Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3648282
Kangbeen Lee;Hyunwoo Kim;Junhyuk Im;Suaib Al Sufi;Chanyeop Park;Woongkul Lee
Partial discharge (PD) is a localized insulation failure that occurs without completely bridging the electrodes. While PD in sinusoidal excitations has been extensively studied with conventional detection and analysis methods, wide bandgap (WBG)-based electric drives introduce new challenges due to their high-frequency and high-speed switching. These features give rise to nonuniform voltage and charge distributions, along with voltage overshoot and ringing, governed by a geometry of PD object and drive parameters such as switching frequency and slew rate. Moreover, these fast-switching transients complicate PD detection due to electromagnetic interference (EMI). This article reviews PD characteristics in WBG-based drives, highlighting the challenges in WBG-based drives. The review explores opportunities to improve PD location prediction through voltage distribution analysis based on the impedance of PD objects, as well as to optimize insulation design by considering charge distribution and methods for reducing the electric field across the insulation. Furthermore, it discusses methods to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of PD detection, including a reduction of common-mode voltage and current with active EMI filters, thereby enhancing detection reliability in WBG-based electric drives.
{"title":"A Review of Partial Discharge in High-Frequency and High-Speed WBG-Based Electric Drives","authors":"Kangbeen Lee;Hyunwoo Kim;Junhyuk Im;Suaib Al Sufi;Chanyeop Park;Woongkul Lee","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3648282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3648282","url":null,"abstract":"Partial discharge (PD) is a localized insulation failure that occurs without completely bridging the electrodes. While PD in sinusoidal excitations has been extensively studied with conventional detection and analysis methods, wide bandgap (WBG)-based electric drives introduce new challenges due to their high-frequency and high-speed switching. These features give rise to nonuniform voltage and charge distributions, along with voltage overshoot and ringing, governed by a geometry of PD object and drive parameters such as switching frequency and slew rate. Moreover, these fast-switching transients complicate PD detection due to electromagnetic interference (EMI). This article reviews PD characteristics in WBG-based drives, highlighting the challenges in WBG-based drives. The review explores opportunities to improve PD location prediction through voltage distribution analysis based on the impedance of PD objects, as well as to optimize insulation design by considering charge distribution and methods for reducing the electric field across the insulation. Furthermore, it discusses methods to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of PD detection, including a reduction of common-mode voltage and current with active EMI filters, thereby enhancing detection reliability in WBG-based electric drives.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"79-89"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11315872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid integration of electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure, particularly EV charging stations (EVCS) and battery swapping stations (BSS), has introduced new challenges to modern distribution networks due to dynamic and uncertain load profiles. This article proposes a comprehensive profit maximization framework aimed at improving economic outcomes for three key stakeholder groups: EVCS operators, BSS operators, and distribution network consumers. The model integrates demand-side management strategies such as load shifting and load curtailment to mitigate undesirable load fluctuations while enhancing operational efficiency. A hybrid metaheuristic optimization technique combining differential evolution with prairie dog optimization is used to solve the multientity coordination problem. Extensive simulation studies are carried out on a 118-bus radial distribution network under six different case studies. Results indicate that simultaneous profit maximization across all stakeholders yields superior economic performance compared to individual optimization. The proposed framework achieves up to 18.7% higher total profit. Specifically, EVCS operators, BSS operators, and demand-side participants benefit from profit improvements of 21.9%, 24.2%, 49.9%, and 2.5%, respectively, highlighting the economic viability of the proposed coordinated approach across all six operational cases.
