Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3434668
Fares S. El-Faouri;Yifei Cai;Akira Chiba
In this article, a refinement algorithm of the current waveform that flattens the radial-force sum in switched reluctance motors is proposed. Flattening the radial-force sum eliminates the multiples of the third radial-force component. These components excite the breathing mode vibration, which is typically the dominant vibration in switched reluctance motors with a high number of poles. The previously proposed analytical current derivation for flattening the radial-force sum neglects magnetic saturation, limiting its applicability to low-torque region. Consequently, for high-torque saturation conditions, the previous waveform shaping degrades in flattening the radial-force sum. The proposed refinement of the analytical current waveform addresses this limitation, enabling effective radial-force sum flattening even under high-torque conditions. Additionally, the proposed current exhibits significantly lower peaks than those of the flattening methods at high-torque region in the literature, mitigating the need for higher-rated inverters. Finite element analysis and experimental validation verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"Refinement of Analytical Current Waveform for Acoustic Noise Reduction in Switched Reluctance Motor","authors":"Fares S. El-Faouri;Yifei Cai;Akira Chiba","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3434668","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3434668","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a refinement algorithm of the current waveform that flattens the radial-force sum in switched reluctance motors is proposed. Flattening the radial-force sum eliminates the multiples of the third radial-force component. These components excite the breathing mode vibration, which is typically the dominant vibration in switched reluctance motors with a high number of poles. The previously proposed analytical current derivation for flattening the radial-force sum neglects magnetic saturation, limiting its applicability to low-torque region. Consequently, for high-torque saturation conditions, the previous waveform shaping degrades in flattening the radial-force sum. The proposed refinement of the analytical current waveform addresses this limitation, enabling effective radial-force sum flattening even under high-torque conditions. Additionally, the proposed current exhibits significantly lower peaks than those of the flattening methods at high-torque region in the literature, mitigating the need for higher-rated inverters. Finite element analysis and experimental validation verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"325-337"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10613515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3430861
Luigi Danilo Tornello;Silvio Vaschetto;Emmanuel B. Agamloh;Giacomo Scelba;Giulio De Donato;Andrea Cavagnino
This article deals with the investigation of iron losses in toroidally wound laminated magnetic cores excited with wide-bandgap-device-based power electronic converters. The study aims to analyze the impact of selected pulsewidth modulation voltages on the iron losses, through an extensive experimental measurement campaign. In particular, four toroidal specimens made of different magnetic materials are supplied by pulsewidth-modulated voltage waveforms with switching frequencies ranging from 1 to 350 kHz and different deadtimes. Test campaigns have been conducted with the dual objectives of critically reviewing an engineering method proposed in the prior literature for predicting iron losses under distorted voltage waveforms. Additionally, the aim is to extend this estimation model to accommodate the highest frequencies currently employed in high-speed ac motor drives equipped with wide-bandgap semiconductor power converters.
{"title":"Investigating PWM-Induced Iron Losses: Measurements and Estimation Models up to 350 kHz Switching Frequency","authors":"Luigi Danilo Tornello;Silvio Vaschetto;Emmanuel B. Agamloh;Giacomo Scelba;Giulio De Donato;Andrea Cavagnino","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3430861","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3430861","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the investigation of iron losses in toroidally wound laminated magnetic cores excited with wide-bandgap-device-based power electronic converters. The study aims to analyze the impact of selected pulsewidth modulation voltages on the iron losses, through an extensive experimental measurement campaign. In particular, four toroidal specimens made of different magnetic materials are supplied by pulsewidth-modulated voltage waveforms with switching frequencies ranging from 1 to 350 kHz and different deadtimes. Test campaigns have been conducted with the dual objectives of critically reviewing an engineering method proposed in the prior literature for predicting iron losses under distorted voltage waveforms. Additionally, the aim is to extend this estimation model to accommodate the highest frequencies currently employed in high-speed ac motor drives equipped with wide-bandgap semiconductor power converters.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"338-355"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10602762","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141742710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3429518
Gedeon Rusatira;Gawoo Park;Kyungsoo Lee
This article introduces a novel control approach to obtain higher grid reliability using power-to-gas (P2G) conversion systems. The proposed control method named multiparallel vector current control is a variant of virtual synchronous machine (VSM) applied to the multiparallel inverter system (MPIS). It takes on the good qualities of VSM control, such as offering inertia, voltage support, the ability to operate in standalone mode, and strong performance in weaker grids. Moreover, this concept boasts swift current set-point tracking abilities and enhanced synchronization properties. Integration of the P2G system involves an MPIS that transforms ac power from renewable sources into usable dc power, along with an electrolysis device. The later utilizes dc power source to generate hydrogen and oxygen by decomposing water. This integration strategically prevents grid-induced overvoltage or undervoltage from affecting the electrolysis device. This protects it from malfunctions or damage while keeping the voltage and frequency within the normal range. The efficacy of the proposed control method is rigorously substantiated through analytical models, time-domain simulations, and experimental validation in real-world applications. This comprehensive validation process underscores its viability and robustness in ensuring grid stability while facilitating efficient P2G conversion operations.
