Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3430047
David Klink;Matthew J. Bagnara;Greg Heins;Behrooz Bahrani
Permanent magnets are popular for electric vehicle rotors due to their high energy density, making them excellent candidates for high-torque and high-speed machines. The downside of a permanent magnet machine is the inability to regulate the rotor field, creating nonideal behavior during high-speed or low-load operation, and potentially resulting in high currents and voltages in fault conditions. Several solutions to this have been explored, such as interior permanent magnet (combined reluctance and permanent magnet rotors), “hybrid” wound field and permanent magnet rotors, and variable flux machines with in-situ magnetization control or mechanical field weakening. This article proposes a novel method of regulating the air gap in axial flux machines, allowing for a low-cost mechanism allowing two degree of freedom operation without additional power electronics or modifications to the magnetics. The proposed method uses stacked linear springs to create a nonlinear bias against the attraction force, and then leverages direct axis current to control the air gap. The ideal constant current optimized field weakening spring curve is presented and the proposed concept is experimentally validated on a single-stator single-rotor axial flux machine.
{"title":"Permanent Magnet Rotor Flux Linkage Control Through Direct Axis Field Amplification","authors":"David Klink;Matthew J. Bagnara;Greg Heins;Behrooz Bahrani","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3430047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3430047","url":null,"abstract":"Permanent magnets are popular for electric vehicle rotors due to their high energy density, making them excellent candidates for high-torque and high-speed machines. The downside of a permanent magnet machine is the inability to regulate the rotor field, creating nonideal behavior during high-speed or low-load operation, and potentially resulting in high currents and voltages in fault conditions. Several solutions to this have been explored, such as interior permanent magnet (combined reluctance and permanent magnet rotors), “hybrid” wound field and permanent magnet rotors, and variable flux machines with in-situ magnetization control or mechanical field weakening. This article proposes a novel method of regulating the air gap in axial flux machines, allowing for a low-cost mechanism allowing two degree of freedom operation without additional power electronics or modifications to the magnetics. The proposed method uses stacked linear springs to create a nonlinear bias against the attraction force, and then leverages direct axis current to control the air gap. The ideal constant current optimized field weakening spring curve is presented and the proposed concept is experimentally validated on a single-stator single-rotor axial flux machine.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"369-380"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10670564","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3451990
Nicolas E. Lima Baschera;Alessandro Lidozzi;Giuseppe Zummo;Luca Saraceno;Fabio Riccardi;Fernando Ortenzi;Marco di Benedetto;Luca Solero
This article deals with a comprehensive analysis and performance evaluation of a fully integrated two-phase cooling system for power converters. A suitable test bed has been properly manufactured to perform the experimental campaign for the evaluation of the benefits and to deploy a dedicated management procedure of the two-phase cooling. The system is tested under real operating conditions, in which the system is employed for cooling a 1200-V 100-A insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power module of an inverter controlling a permanent magnet synchronous machine. The experimental results show the inverter temperature behavior in start-up for different flow rates of coolant and different temperatures of the fluid on the secondary system. In the steady-state operation, using lower coolant flow rates in the primary circuit achieved equal or even better cooling for the IGBT module compared with higher flow rates. With respect to traditional cooling approaches, the proposed arrangement allows a greater extraction of the heat at a very low flow rate of the cooling fluid, even with standard industrial grade heat sinks, which motivates the use of this cooling technology for the next generation of power electronics converters.
{"title":"Advances in Two-Phase Cooling for Next Power Electronics Converters","authors":"Nicolas E. Lima Baschera;Alessandro Lidozzi;Giuseppe Zummo;Luca Saraceno;Fabio Riccardi;Fernando Ortenzi;Marco di Benedetto;Luca Solero","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3451990","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3451990","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with a comprehensive analysis and performance evaluation of a fully integrated two-phase cooling system for power converters. A suitable test bed has been properly manufactured to perform the experimental campaign for the evaluation of the benefits and to deploy a dedicated management procedure of the two-phase cooling. The system is tested under real operating conditions, in which the system is employed for cooling a 1200-V 100-A insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power module of an inverter controlling a permanent magnet synchronous machine. The experimental results show the inverter temperature behavior in start-up for different flow rates of coolant and different temperatures of the fluid on the secondary system. In the steady-state operation, using lower coolant flow rates in the primary circuit achieved equal or even better cooling for the IGBT module compared with higher flow rates. With respect to traditional cooling approaches, the proposed arrangement allows a greater extraction of the heat at a very low flow rate of the cooling fluid, even with standard industrial grade heat sinks, which motivates the use of this cooling technology for the next generation of power electronics converters.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"381-390"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10663977","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3441308
Filipe Pinarello Scalcon;Gaoliang Fang;Cesar José Volpato Filho;Sumedh Dhale;Babak Nahid-Mobarakeh
The large dc-link current is a known issue in switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives, which often demand the use of a bulky dc-link capacitor. However, control techniques can be designed and optimized to lessen this issue. In this context, this article proposes the optimization of analytical torque sharing functions (TSFs) for dc-link current reduction in SRMs. Initially, the analytical TSFs are described, and the importance of adequate parameter selection is highlighted. Next, an optimization procedure based on the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II is proposed to determine the optimal turn- on and overlap angles by solving a multiobjective optimization problem considering torque rms error and dc-link rms current as objectives to be minimized, something not previously reported in the literature. The pareto fronts for different operating conditions are presented, including both soft and hard chopping operation, as well as different sampling frequencies. Then, an approach for selecting a solution from within the pareto front is described, enabling the result from the pareto front that yielded the desired tradeoff between torque RMSE and dc-link current to be identified. Experimental results are provided to support the effectiveness of the proposal. A comparison between three different cases is shown, highlighting the tradeoff between objectives.
