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Machine Learning Techniques to Predict Voltage Unbalance in a Power Transmission System 预测输电系统电压不平衡的机器学习技术
Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3369993
Jonathan D. Boyd;Donald R. Reising;Anthony M. Murphy;Justin D. Kuhlers;C. Michael McAmis;James B. Rossman
Voltage unbalance is a growing issue that, among other things, can impact three-phase motor and drive loads, result in nuisance tripping of generation units and capacitor banks, and prevent optimization of conservative voltage regulation strategies. This difference between the three phases of voltage delivered to customers can damage the equipment of these customers as well as negatively impact the power system itself. This work presents an approach for predicting voltage unbalance using machine learning. Historical megawatt and megavar data–obtained through a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system–are used to train an artificial neural network model as a binary classifier with a portion of the data serving to validate the trained model. Voltage unbalance is predicted at an accuracy above 95% for eight substations within the power utility's extra-high voltage transmission network and over 91% for all 42 substations. The trained model is tested in a manner that would be employed using simulated data generated by state estimation software. This simulated data validates the model's capacity to predict the substation buses that would experience voltage unbalance.
电压不平衡是一个日益严重的问题,除其他外,它可能会影响三相电机和驱动负载,导致发电设备和电容器组跳闸,并妨碍优化保守的电压调节策略。向客户提供的三相电压之间的差异会损坏这些客户的设备,并对电力系统本身产生负面影响。本研究提出了一种利用机器学习预测电压不平衡的方法。通过监控和数据采集 (SCADA) 系统获得的历史兆瓦和兆瓦数据被用来训练一个人工神经网络模型作为二元分类器,其中一部分数据用于验证训练好的模型。电力公司特高压输电网络中八个变电站的电压不平衡预测准确率超过 95%,所有 42 个变电站的预测准确率超过 91%。使用状态估计软件生成的模拟数据对训练有素的模型进行测试。模拟数据验证了模型预测变电站母线电压不平衡的能力。
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Industry Applications Society Information IEEE 工业应用协会信息
Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354443
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引用次数: 0
Current–Voltage Unbalanced Distribution AC Optimal Power Flow for Advanced Distribution Management System Applications 先进配电管理系统应用中的电流-电压不平衡配电交流优化功率流
Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3367547
Zahra Soltani;Mojdeh Khorsand;Shanshan Ma
Modern distribution systems are changing from passive load serving networks to active load and generation-inclusive networks. Accurate distribution systems modeling is critical for effective distribution system control, operation, and planning. This article proposes novel nonlinear and convex ac optimal power flow (ACOPF) models based on current–voltage (IVACOPF) formulation for an unbalanced distribution system with distributed energy resources (DERs). In the proposed formulation, untransposed distribution lines, shunt elements of distribution lines, distribution transformers, and DERs are modeled. The proposed nonlinear IVACOPF model is linearized and convexified using the Taylor series. The accuracy of the proposed nonlinear and convex IVACOPF approaches for modeling unbalanced distribution systems is compared with OpenDSS and the widely used LinDistFlow method. The proposed accurate convex IVACOPF model has multiple applications for distribution systems management, planning, and operation. Applications of the proposed model on two key parts of advanced distribution management systems (ADMS)—DERs scheduling and state estimation—are presented in this article. The proposed models are tested on the distribution feeder of an electric utility in Arizona with 2100 primary nodes and a large number of rooftop photovoltaic units. The results confirm the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed IVACOPF for both examined ADMS applications.
现代配电系统正在从被动负载服务网络转变为主动负载和发电网络。精确的配电系统建模对于有效的配电系统控制、运行和规划至关重要。本文针对具有分布式能源资源(DER)的不平衡配电系统,提出了基于电流-电压(IVACOPF)公式的新型非线性、凸性交流最优功率流(ACOPF)模型。在提议的公式中,对未跨接的配电线路、配电线路的并联元件、配电变压器和 DER 进行了建模。使用泰勒级数对所提出的非线性 IVACOPF 模型进行线性化和凸化。比较了所提出的非线性和凸 IVACOPF 方法与 OpenDSS 和广泛使用的 LinDistFlow 方法在不平衡配电系统建模方面的准确性。所提出的精确凸 IVACOPF 模型在配电系统管理、规划和运行方面有多种应用。本文介绍了所提出的模型在高级配电管理系统(ADMS)的两个关键部分--DER 调度和状态估计中的应用。提出的模型在亚利桑那州一家电力公司的配电馈线上进行了测试,该馈线有 2100 个主节点和大量屋顶光伏发电装置。结果证实了所提出的 IVACOPF 在这两种 ADMS 应用中的准确性和有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Validation of Innovative Control Concepts for Powertrain Test Beds in Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Configuration 在动力硬件在环配置中对动力总成试验台的创新控制概念进行实验验证
Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3366524
Dennis Erdogan;Zhang Peng Du;Stefan Jakubek;Franz Holzinger;Christian Mayr;Christoph Hametner
Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) testing has become indispensable for the rapid, modular, and cost-saving development of automotive components. This article focuses on PHIL tests composed of entire powertrains that exchange speed and torque signals with vehicle simulations. Previous studies pointed out the importance of promptly following the references from the virtual simulation environment to replicate realistic driving conditions and introduced control strategies to cope with the challenges associated with this setup. However, a comprehensive comparison of the different control strategies has not yet been carried out. To fill this gap, the concepts are first investigated in-depth in simulations and are then, rigorously validated on a state-of-the-art powertrain test bed under highly dynamic driving scenarios, including full-braking. Furthermore, an improvement of existing shaft torque control approaches, which are mainly based on feedforward control, is proposed to better compete with the other methods. The proposed extension shows higher resilience to low accuracy of torque actuators, while the other concepts exhibit greater robustness against time delays. The results from the direct comparisons are summarized and allow the appropriate selection of control strategies for specific use cases.