{"title":"Multiparallel Inverter Control Strategy for Grid-Supporting P2G Systems","authors":"Gedeon Rusatira;Gawoo Park;Kyungsoo Lee","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3429518","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3429518","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a novel control approach to obtain higher grid reliability using power-to-gas (P2G) conversion systems. The proposed control method named multiparallel vector current control is a variant of virtual synchronous machine (VSM) applied to the multiparallel inverter system (MPIS). It takes on the good qualities of VSM control, such as offering inertia, voltage support, the ability to operate in standalone mode, and strong performance in weaker grids. Moreover, this concept boasts swift current set-point tracking abilities and enhanced synchronization properties. Integration of the P2G system involves an MPIS that transforms ac power from renewable sources into usable dc power, along with an electrolysis device. The later utilizes dc power source to generate hydrogen and oxygen by decomposing water. This integration strategically prevents grid-induced overvoltage or undervoltage from affecting the electrolysis device. This protects it from malfunctions or damage while keeping the voltage and frequency within the normal range. The efficacy of the proposed control method is rigorously substantiated through analytical models, time-domain simulations, and experimental validation in real-world applications. This comprehensive validation process underscores its viability and robustness in ensuring grid stability while facilitating efficient P2G conversion operations.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"311-324"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10601332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141746211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a sizing methodology in the frame of the multidisciplinary design of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines. The proposed approach targets at obtaining an initial electromagnetic design of the machine, including diameters, axial length, rotor barrier shape, stator slot geometry as well as the winding layout. The analytical design workflow consists of an iterative sizing procedure based on a robust geometric model, consistent equations, and no correction factors. The process is carried out starting from very basic design parameters such as rated voltage, torque, and magnetic material properties. The modular structure of the proposed design algorithm can be easily integrated with optimization routines obtaining a final optimized design, which contemplates various multiobjective constraints.