众所周知，开关磁阻电机（SRM）驱动器的直流链路电流较大，通常需要使用体积庞大的直流链路电容器。不过，可以通过设计和优化控制技术来减少这一问题。在此背景下，本文提出了用于减少 SRM 直流电流的分析扭矩分担函数 (TSF) 的优化方案。首先，介绍了分析 TSF，并强调了适当选择参数的重要性。接下来，提出了一种基于非支配排序遗传算法 II 的优化程序，通过解决将转矩均方根误差和直流链路均方根电流作为最小化目标的多目标优化问题，确定最佳开启角和重叠角。文中给出了不同运行条件下的帕累托前沿，包括软斩波和硬斩波运行，以及不同的采样频率。然后，介绍了从帕累托前沿中选择解决方案的方法，从而能够从帕累托前沿中找出在转矩有效值和直流链路电流之间实现理想折衷的结果。实验结果证明了该建议的有效性。图中显示了三种不同情况的比较，突出了目标之间的权衡。
{"title":"Optimization of Analytical TSFs for DC-Link Current Reduction in Switched Reluctance Motors","authors":"Filipe Pinarello Scalcon;Gaoliang Fang;Cesar José Volpato Filho;Sumedh Dhale;Babak Nahid-Mobarakeh","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3441308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3441308","url":null,"abstract":"The large dc-link current is a known issue in switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives, which often demand the use of a bulky dc-link capacitor. However, control techniques can be designed and optimized to lessen this issue. In this context, this article proposes the optimization of analytical torque sharing functions (TSFs) for dc-link current reduction in SRMs. Initially, the analytical TSFs are described, and the importance of adequate parameter selection is highlighted. Next, an optimization procedure based on the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II is proposed to determine the optimal turn-\u0000<sc>on</small>\u0000 and overlap angles by solving a multiobjective optimization problem considering torque rms error and dc-link rms current as objectives to be minimized, something not previously reported in the literature. The pareto fronts for different operating conditions are presented, including both soft and hard chopping operation, as well as different sampling frequencies. Then, an approach for selecting a solution from within the pareto front is described, enabling the result from the pareto front that yielded the desired tradeoff between torque RMSE and dc-link current to be identified. Experimental results are provided to support the effectiveness of the proposal. A comparison between three different cases is shown, highlighting the tradeoff between objectives.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"356-368"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10633794","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3434668
Fares S. El-Faouri;Yifei Cai;Akira Chiba
In this article, a refinement algorithm of the current waveform that flattens the radial-force sum in switched reluctance motors is proposed. Flattening the radial-force sum eliminates the multiples of the third radial-force component. These components excite the breathing mode vibration, which is typically the dominant vibration in switched reluctance motors with a high number of poles. The previously proposed analytical current derivation for flattening the radial-force sum neglects magnetic saturation, limiting its applicability to low-torque region. Consequently, for high-torque saturation conditions, the previous waveform shaping degrades in flattening the radial-force sum. The proposed refinement of the analytical current waveform addresses this limitation, enabling effective radial-force sum flattening even under high-torque conditions. Additionally, the proposed current exhibits significantly lower peaks than those of the flattening methods at high-torque region in the literature, mitigating the need for higher-rated inverters. Finite element analysis and experimental validation verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"Refinement of Analytical Current Waveform for Acoustic Noise Reduction in Switched Reluctance Motor","authors":"Fares S. El-Faouri;Yifei Cai;Akira Chiba","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3434668","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3434668","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a refinement algorithm of the current waveform that flattens the radial-force sum in switched reluctance motors is proposed. Flattening the radial-force sum eliminates the multiples of the third radial-force component. These components excite the breathing mode vibration, which is typically the dominant vibration in switched reluctance motors with a high number of poles. The previously proposed analytical current derivation for flattening the radial-force sum neglects magnetic saturation, limiting its applicability to low-torque region. Consequently, for high-torque saturation conditions, the previous waveform shaping degrades in flattening the radial-force sum. The proposed refinement of the analytical current waveform addresses this limitation, enabling effective radial-force sum flattening even under high-torque conditions. Additionally, the proposed current exhibits significantly lower peaks than those of the flattening methods at high-torque region in the literature, mitigating the need for higher-rated inverters. Finite element analysis and experimental validation verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"325-337"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10613515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3430861