{"title":"Profit Maximization of Distribution Network Stakeholders Facilitating EV Demands With Adaptive Demand Side Management Policies","authors":"Manoj Saha;Siddhartha Sankar Thakur;Aniruddha Bhattacharya;Bishwajit Dey","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3647633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3647633","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid integration of electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure, particularly EV charging stations (EVCS) and battery swapping stations (BSS), has introduced new challenges to modern distribution networks due to dynamic and uncertain load profiles. This article proposes a comprehensive profit maximization framework aimed at improving economic outcomes for three key stakeholder groups: EVCS operators, BSS operators, and distribution network consumers. The model integrates demand-side management strategies such as load shifting and load curtailment to mitigate undesirable load fluctuations while enhancing operational efficiency. A hybrid metaheuristic optimization technique combining differential evolution with prairie dog optimization is used to solve the multientity coordination problem. Extensive simulation studies are carried out on a 118-bus radial distribution network under six different case studies. Results indicate that simultaneous profit maximization across all stakeholders yields superior economic performance compared to individual optimization. The proposed framework achieves up to 18.7% higher total profit. Specifically, EVCS operators, BSS operators, and demand-side participants benefit from profit improvements of 21.9%, 24.2%, 49.9%, and 2.5%, respectively, highlighting the economic viability of the proposed coordinated approach across all six operational cases.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"65-78"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11314678","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3647228
Hamdihun A. Dawed;Khaled Ali Al Jaafari;Abdul R. Beig;Zeyar Aung
Multiphase machines are gaining traction in electric vehicle propulsion systems due to their inherent fault tolerance and superior torque performance. Nevertheless, due to insulation degradation, manufacturing defects, or thermal and mechanical stresses, interturn short-circuit (ITSC) faults can occur. If undetected, this will lead to performance degradation and potential failure, compromising drive reliability. Existing detection methods often rely on low-pass filtering, spectral analysis, or complex feature extraction, increasing computational burden and reducing real-time applicability. This article proposes an adaptive least-mean-square-based approach that actively suppresses unwanted harmonic currents while using the fundamental harmonic compensation voltage as a direct ITSC fault severity indicator. The proposed method improves real-time fault detection and severity assessment without requiring additional hardware, filtering, or spectral analysis. Experimental validation confirms its computational efficiency and suitability for real-time ITSC fault monitoring.
{"title":"Multi-LMS Harmonic Compensation for Real-Time Detection of Interturn Short-Circuit Fault in Six-Phase Induction Machines","authors":"Hamdihun A. Dawed;Khaled Ali Al Jaafari;Abdul R. Beig;Zeyar Aung","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3647228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3647228","url":null,"abstract":"Multiphase machines are gaining traction in electric vehicle propulsion systems due to their inherent fault tolerance and superior torque performance. Nevertheless, due to insulation degradation, manufacturing defects, or thermal and mechanical stresses, interturn short-circuit (ITSC) faults can occur. If undetected, this will lead to performance degradation and potential failure, compromising drive reliability. Existing detection methods often rely on low-pass filtering, spectral analysis, or complex feature extraction, increasing computational burden and reducing real-time applicability. This article proposes an adaptive least-mean-square-based approach that actively suppresses unwanted harmonic currents while using the fundamental harmonic compensation voltage as a direct ITSC fault severity indicator. The proposed method improves real-time fault detection and severity assessment without requiring additional hardware, filtering, or spectral analysis. Experimental validation confirms its computational efficiency and suitability for real-time ITSC fault monitoring.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"36-47"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11313478","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3647021
Pengwei Li;Zhe Zhang;Ali Bazzi
There is growing demand for robust sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), but conventional methods using phase locked loops (PLLs) are computationally intensive and offer limited back-Electromotive Force (back-EMF) distortion compensation across wide speed ranges. To address this issue, this article focuses on an optimized second-order general integrator (SOGI) with frequency lock loop (FLL) and look-up table (LUT) to observe back-EMF for sensorless control of PMSMs. The observer is based on a reduced-order back-EMF model that utilizes the voltage equation in α-axis and relies on a single SOGI to estimate the fundamental back-EMF component in both α- and β-axes. This article further derives the SOGI-FLL observer model to guide parameter design and implementation and evaluates robustness through sensitivity analysis. Harmonic distortion in back-EMF is addressed using a time-domain numerical LUT. The observer is implemented in discrete time on a dSPACE PMSM drive platform. Simulations and experiments under various conditions confirm its effectiveness over two conventional sensorless algorithms.