{"title":"Multiphysics Sizing of Interior Permanent Magnet Machines Based on Geometric Methodology","authors":"Mostafa Ahmadi Darmani;Andrea Cavagnino;Silvio Vaschetto;Fabrizio Marignetti;Christopher Gerada","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3427863","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3427863","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a sizing methodology in the frame of the multidisciplinary design of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines. The proposed approach targets at obtaining an initial electromagnetic design of the machine, including diameters, axial length, rotor barrier shape, stator slot geometry as well as the winding layout. The analytical design workflow consists of an iterative sizing procedure based on a robust geometric model, consistent equations, and no correction factors. The process is carried out starting from very basic design parameters such as rated voltage, torque, and magnetic material properties. The modular structure of the proposed design algorithm can be easily integrated with optimization routines obtaining a final optimized design, which contemplates various multiobjective constraints.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"283-299"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10598368","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426281
Mohamed Massaoudi;Haitham Abu-Rub;Ali Ghrayeb
Transient stability assessment (TSA) is critical to the reliable operation of a power system against severe fault conditions. In practice, TSA based on deep learning is preferable for its high accuracy but often overlooks challenges in maintaining data privacy while coping with network topology changes. This article proposes an innovative f ocal l oss-based multihead a ttention co nvolutional n etwork (FLACON) for accurate post-disturbance TSA under both symmetrical and asymmetrical smart grid faults. The proposed approach effectively incorporates cross-domain deep federated transfer learning (FTL) to leverage local operating data for TSA in a decentralized fashion. By introducing convolutional layers alongside multi-head attention mechanisms, the FLACON framework significantly improves learning efficiency across geographically distributed datasets. To address the challenge of class imbalance, the model integrates a balance factor-enhanced focal loss function. The FTL architecture enables decentralized model training across various clients, thus preserving data privacy and reducing the burden of communication overhead. To avoid the constant adjustment of hyperparameters, the FLACON employs an inductive transfer learning approach for hyperparameter tuning of the pre-trained model, markedly decreasing training time. Extensive experiments on datasets from the IEEE 39-bus system and the IEEE 68-bus system demonstrate FLACON's exceptional accuracy of 98.98% compared to some competitive alternatives.
{"title":"FLACON: A Deep Federated Transfer Learning-Enabled Transient Stability Assessment During Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Grid Faults","authors":"Mohamed Massaoudi;Haitham Abu-Rub;Ali Ghrayeb","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426281","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426281","url":null,"abstract":"Transient stability assessment (TSA) is critical to the reliable operation of a power system against severe fault conditions. In practice, TSA based on deep learning is preferable for its high accuracy but often overlooks challenges in maintaining data privacy while coping with network topology changes. This article proposes an innovative \u0000<underline>f</u>\u0000ocal \u0000<underline>l</u>\u0000oss-based multihead \u0000<underline>a</u>\u0000ttention \u0000<underline>co</u>\u0000nvolutional \u0000<underline>n</u>\u0000etwork (FLACON) for accurate post-disturbance TSA under both symmetrical and asymmetrical smart grid faults. The proposed approach effectively incorporates cross-domain deep federated transfer learning (FTL) to leverage local operating data for TSA in a decentralized fashion. By introducing convolutional layers alongside multi-head attention mechanisms, the FLACON framework significantly improves learning efficiency across geographically distributed datasets. To address the challenge of class imbalance, the model integrates a balance factor-enhanced focal loss function. The FTL architecture enables decentralized model training across various clients, thus preserving data privacy and reducing the burden of communication overhead. To avoid the constant adjustment of hyperparameters, the FLACON employs an inductive transfer learning approach for hyperparameter tuning of the pre-trained model, markedly decreasing training time. Extensive experiments on datasets from the IEEE 39-bus system and the IEEE 68-bus system demonstrate FLACON's exceptional accuracy of 98.98% compared to some competitive alternatives.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"253-266"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10592792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141585845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article implements and validates the performance of a virtual intelligent electronic device (vIED) framework for digital substations using a real-time (RT) simulation environment. The work looks toward the future design of protection, automation, and control systems, an evolution of the digital substation design based on IEC 61850 and virtualization technology. An RT simulation setup was developed to speed up and enhance the deployment and maintenance of vIEDs with a novel well-defined test methodology. Several scenarios were tested by varying the number of vIEDs and relevant (communication, scalability, and functionality) configuration criteria. In addition, we assessed the efficiency of a software-defined communication network for the vIED framework and its adaptability to dynamic scaling of the network under transient data traffic loads. The tests demonstrated the efficient performance of vIEDs across various system configurations, particularly for requirements on the response time and network transfer latency. The findings showcase the significance of proper design and testing methodology that can be benchmarked against other virtualization platforms for substation systems.
