitation, we propose a new model of Lyapunov-function-based single-phase grid-forming inverter using the dynamic phasor (DP) method. The DP method transforms time-domain signals into slow-varying signals, enabling the use of larger time steps in simulations, which results in shorter simulation times. In the proposed DP model, the Lyapunov energy function is constructed in the DP domain using the dominant harmonics of the inverter output voltage and output current as state variables. The high accuracy and superior computational speed of the proposed DP model are validated through comparison with results obtained from a detailed model with natural-frame-based Lyapunov-function control. Experimental test results confirm the validity and high accuracy of the proposed DP-based method of modeling Lyapunov-function-controlled single-phase grid-forming inverter.
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