Luigi Danilo Tornello;Silvio Vaschetto;Emmanuel B. Agamloh;Giacomo Scelba;Giulio De Donato;Andrea Cavagnino
This article deals with the investigation of iron losses in toroidally wound laminated magnetic cores excited with wide-bandgap-device-based power electronic converters. The study aims to analyze the impact of selected pulsewidth modulation voltages on the iron losses, through an extensive experimental measurement campaign. In particular, four toroidal specimens made of different magnetic materials are supplied by pulsewidth-modulated voltage waveforms with switching frequencies ranging from 1 to 350 kHz and different deadtimes. Test campaigns have been conducted with the dual objectives of critically reviewing an engineering method proposed in the prior literature for predicting iron losses under distorted voltage waveforms. Additionally, the aim is to extend this estimation model to accommodate the highest frequencies currently employed in high-speed ac motor drives equipped with wide-bandgap semiconductor power converters.
{"title":"Investigating PWM-Induced Iron Losses: Measurements and Estimation Models up to 350 kHz Switching Frequency","authors":"Luigi Danilo Tornello;Silvio Vaschetto;Emmanuel B. Agamloh;Giacomo Scelba;Giulio De Donato;Andrea Cavagnino","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3430861","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3430861","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the investigation of iron losses in toroidally wound laminated magnetic cores excited with wide-bandgap-device-based power electronic converters. The study aims to analyze the impact of selected pulsewidth modulation voltages on the iron losses, through an extensive experimental measurement campaign. In particular, four toroidal specimens made of different magnetic materials are supplied by pulsewidth-modulated voltage waveforms with switching frequencies ranging from 1 to 350 kHz and different deadtimes. Test campaigns have been conducted with the dual objectives of critically reviewing an engineering method proposed in the prior literature for predicting iron losses under distorted voltage waveforms. Additionally, the aim is to extend this estimation model to accommodate the highest frequencies currently employed in high-speed ac motor drives equipped with wide-bandgap semiconductor power converters.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"338-355"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10602762","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141742710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3429518
Gedeon Rusatira;Gawoo Park;Kyungsoo Lee
This article introduces a novel control approach to obtain higher grid reliability using power-to-gas (P2G) conversion systems. The proposed control method named multiparallel vector current control is a variant of virtual synchronous machine (VSM) applied to the multiparallel inverter system (MPIS). It takes on the good qualities of VSM control, such as offering inertia, voltage support, the ability to operate in standalone mode, and strong performance in weaker grids. Moreover, this concept boasts swift current set-point tracking abilities and enhanced synchronization properties. Integration of the P2G system involves an MPIS that transforms ac power from renewable sources into usable dc power, along with an electrolysis device. The later utilizes dc power source to generate hydrogen and oxygen by decomposing water. This integration strategically prevents grid-induced overvoltage or undervoltage from affecting the electrolysis device. This protects it from malfunctions or damage while keeping the voltage and frequency within the normal range. The efficacy of the proposed control method is rigorously substantiated through analytical models, time-domain simulations, and experimental validation in real-world applications. This comprehensive validation process underscores its viability and robustness in ensuring grid stability while facilitating efficient P2G conversion operations.