本文使用实时（RT）仿真环境为数字变电站实现并验证了虚拟智能电子设备（vIED）框架的性能。这项工作着眼于保护、自动化和控制系统的未来设计，是基于 IEC 61850 和虚拟化技术的数字变电站设计的演进。我们开发了一种 RT 仿真设置，通过一种定义明确的新测试方法来加快和加强 vIED 的部署和维护。通过改变 vIED 的数量和相关（通信、可扩展性和功能）配置标准，对几种情况进行了测试。此外，我们还评估了 vIED 框架的软件定义通信网络的效率及其在瞬态数据流量负载下对网络动态扩展的适应性。测试表明，vIED 在各种系统配置下都具有高效的性能，特别是在满足响应时间和网络传输延迟的要求方面。测试结果表明，正确的设计和测试方法非常重要，可以与变电站系统的其他虚拟化平台进行比较。
{"title":"A Real-Time Implementation and Testing of Virtualized Controllers for Software-Defined IEC 61850 Digital Substations","authors":"Nadine Kabbara;Agrippina Mwangi;Alexandru Ştefanov;Madeleine Gibescu","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426321","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426321","url":null,"abstract":"This article implements and validates the performance of a virtual intelligent electronic device (vIED) framework for digital substations using a real-time (RT) simulation environment. The work looks toward the future design of protection, automation, and control systems, an evolution of the digital substation design based on IEC 61850 and virtualization technology. An RT simulation setup was developed to speed up and enhance the deployment and maintenance of vIEDs with a novel well-defined test methodology. Several scenarios were tested by varying the number of vIEDs and relevant (communication, scalability, and functionality) configuration criteria. In addition, we assessed the efficiency of a software-defined communication network for the vIED framework and its adaptability to dynamic scaling of the network under transient data traffic loads. The tests demonstrated the efficient performance of vIEDs across various system configurations, particularly for requirements on the response time and network transfer latency. The findings showcase the significance of proper design and testing methodology that can be benchmarked against other virtualization platforms for substation systems.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"300-310"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10592828","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141585846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426334
Mohamed Massaoudi;Tassneem Zamzam;Maymouna Ez Eddin;Ali Ghrayeb;Haitham Abu-Rub;Shady S. Refaat
The transient power grid stability is greatly affected by the unpredictability of inverter-based resources of today's interconnected power grids. This article introduces an efficient transient stability status prediction method based on deep temporal convolutional networks (TCNs). A grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is utilized to fine-tune the TCN hyperparameters to improve the proposed model's accuracy. The proposed model provides critical information on the transient grid status in the early stages of fault occurrence, which may lead to taking the proper action. The proposed TCN-GWO uses both synchronously sampled values and synthetic values from various bus systems. In a postfault scenario, a copula of processing blocks is implemented to ensure the reliability of the proposed method where high-importance features are incorporated into the TCN-GWO model. The proposed algorithm unlocks scalability and system adaptability to operational variability by adopting numeric imputation and missing-data-tolerant techniques. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on the 68-bus system and the Northeastern United States 25k-bus synthetic test system with credible contingencies using the PowerWorld simulator. The obtained results prove the enhanced performance of the proposed technique over competitive state-of-the-art transient stability assessment methods under various contingencies with an overall accuracy of 99% within 0.64 s after the fault clearance.