{"title":"Hybrid SOGI-FLL-LUT Sensorless PMSM Drive With Back-EMF Distortion Elimination","authors":"Pengwei Li;Zhe Zhang;Ali Bazzi","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3647021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3647021","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing demand for robust sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), but conventional methods using phase locked loops (PLLs) are computationally intensive and offer limited back-Electromotive Force (back-EMF) distortion compensation across wide speed ranges. To address this issue, this article focuses on an optimized second-order general integrator (SOGI) with frequency lock loop (FLL) and look-up table (LUT) to observe back-EMF for sensorless control of PMSMs. The observer is based on a reduced-order back-EMF model that utilizes the voltage equation in <italic>α</i>-axis and relies on a single SOGI to estimate the fundamental back-EMF component in both <italic>α-</i> and <italic>β-</i>axes. This article further derives the SOGI-FLL observer model to guide parameter design and implementation and evaluates robustness through sensitivity analysis. Harmonic distortion in back-EMF is addressed using a time-domain numerical LUT. The observer is implemented in discrete time on a dSPACE PMSM drive platform. Simulations and experiments under various conditions confirm its effectiveness over two conventional sensorless algorithms.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"104-116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11313479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3646314
{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3646314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3646314","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11308149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3646312
{"title":"IEEE Industry Applications Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3646312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3646312","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11309342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3642246
Yussuf Shakhin;Ahmad Bala Alhassan;Nguyen Gia Minh Thao;Ton Duc Do
Although continuous-time analyzes offer valuable theoretical insights into improving robustness, they often fail to incorporate critical sampling effects and other discrete-time (DT) dynamics essential for practical implementations. Consequently, DT analyzes are required to comprehensively evaluate how various discretization approaches influence system performance and robustness in servo-drive applications. This study investigates a discrete disturbance observer (DOB) framework for servo-drive systems, examining both differentiator- and estimator-based DOB designs implemented via Euler and Tustin discretization methods. By analyzing the impact of these designs on sensitivity peaks, noise sensitivity, and disturbance rejection, the study derives design constraints for the nominal plant model and observer bandwidth using DT sensitivity analyses and the Bode integral theorem. Theoretical evaluations and experimental results consistently demonstrate that the Tustin method, particularly when applied to differentiator-based DOB, delivers better disturbance attenuation and control performance. This systematic approach not only provides practical guidelines for tuning DOB parameters, but also assists in choosing discretization techniques most suitable for optimizing practical servo drive systems in real-world applications.
{"title":"Discrete Disturbance Observer Design, Analysis and Evaluation for Servo Drive Systems","authors":"Yussuf Shakhin;Ahmad Bala Alhassan;Nguyen Gia Minh Thao;Ton Duc Do","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3642246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3642246","url":null,"abstract":"Although continuous-time analyzes offer valuable theoretical insights into improving robustness, they often fail to incorporate critical sampling effects and other discrete-time (DT) dynamics essential for practical implementations. Consequently, DT analyzes are required to comprehensively evaluate how various discretization approaches influence system performance and robustness in servo-drive applications. This study investigates a discrete disturbance observer (DOB) framework for servo-drive systems, examining both differentiator- and estimator-based DOB designs implemented via Euler and Tustin discretization methods. By analyzing the impact of these designs on sensitivity peaks, noise sensitivity, and disturbance rejection, the study derives design constraints for the nominal plant model and observer bandwidth using DT sensitivity analyses and the Bode integral theorem. Theoretical evaluations and experimental results consistently demonstrate that the Tustin method, particularly when applied to differentiator-based DOB, delivers better disturbance attenuation and control performance. This systematic approach not only provides practical guidelines for tuning DOB parameters, but also assists in choosing discretization techniques most suitable for optimizing practical servo drive systems in real-world applications.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"877-891"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11295957","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3637381
Salvatore Guaiana;Nicola Panzavecchia;Giovanni Artale;Antonio Cataliotti;Vito Ditta;Valentina Cosentino;Giovanni Tinè;Dario Di Cara
This article presents new devices and communication architecture for monitoring and controlling distributed generation (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) in a smart grid. Different communication means, including power line communications, and protocols are presented, which can be adopted for the distribution power system, where DG and ESS are usually connected. The new devices allow the distribution system operator (DSO) to remotely monitor all DGs and ESSs connected to a secondary substation and to remotely interact with each of them with Modbus commands. The proposed communication link was tested, measuring the communication latency, success rate, and bit error rate. Moreover, a test of the whole architecture was carried out, including the power converter and ESS. The results show how DSO can change the power flow, injecting or storing energy in a very short time, confirming the possible contribution of ESS to distribution network management and stability.