动力硬件在环(PHIL)测试已成为快速、模块化和节约成本的汽车零部件开发不可或缺的一部分。本文重点讨论由整个动力系统组成的 PHIL 测试,这些动力系统与车辆模拟交换速度和扭矩信号。以往的研究指出,必须及时遵循虚拟仿真环境中的参考数据来复制真实的驾驶条件,并引入了控制策略来应对与这种设置相关的挑战。然而,尚未对不同的控制策略进行全面比较。为了填补这一空白,我们首先在模拟环境中对这些概念进行了深入研究,然后在包括完全制动在内的高动态驾驶场景下,在最先进的动力总成试验台上进行了严格验证。此外,还对现有的轴扭矩控制方法(主要基于前馈控制)提出了改进建议,以更好地与其他方法竞争。所提出的扩展方案对扭矩执行器的低精度表现出更高的适应性,而其他概念则对时间延迟表现出更高的鲁棒性。对直接比较的结果进行了总结,以便为特定的使用案例选择适当的控制策略。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical Delay Evaluation for FPGA-Based Repetitive Controller in AC Variable Frequency Applications 交流变频应用中基于 FPGA 的重复控制器的分析延迟评估
Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3366415
Alessandro Faro;Alessandro Lidozzi;Marco di Benedetto;Luca Solero;Stefano Bifaretti
Repetitive controller provides a very low third harmonic dimension in the quantities under control. It exhibits an inherent issue when operated to track variable frequency references. The article deals with the analysis of the operating conditions when the controller is executed at variable frequency without any resynchronization with respect to the pulsewidth modulation carrier, which is the most common mode of operation. The delays introduced are then evaluated analytically concerning the sampling and output frequency that must be tracked. The proposed analysis allows obtaining the maximum delay affecting the control chain, which was introduced by the repetitive control desynched operation. The knowledge of the delay introduced in the control loops is at the basis of any control tuning procedure and gains selection, even when adaptive control strategies are used.
重复控制器的控制量的三次谐波维度非常低。它在跟踪变频基准时会出现固有问题。这篇文章分析了在变频条件下执行控制器时的运行条件,而不对脉宽调制载波进行任何再同步,这是最常见的运行模式。然后对必须跟踪的采样和输出频率进行分析评估。通过所提出的分析方法,可以获得影响控制链的最大延迟,这是由重复控制去同步操作引入的。控制回路中引入的延迟知识是任何控制调整程序和增益选择的基础,即使在使用自适应控制策略时也是如此。
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引用次数: 0
Command Injection Attacks in Smart Grids: A Survey 智能电网中的命令注入攻击:调查
Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3365576
Muhammad Usama;Muhammad Naveed Aman
Cybersecurity is important in the realization of various smart grid technologies. Several studies have been conducted to discuss different types of cyberattacks and provide their countermeasures. The false command injection attack (FCIA) is considered one of the most critical attacks that have been studied. Various techniques have been proposed in the literature to detect FCIAs on different components of smart grids. The predominant focus of current surveys lies on FCIAs and detection techniques for such attacks. This article presents a survey of existing works on FCIAs and classifies FCIAs in smart grids according to the targeted component. The impacts of FCIAs on smart grids are also discussed. Subsequently, this article provides an extensive review of detection studies, categorizing them based on the type of detection technique employed.