{"title":"Fast Transient Stability Assessment of Power Systems Using Optimized Temporal Convolutional Networks","authors":"Mohamed Massaoudi;Tassneem Zamzam;Maymouna Ez Eddin;Ali Ghrayeb;Haitham Abu-Rub;Shady S. Refaat","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426334","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3426334","url":null,"abstract":"The transient power grid stability is greatly affected by the unpredictability of inverter-based resources of today's interconnected power grids. This article introduces an efficient transient stability status prediction method based on deep temporal convolutional networks (TCNs). A grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is utilized to fine-tune the TCN hyperparameters to improve the proposed model's accuracy. The proposed model provides critical information on the transient grid status in the early stages of fault occurrence, which may lead to taking the proper action. The proposed TCN-GWO uses both synchronously sampled values and synthetic values from various bus systems. In a postfault scenario, a copula of processing blocks is implemented to ensure the reliability of the proposed method where high-importance features are incorporated into the TCN-GWO model. The proposed algorithm unlocks scalability and system adaptability to operational variability by adopting numeric imputation and missing-data-tolerant techniques. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on the 68-bus system and the Northeastern United States 25k-bus synthetic test system with credible contingencies using the PowerWorld simulator. The obtained results prove the enhanced performance of the proposed technique over competitive state-of-the-art transient stability assessment methods under various contingencies with an overall accuracy of 99% within 0.64 s after the fault clearance.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"267-282"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10592636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141585847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3409153
Mana Hosseinzadehlish;Saeed Jahdi;Xibo Yuan;Jose Ortiz-Gonzalez;Olayiwola Alatise
The unclamped inductive switching (UIS) measurements can be categorized as “low energy” and “high energy” avalanche. The conventional approach to these tests is to increase the stress by either increasing the pulse length, or decreasing the inductor's size. However, for evaluation of the novel trench SiC mosfet s, increase of electric field by voltage can be more influential to detect the degradation patterns and exact point of failure. This article, for the first time, investigates the avalanche rating to failure of the similarly rated SiC power mosfet s in planar, symmetric double-trench and asymmetrical trench structures through incremental increase of applied voltage as the “high energy” technique to investigate the mechanisms of dynamic avalanche under elevated electric fields. Using this approach, the electrothermal stress is induced by incremental increases of voltage source on UIS at a range of temperatures between 25 °C and 175 °C. Silvaco technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations have been developed, validated, and analyzed to evaluate the stress mechanisms to failure. The measurements, validated by TCAD, show that some failure mechanisms when stress is elevated by increase of source voltage are different than the case of “high current” avalanche initiation by increase of pulse durations as reported in the past. In planar device, the peak electric field plays a key role in failure, as is the failure in symmetric device at low case temperatures. In asymmetric device, the critical avalanche energy of failure in both cases of 25 °C and 175 °C are very close, suggesting independence from the thermal headroom.
{"title":"High-Energy Dynamic Avalanche to Failure by Incremental Source-Voltage Increase in Symmetric Double-Trench & Asymmetric Trench SiC MOSFETs","authors":"Mana Hosseinzadehlish;Saeed Jahdi;Xibo Yuan;Jose Ortiz-Gonzalez;Olayiwola Alatise","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3409153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3409153","url":null,"abstract":"The unclamped inductive switching (UIS) measurements can be categorized as “low energy” and “high energy” avalanche. The conventional approach to these tests is to increase the stress by either increasing the pulse length, or decreasing the inductor's size. However, for evaluation of the novel trench SiC \u0000<sc>mosfet</small>\u0000s, increase of electric field by voltage can be more influential to detect the degradation patterns and exact point of failure. This article, for the first time, investigates the avalanche rating to failure of the similarly rated SiC power \u0000<sc>mosfet</small>\u0000s in planar, symmetric double-trench and asymmetrical trench structures through incremental increase of applied voltage as the “high energy” technique to investigate the mechanisms of dynamic avalanche under elevated electric fields. Using this approach, the electrothermal stress is induced by incremental increases of voltage source on UIS at a range of temperatures between 25 °C and 175 °C. Silvaco technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations have been developed, validated, and analyzed to evaluate the stress mechanisms to failure. The measurements, validated by TCAD, show that some failure mechanisms when stress is elevated by increase of source voltage are different than the case of “high current” avalanche initiation by increase of pulse durations as reported in the past. In planar device, the peak electric field plays a key role in failure, as is the failure in symmetric device at low case temperatures. In asymmetric device, the critical avalanche energy of failure in both cases of 25 °C and 175 °C are very close, suggesting independence from the thermal headroom.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"235-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10547411","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141319617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3381856
Prasad Shrawane;Tarlochan S. Sidhu
This article presents a noninvasive method of measuring three-phase currents using magnetic sensors that can be used for continuous monitoring, automation, and protection of power grids. The nonintrusive nature of these sensors gives operational and economic benefits in installing them at the existing distributed generation sites and power substations. These sensors are linear in operation, free of saturation, and need minimum duration or no outage for installation as compared to the conventional current transformers. This article describes magnetic field simulation, calibration, and experimental validation of magnetic sensors for accurate measurement of three-phase currents. Laboratory experiment results of three-phase low current measurements for two types of overhead structures: triangular and horizontal are rendered as a validation of the proposition. The performance verification of these sensors is further achieved by conducting field experiments for measuring currents up to 1500 A. The sensors yield promising results with a maximum error of 1.15% in the estimation of three-phase currents. The magnetic sensors showed satisfactory performance in accurately reproducing current waveforms consisting of fundamental frequency and harmonics that are typically present in modern power grids.