{"title":"Implementation and Experimental Validation of a PLC-Based Infrastructure for Distributed Generation and Storage Systems Remote Management","authors":"Salvatore Guaiana;Nicola Panzavecchia;Giovanni Artale;Antonio Cataliotti;Vito Ditta;Valentina Cosentino;Giovanni Tinè;Dario Di Cara","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3637381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3637381","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents new devices and communication architecture for monitoring and controlling distributed generation (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) in a smart grid. Different communication means, including power line communications, and protocols are presented, which can be adopted for the distribution power system, where DG and ESS are usually connected. The new devices allow the distribution system operator (DSO) to remotely monitor all DGs and ESSs connected to a secondary substation and to remotely interact with each of them with Modbus commands. The proposed communication link was tested, measuring the communication latency, success rate, and bit error rate. Moreover, a test of the whole architecture was carried out, including the power converter and ESS. The results show how DSO can change the power flow, injecting or storing energy in a very short time, confirming the possible contribution of ESS to distribution network management and stability.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"24-35"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3636406
Ryno Gerber;Maarten Jan Kamper
With the recent proliferation in penetration levels of converter-based grid-connected wind turbine systems, a decrease in grid strength has been observed. In pursuit of improving grid strength and power quality, the newly proposed slip-synchronous wind turbine system (SS-WTS) is employed, whereby a synchronous generator (SG) is directly connected to the grid and damping is provided through the use of a slip permanent magnet coupling (S-PMC). However, the proper operation of the turbine drivetrain has yet to be fully investigated under transient loading conditions. This article examines various drivetrain topologies to ensure the optimal placement of the S-PMC for stability and load mitigation. From the stability analysis, various S-PMC slip ranges, SG synchronous reactance values and inertia ratios between the turbine hub and SG rotor were evaluated. This led to more thorough design criteria being established to ensure the proper stability of the SS-WTS under transient conditions, with specific regard to low-voltage ride-throughs (LVRTs). This article found that, although connecting the SS-WTS to the grid is a feasible solution to improve grid strength, instability is observed under certain transient conditions, such as LVRTs. It was noted that direct-drive SS-WTSs are less susceptible to transient instability, as they possess a far larger inertia ratio between the wind turbine and the SG rotor. This article found the optimal slip and synchronous reactance for all SS-WTS variants, where stability under all transient conditions is dependent on the turbine’s rated torque, the turbine’s inertia and the SG inertia. This made it possible to formulate adequate design criteria based on the application and capability needs of the SS-WTS.
{"title":"Stability Analysis of Grid-Strengthening Geared Direct Grid-Connected Dual-Speed Slip-Synchronous Wind Turbines","authors":"Ryno Gerber;Maarten Jan Kamper","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3636406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3636406","url":null,"abstract":"With the recent proliferation in penetration levels of converter-based grid-connected wind turbine systems, a decrease in grid strength has been observed. In pursuit of improving grid strength and power quality, the newly proposed slip-synchronous wind turbine system (SS-WTS) is employed, whereby a synchronous generator (SG) is directly connected to the grid and damping is provided through the use of a slip permanent magnet coupling (S-PMC). However, the proper operation of the turbine drivetrain has yet to be fully investigated under transient loading conditions. This article examines various drivetrain topologies to ensure the optimal placement of the S-PMC for stability and load mitigation. From the stability analysis, various S-PMC slip ranges, SG synchronous reactance values and inertia ratios between the turbine hub and SG rotor were evaluated. This led to more thorough design criteria being established to ensure the proper stability of the SS-WTS under transient conditions, with specific regard to low-voltage ride-throughs (LVRTs). This article found that, although connecting the SS-WTS to the grid is a feasible solution to improve grid strength, instability is observed under certain transient conditions, such as LVRTs. It was noted that direct-drive SS-WTSs are less susceptible to transient instability, as they possess a far larger inertia ratio between the wind turbine and the SG rotor. This article found the optimal slip and synchronous reactance for all SS-WTS variants, where stability under all transient conditions is dependent on the turbine’s rated torque, the turbine’s inertia and the SG inertia. This made it possible to formulate adequate design criteria based on the application and capability needs of the SS-WTS.