网络安全对于实现各种智能电网技术非常重要。已有多项研究对不同类型的网络攻击进行了讨论,并提出了应对措施。虚假指令注入攻击(FCIA)被认为是已研究过的最关键攻击之一。文献中提出了各种技术来检测智能电网不同组件上的 FCIA。当前研究的主要重点是 FCIA 和针对此类攻击的检测技术。本文介绍了现有的 FCIAs 研究成果,并根据目标组件对智能电网中的 FCIAs 进行了分类。本文还讨论了 FCIA 对智能电网的影响。随后,本文对检测研究进行了广泛综述,并根据采用的检测技术类型对其进行了分类。
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引用次数: 0
Desat Protection With Ultrafast Response for High-Voltage SiC MOSFETs With High dv/dt 为具有高 dv/dt 的高压 SiC MOSFET 提供超快响应的去耦保护
Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3353309
Xingxuan Huang;Dingrui Li;Min Lin;Leon M. Tolbert;Fred Wang;William Giewont
This article presents a desat protection scheme with the ultrafast response for high-voltage (>3.3 kV) SiC MOSFETs. Its working principle is the same as the conventional desat protection designed for high-voltage SiC MOSFETs, yet its blanking time is implemented by fully considering the influence of high negative dvds/dt during the fast turn-on transient. With the same circuitry as the conventional desat protection, the proposed protection scheme can significantly shorten the response time of the desat protection when it is used to protect high-voltage SiC MOSFETs. In addition, the proposed protection scheme with ultrafast response features strong noise immunity, low-cost, and simple implementation. By taking advantage of the high dv/dt during the normal turn-on transients, the proposed protection scheme can be even faster when the MOSFET has a faster switching speed. Design details and the response speed analysis under various short circuit faults are presented in detail. A half bridge phase leg based on discrete 10 kV/20 A SiC MOSFETs is built to demonstrate the proposed protection scheme. Experimental results at 6.5 kV validate the ultrafast response (115 ns response time under a hard switching fault, 155 ns response time under a fault under load), and strong noise immunity of the proposed desat protection scheme.
本文介绍了一种针对高压(>3.3 kV)SiC MOSFET 的超快响应失压保护方案。其工作原理与为高压 SiC MOSFET 设计的传统失压保护相同,但其消隐时间是通过充分考虑快速导通瞬态期间高负 dvds/dt 的影响来实现的。在电路与传统失效保护相同的情况下,当拟议的保护方案用于保护高压 SiC MOSFET 时,它能显著缩短失效保护的响应时间。此外,所提出的超快响应保护方案还具有抗噪能力强、成本低和实施简单等特点。通过利用正常导通瞬态期间的高 dv/dt,当 MOSFET 开关速度较快时,所提出的保护方案甚至可以更快。本文详细介绍了设计细节和各种短路故障下的响应速度分析。建立了一个基于离散 10 kV/20 A SiC MOSFET 的半桥相腿,以演示所提出的保护方案。6.5 kV 下的实验结果验证了所提出的脱扣保护方案的超快响应速度(硬开关故障下 115 ns 响应时间,负载故障下 155 ns 响应时间)和强大的抗噪能力。
{"title":"Desat Protection With Ultrafast Response for High-Voltage SiC MOSFETs With High dv/dt","authors":"Xingxuan Huang;Dingrui Li;Min Lin;Leon M. Tolbert;Fred Wang;William Giewont","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3353309","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3353309","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a desat protection scheme with the ultrafast response for high-voltage (>3.3 kV) SiC MOSFETs. Its working principle is the same as the conventional desat protection designed for high-voltage SiC MOSFETs, yet its blanking time is implemented by fully considering the influence of high negative \u0000<italic>dv<sub>ds</sub>/dt</i>\u0000 during the fast turn-\u0000<sc>on</small>\u0000 transient. With the same circuitry as the conventional desat protection, the proposed protection scheme can significantly shorten the response time of the desat protection when it is used to protect high-voltage SiC MOSFETs. In addition, the proposed protection scheme with ultrafast response features strong noise immunity, low-cost, and simple implementation. By taking advantage of the high \u0000<italic>dv/dt</i>\u0000 during the normal turn-\u0000<sc>on</small>\u0000 transients, the proposed protection scheme can be even faster when the MOSFET has a faster switching speed. Design details and the response speed analysis under various short circuit faults are presented in detail. A half bridge phase leg based on discrete 10 kV/20 A SiC MOSFETs is built to demonstrate the proposed protection scheme. Experimental results at 6.5 kV validate the ultrafast response (115 ns response time under a hard switching fault, 155 ns response time under a fault under load), and strong noise immunity of the proposed desat protection scheme.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"94-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10411019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139945578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
High-Temperature Wireless Sensor Platform Powered by Energy Scavenging 利用能量回收技术的高温无线传感器平台
Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3356311
Shane Winters;Nikung Thapa;Luke D. Doucette;Jonathan Kincaid;Qingsong Cui;Nuri W. Emanetoglu;Mauricio Pereira da Cunha
This article reports on the development of key components required for a self-powered oscillator unit designed to wirelessly transmit its signal under full insertion in high-temperature (HT) harsh-environments (HE), such as those present in power plants and industrial settings (metallurgic, oil extraction, molding, and aerospace). The oscillator employed a silicon carbide power transistor and HT passive components on a screen-printed alumina circuit board capable of operation beyond 300 °C. The HT oscillator circuit was powered solely by in-situ energy-scavenging thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules using passive cooling, eliminating the need for an external power supply or active cooling. In addition, a silicon-based external booster circuit was used to achieve the required TEG voltage regulation to test the TEG-powered HT oscillator circuit. The TEG-powered oscillator circuit was tested inside a nonmetallic furnace from room temperature to over 300 °C for transmission of a wireless signal, which was detected outside the furnace at 11 ft (3.4 m). Such a wireless transmitting system powered only by in-situ TEGs, with no requirement for external power or active cooling, is very attractive for flexible, mobile standalone control and sensor units targeted for operation in HT HE conditions found in power plants and industrial settings.