{"title":"Noninvasive Measurement of Three-Phase Currents","authors":"Prasad Shrawane;Tarlochan S. Sidhu","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3381856","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3381856","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a noninvasive method of measuring three-phase currents using magnetic sensors that can be used for continuous monitoring, automation, and protection of power grids. The nonintrusive nature of these sensors gives operational and economic benefits in installing them at the existing distributed generation sites and power substations. These sensors are linear in operation, free of saturation, and need minimum duration or no outage for installation as compared to the conventional current transformers. This article describes magnetic field simulation, calibration, and experimental validation of magnetic sensors for accurate measurement of three-phase currents. Laboratory experiment results of three-phase low current measurements for two types of overhead structures: triangular and horizontal are rendered as a validation of the proposition. The performance verification of these sensors is further achieved by conducting field experiments for measuring currents up to 1500 A. The sensors yield promising results with a maximum error of 1.15% in the estimation of three-phase currents. The magnetic sensors showed satisfactory performance in accurately reproducing current waveforms consisting of fundamental frequency and harmonics that are typically present in modern power grids.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"143-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10480244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140311996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the field of electrical machines maintenance, accurate and timely diagnosis plays a crucial role in ensuring reliability and efficiency. Variational autoencoder (VAE) techniques have emerged as a promising tool for fault classification due to their robustness in handling complex data. However, the inherent nondeterministic aspect of the VAE creates a significant challenge as it leads to varying cluster locations for identical health states across different machines. This variability complicates the creation of a standardized applicable diagnostic tool and challenges for the implementation of effective real-time health monitoring and prognostics. Addressing this issue, a novel approach is proposed wherein a desirability function-based term is integrated into the cost function of the VAE. The enhancement achieved by this approach arises from the standardization of classification, guaranteeing that analogous faults are assigned to identical geolocations within a 2-D user-friendly space. This method's efficacy is validated through two separate case studies: one analyzing vibration data from two diverse designs of large existing hydrogenerators, and the other utilizing vibration data sourced from an open-access dataset focused on bearing fault. The findings of both studies show that the model can cluster 97% of similar faults into preset zones, compared with 40% when the desirability term is excluded.
{"title":"Fault Detection Based on Vibration Measurements and Variational Autoencoder-Desirability Function","authors":"Rony Ibrahim;Ryad Zemouri;Antoine Tahan;Bachir Kedjar;Arezki Merkhouf;Kamal Al-Haddad","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3380249","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3380249","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of electrical machines maintenance, accurate and timely diagnosis plays a crucial role in ensuring reliability and efficiency. Variational autoencoder (VAE) techniques have emerged as a promising tool for fault classification due to their robustness in handling complex data. However, the inherent nondeterministic aspect of the VAE creates a significant challenge as it leads to varying cluster locations for identical health states across different machines. This variability complicates the creation of a standardized applicable diagnostic tool and challenges for the implementation of effective real-time health monitoring and prognostics. Addressing this issue, a novel approach is proposed wherein a desirability function-based term is integrated into the cost function of the VAE. The enhancement achieved by this approach arises from the standardization of classification, guaranteeing that analogous faults are assigned to identical geolocations within a 2-D user-friendly space. This method's efficacy is validated through two separate case studies: one analyzing vibration data from two diverse designs of large existing hydrogenerators, and the other utilizing vibration data sourced from an open-access dataset focused on bearing fault. The findings of both studies show that the model can cluster 97% of similar faults into preset zones, compared with 40% when the desirability term is excluded.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"106-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478716","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140312142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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