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"3-23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11264835","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Power electronic systems are widely used for efficient power processing across various applications. However, due to their nonlinear behavior and susceptibility to disturbances, modeling and simulation are essential for fully understanding their complex interactions. The waveform relaxation (WR) method is employed to solve subsystems independently, with data exchanged until convergence is reached, offering flexibility in selecting solvers and integration techniques. In power electronics, applying the WR method with time windowing improves simulation stability and accuracy by introducing an equation to determine the optimal number of time windows. A time windowing technique is proposed, for the first time, for the cosimulation of a closed-loop power circuit divided into a first subsystem (converter) and a second subsystem (proportional–integral controller). These two subsystems are supposed to be designed by two different entities, which are not allowed to exchange their respective models for intellectual property reasons. The time windowing WR method is applied to transfer the data from subsystem 1 to 2. More importantly, an analytical model for the implementation of a time windowing WR technique is developed. This equation allows a deterministic choice of the number of time windows at each iteration, for convergence, based on windowing size and simulation parameters. Results show consistent output within a specified voltage range, with reduced CPU simulation time compared to cosimulation with an arbitrary selection of numbers of time windows, while being comparable to the full system simulation. The proposed technique is implemented with an input voltage range of 1.8–3 V, resulting in consistent outputs of 3.3 V in both continuous-time and discrete-time simulation modes. The comparative analysis demonstrates that with an increased number of iterations, the elapsed time is 11.1% and 5.6% faster for continuous-time and discrete-time simulation modes, respectively, compared to a cosimulation with time windows. Furthermore, the time windowing WR method closely aligns with the full system result, with only a slight difference in elapsed time. In addition, to validate the proposed analytical model using the time windowing WR technique in a closed-loop circuit, the buck converter is evaluated and compared without the full system. These results highlight the accuracy of WR with time windowing method and illustrate the quicker convergence achieved when used in circuit cosimulation.
{"title":"Optimization of Time Windowing Technique for Closed-Loop Circuit Cosimulation Using WR Method","authors":"Md Moktarul Alam;Mohsen Koohestani;Mohammed Ramdani;Philippe Besnier;Richard Perdriau","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3636063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3636063","url":null,"abstract":"Power electronic systems are widely used for efficient power processing across various applications. However, due to their nonlinear behavior and susceptibility to disturbances, modeling and simulation are essential for fully understanding their complex interactions. The waveform relaxation (WR) method is employed to solve subsystems independently, with data exchanged until convergence is reached, offering flexibility in selecting solvers and integration techniques. In power electronics, applying the WR method with time windowing improves simulation stability and accuracy by introducing an equation to determine the optimal number of time windows. A time windowing technique is proposed, for the first time, for the cosimulation of a closed-loop power circuit divided into a first subsystem (converter) and a second subsystem (proportional–integral controller). These two subsystems are supposed to be designed by two different entities, which are not allowed to exchange their respective models for intellectual property reasons. The time windowing WR method is applied to transfer the data from subsystem 1 to 2. More importantly, an analytical model for the implementation of a time windowing WR technique is developed. This equation allows a deterministic choice of the number of time windows at each iteration, for convergence, based on windowing size and simulation parameters. Results show consistent output within a specified voltage range, with reduced CPU simulation time compared to cosimulation with an arbitrary selection of numbers of time windows, while being comparable to the full system simulation. The proposed technique is implemented with an input voltage range of 1.8–3 V, resulting in consistent outputs of 3.3 V in both continuous-time and discrete-time simulation modes. The comparative analysis demonstrates that with an increased number of iterations, the elapsed time is 11.1% and 5.6% faster for continuous-time and discrete-time simulation modes, respectively, compared to a cosimulation with time windows. Furthermore, the time windowing WR method closely aligns with the full system result, with only a slight difference in elapsed time. In addition, to validate the proposed analytical model using the time windowing WR technique in a closed-loop circuit, the buck converter is evaluated and compared without the full system. These results highlight the accuracy of WR with time windowing method and illustrate the quicker convergence achieved when used in circuit cosimulation.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"852-866"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11266946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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