本文报告了自供电振荡器所需的关键元件的开发情况,该振荡器可在高温(HT)恶劣环境(HE)(如发电厂和工业环境(冶金、石油开采、成型和航空航天)中完全插入的情况下无线传输信号)。振荡器采用碳化硅功率晶体管和高温无源元件,安装在丝网印刷的氧化铝电路板上,工作温度可超过 300 °C。热电振荡器电路完全由使用被动冷却的原位能量回收热电发生器(TEG)模块供电,无需外部电源或主动冷却。此外,还使用了硅基外部升压电路来实现所需的 TEG 电压调节,以测试由 TEG 供电的 HT 振荡电路。在非金属炉内对 TEG 供电振荡电路进行了从室温到超过 300 °C 的无线信号传输测试,该信号在炉外 11 英尺(3.4 米)处被检测到。这种无线传输系统仅由原位 TEG 供电,不需要外部电源或主动冷却,对于在发电厂和工业环境中的高温高压条件下运行的灵活、移动的独立控制和传感器装置非常有吸引力。
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications Information for Authors IEEE 工业应用开放期刊 作者信息
Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354451
{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354451","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10403404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139488179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Advancing Lithium-Ion Battery Health Prognostics With Deep Learning: A Review and Case Study 利用深度学习推进锂离子电池健康诊断:回顾与案例研究
Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354899
Mohamed Massaoudi;Haitham Abu-Rub;Ali Ghrayeb
Lithium-ion battery prognostics and health management (BPHM) systems are vital to the longevity, economy, and environmental friendliness of electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Recent advancements in deep learning (DL) techniques have shown promising results in addressing the challenges faced by the battery research and innovation community. This review article analyzes the mainstream developments in BPHM using DL techniques. The fundamental concepts of BPHM are discussed, followed by a detailed examination of the emerging DL techniques. A case study using a data-driven DLinear model for state of health estimation is introduced, achieving accurate forecasts with minimal data and high computational efficiency. Finally, the potential future pathways for research and development in BPHM are explored. This review offers a holistic understanding of emerging DL techniques in BPHM and provides valuable insights and guidance for future research endeavors.
锂离子电池预报和健康管理(BPHM)系统对电动汽车和储能系统的寿命、经济性和环保性至关重要。深度学习(DL)技术的最新进展在应对电池研究和创新界面临的挑战方面取得了可喜的成果。这篇综述文章分析了使用深度学习技术的 BPHM 的主流发展。文章讨论了 BPHM 的基本概念,随后详细分析了新兴的 DL 技术。文章介绍了一个使用数据驱动的 DL 线性模型进行健康状况估计的案例研究,该模型以最少的数据和较高的计算效率实现了准确的预测。最后,探讨了未来研究和开发 BPHM 的潜在途径。这篇综述提供了对 BPHM 中新兴 DL 技术的整体理解,并为未来的研究工作提供了宝贵的见解和指导。
{"title":"Advancing Lithium-Ion Battery Health Prognostics With Deep Learning: A Review and Case Study","authors":"Mohamed Massaoudi;Haitham Abu-Rub;Ali Ghrayeb","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3354899","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion battery prognostics and health management (BPHM) systems are vital to the longevity, economy, and environmental friendliness of electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Recent advancements in deep learning (DL) techniques have shown promising results in addressing the challenges faced by the battery research and innovation community. This review article analyzes the mainstream developments in BPHM using DL techniques. The fundamental concepts of BPHM are discussed, followed by a detailed examination of the emerging DL techniques. A case study using a data-driven DLinear model for state of health estimation is introduced, achieving accurate forecasts with minimal data and high computational efficiency. Finally, the potential future pathways for research and development in BPHM are explored. This review offers a holistic understanding of emerging DL techniques in BPHM and provides valuable insights and guidance for future research endeavors.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"5 ","pages":"43-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10400849","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139654440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications
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