{"title":"Multiparallel Inverter Control Strategy for Grid-Supporting P2G Systems","authors":"Gedeon Rusatira;Gawoo Park;Kyungsoo Lee","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3429518","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3429518","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a novel control approach to obtain higher grid reliability using power-to-gas (P2G) conversion systems. The proposed control method named multiparallel vector current control is a variant of virtual synchronous machine (VSM) applied to the multiparallel inverter system (MPIS). It takes on the good qualities of VSM control, such as offering inertia, voltage support, the ability to operate in standalone mode, and strong performance in weaker grids. Moreover, this concept boasts swift current set-point tracking abilities and enhanced synchronization properties. Integration of the P2G system involves an MPIS that transforms ac power from renewable sources into usable dc power, along with an electrolysis device. The later utilizes dc power source to generate hydrogen and oxygen by decomposing water. This integration strategically prevents grid-induced overvoltage or undervoltage from affecting the electrolysis device. This protects it from malfunctions or damage while keeping the voltage and frequency within the normal range. The efficacy of the proposed control method is rigorously substantiated through analytical models, time-domain simulations, and experimental validation in real-world applications. This comprehensive validation process underscores its viability and robustness in ensuring grid stability while facilitating efficient P2G conversion operations.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"311-324"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10601332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141746211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a sizing methodology in the frame of the multidisciplinary design of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines. The proposed approach targets at obtaining an initial electromagnetic design of the machine, including diameters, axial length, rotor barrier shape, stator slot geometry as well as the winding layout. The analytical design workflow consists of an iterative sizing procedure based on a robust geometric model, consistent equations, and no correction factors. The process is carried out starting from very basic design parameters such as rated voltage, torque, and magnetic material properties. The modular structure of the proposed design algorithm can be easily integrated with optimization routines obtaining a final optimized design, which contemplates various multiobjective constraints.
{"title":"Multiphysics Sizing of Interior Permanent Magnet Machines Based on Geometric Methodology","authors":"Mostafa Ahmadi Darmani;Andrea Cavagnino;Silvio Vaschetto;Fabrizio Marignetti;Christopher Gerada","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3427863","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3427863","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a sizing methodology in the frame of the multidisciplinary design of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines. The proposed approach targets at obtaining an initial electromagnetic design of the machine, including diameters, axial length, rotor barrier shape, stator slot geometry as well as the winding layout. The analytical design workflow consists of an iterative sizing procedure based on a robust geometric model, consistent equations, and no correction factors. The process is carried out starting from very basic design parameters such as rated voltage, torque, and magnetic material properties. The modular structure of the proposed design algorithm can be easily integrated with optimization routines obtaining a final optimized design, which contemplates various multiobjective constraints.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"283-299"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10598368","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426281
Mohamed Massaoudi;Haitham Abu-Rub;Ali Ghrayeb
Transient stability assessment (TSA) is critical to the reliable operation of a power system against severe fault conditions. In practice, TSA based on deep learning is preferable for its high accuracy but often overlooks challenges in maintaining data privacy while coping with network topology changes. This article proposes an innovative f ocal l oss-based multihead a ttention co nvolutional n etwork (FLACON) for accurate post-disturbance TSA under both symmetrical and asymmetrical smart grid faults. The proposed approach effectively incorporates cross-domain deep federated transfer learning (FTL) to leverage local operating data for TSA in a decentralized fashion. By introducing convolutional layers alongside multi-head attention mechanisms, the FLACON framework significantly improves learning efficiency across geographically distributed datasets. To address the challenge of class imbalance, the model integrates a balance factor-enhanced focal loss function. The FTL architecture enables decentralized model training across various clients, thus preserving data privacy and reducing the burden of communication overhead. To avoid the constant adjustment of hyperparameters, the FLACON employs an inductive transfer learning approach for hyperparameter tuning of the pre-trained model, markedly decreasing training time. Extensive experiments on datasets from the IEEE 39-bus system and the IEEE 68-bus system demonstrate FLACON's exceptional accuracy of 98.98% compared to some competitive alternatives.
{"title":"FLACON: A Deep Federated Transfer Learning-Enabled Transient Stability Assessment During Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Grid Faults","authors":"Mohamed Massaoudi;Haitham Abu-Rub;Ali Ghrayeb","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426281","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426281","url":null,"abstract":"Transient stability assessment (TSA) is critical to the reliable operation of a power system against severe fault conditions. In practice, TSA based on deep learning is preferable for its high accuracy but often overlooks challenges in maintaining data privacy while coping with network topology changes. This article proposes an innovative \u0000<underline>f</u>\u0000ocal \u0000<underline>l</u>\u0000oss-based multihead \u0000<underline>a</u>\u0000ttention \u0000<underline>co</u>\u0000nvolutional \u0000<underline>n</u>\u0000etwork (FLACON) for accurate post-disturbance TSA under both symmetrical and asymmetrical smart grid faults. The proposed approach effectively incorporates cross-domain deep federated transfer learning (FTL) to leverage local operating data for TSA in a decentralized fashion. By introducing convolutional layers alongside multi-head attention mechanisms, the FLACON framework significantly improves learning efficiency across geographically distributed datasets. To address the challenge of class imbalance, the model integrates a balance factor-enhanced focal loss function. The FTL architecture enables decentralized model training across various clients, thus preserving data privacy and reducing the burden of communication overhead. To avoid the constant adjustment of hyperparameters, the FLACON employs an inductive transfer learning approach for hyperparameter tuning of the pre-trained model, markedly decreasing training time. Extensive experiments on datasets from the IEEE 39-bus system and the IEEE 68-bus system demonstrate FLACON's exceptional accuracy of 98.98% compared to some competitive alternatives.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"253-266"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10592792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141585845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article implements and validates the performance of a virtual intelligent electronic device (vIED) framework for digital substations using a real-time (RT) simulation environment. The work looks toward the future design of protection, automation, and control systems, an evolution of the digital substation design based on IEC 61850 and virtualization technology. An RT simulation setup was developed to speed up and enhance the deployment and maintenance of vIEDs with a novel well-defined test methodology. Several scenarios were tested by varying the number of vIEDs and relevant (communication, scalability, and functionality) configuration criteria. In addition, we assessed the efficiency of a software-defined communication network for the vIED framework and its adaptability to dynamic scaling of the network under transient data traffic loads. The tests demonstrated the efficient performance of vIEDs across various system configurations, particularly for requirements on the response time and network transfer latency. The findings showcase the significance of proper design and testing methodology that can be benchmarked against other virtualization platforms for substation systems.
本文使用实时（RT）仿真环境为数字变电站实现并验证了虚拟智能电子设备（vIED）框架的性能。这项工作着眼于保护、自动化和控制系统的未来设计，是基于 IEC 61850 和虚拟化技术的数字变电站设计的演进。我们开发了一种 RT 仿真设置，通过一种定义明确的新测试方法来加快和加强 vIED 的部署和维护。通过改变 vIED 的数量和相关（通信、可扩展性和功能）配置标准，对几种情况进行了测试。此外，我们还评估了 vIED 框架的软件定义通信网络的效率及其在瞬态数据流量负载下对网络动态扩展的适应性。测试表明，vIED 在各种系统配置下都具有高效的性能，特别是在满足响应时间和网络传输延迟的要求方面。测试结果表明，正确的设计和测试方法非常重要，可以与变电站系统的其他虚拟化平台进行比较。
{"title":"A Real-Time Implementation and Testing of Virtualized Controllers for Software-Defined IEC 61850 Digital Substations","authors":"Nadine Kabbara;Agrippina Mwangi;Alexandru Ştefanov;Madeleine Gibescu","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426321","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426321","url":null,"abstract":"This article implements and validates the performance of a virtual intelligent electronic device (vIED) framework for digital substations using a real-time (RT) simulation environment. The work looks toward the future design of protection, automation, and control systems, an evolution of the digital substation design based on IEC 61850 and virtualization technology. An RT simulation setup was developed to speed up and enhance the deployment and maintenance of vIEDs with a novel well-defined test methodology. Several scenarios were tested by varying the number of vIEDs and relevant (communication, scalability, and functionality) configuration criteria. In addition, we assessed the efficiency of a software-defined communication network for the vIED framework and its adaptability to dynamic scaling of the network under transient data traffic loads. The tests demonstrated the efficient performance of vIEDs across various system configurations, particularly for requirements on the response time and network transfer latency. The findings showcase the significance of proper design and testing methodology that can be benchmarked against other virtualization platforms for substation systems.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"300-310"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10592828","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141585846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426334
Mohamed Massaoudi;Tassneem Zamzam;Maymouna Ez Eddin;Ali Ghrayeb;Haitham Abu-Rub;Shady S. Refaat
The transient power grid stability is greatly affected by the unpredictability of inverter-based resources of today's interconnected power grids. This article introduces an efficient transient stability status prediction method based on deep temporal convolutional networks (TCNs). A grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is utilized to fine-tune the TCN hyperparameters to improve the proposed model's accuracy. The proposed model provides critical information on the transient grid status in the early stages of fault occurrence, which may lead to taking the proper action. The proposed TCN-GWO uses both synchronously sampled values and synthetic values from various bus systems. In a postfault scenario, a copula of processing blocks is implemented to ensure the reliability of the proposed method where high-importance features are incorporated into the TCN-GWO model. The proposed algorithm unlocks scalability and system adaptability to operational variability by adopting numeric imputation and missing-data-tolerant techniques. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on the 68-bus system and the Northeastern United States 25k-bus synthetic test system with credible contingencies using the PowerWorld simulator. The obtained results prove the enhanced performance of the proposed technique over competitive state-of-the-art transient stability assessment methods under various contingencies with an overall accuracy of 99% within 0.64 s after the fault clearance.
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