In this article, we introduce a rapid and accurate method for scaling permanent magnet synchronous machines using flux linkage and loss maps. The method enables the design and comprehensive characterization of scaled machines to meet new specifications for peak torque, power, maximum operating speed, voltage, and current requirements without the need for finite-element simulations. The efficiency map of the scaled machine can be computed with negligible computational effort. The analysis encompasses the scaling of the liquid cooling jacket setup and evaluates the continuous stall torque of the final machine. Furthermore, the method addresses scaling rules for demagnetization current limits, peak short-circuit currents and uncontrolled generator voltages, allowing the evaluation of the safest shut-down strategy against the different fault scenarios. The use of the stack length versus number of turns selection plane facilitates the visualization of the key performance figures and the minimization of the stack length while adhering to inverter voltage and current constraints. Overall, this scaling method offers a streamlined approach to the preliminary design of e-motors and facilitates system-level optimization studies. The method is showcased by scaling the e-motor of the BMW i3 to meet the specifications of the moto-generator 2 of the 4th generation Toyota Prius.
{"title":"Rapid Magnetic, Thermal, and Structural Scaling of Synchronous Machines Based on Flux and Loss Maps","authors":"Simone Ferrari;Gaetano Dilevrano;Paolo Ragazzo;Gianmario Pellegrino;Timothy Burress","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3545475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3545475","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we introduce a rapid and accurate method for scaling permanent magnet synchronous machines using flux linkage and loss maps. The method enables the design and comprehensive characterization of scaled machines to meet new specifications for peak torque, power, maximum operating speed, voltage, and current requirements without the need for finite-element simulations. The efficiency map of the scaled machine can be computed with negligible computational effort. The analysis encompasses the scaling of the liquid cooling jacket setup and evaluates the continuous stall torque of the final machine. Furthermore, the method addresses scaling rules for demagnetization current limits, peak short-circuit currents and uncontrolled generator voltages, allowing the evaluation of the safest shut-down strategy against the different fault scenarios. The use of the stack length versus number of turns selection plane facilitates the visualization of the key performance figures and the minimization of the stack length while adhering to inverter voltage and current constraints. Overall, this scaling method offers a streamlined approach to the preliminary design of e-motors and facilitates system-level optimization studies. The method is showcased by scaling the e-motor of the BMW i3 to meet the specifications of the moto-generator 2 of the 4th generation Toyota Prius.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"137-147"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10902191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-13DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3541720
Hossein Gholizadeh;Mojtaba Hajihosseini;Saman A. Gorji
This article introduces a family of nonisolated dc–dc converters designed to amplify lower dc voltages to higher levels. These converters are particularly suitable for use in the dc link of pulse converters in hydrogen electrolyzers. The primary structure serves as a base for additional configurations with greater voltage amplification and reduced component stress. Two supplementary categories are examined based on the main structure, offering improved functionalities, and decreased pressures. The proposed topologies' specific parameters are evaluated in both ideal and nonideal operating scenarios. In addition, thorough comparisons are made among the converters from various perspectives. These topologies feature a single switch and minimal voltage stress, which provides a significant advantage in high-voltage scenarios by limiting the number of switches and their associated stresses. This study achieves a notable increase in voltage amplification without relying on high-frequency transformers, resulting in increased power density and reduced volume and mass. To validate the proposed designs, experimental findings are provided and compared with theoretical predictions.
{"title":"A Family of Transformerless Boost Converters for Pulsed Electrolysis","authors":"Hossein Gholizadeh;Mojtaba Hajihosseini;Saman A. Gorji","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3541720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3541720","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a family of nonisolated dc–dc converters designed to amplify lower dc voltages to higher levels. These converters are particularly suitable for use in the dc link of pulse converters in hydrogen electrolyzers. The primary structure serves as a base for additional configurations with greater voltage amplification and reduced component stress. Two supplementary categories are examined based on the main structure, offering improved functionalities, and decreased pressures. The proposed topologies' specific parameters are evaluated in both ideal and nonideal operating scenarios. In addition, thorough comparisons are made among the converters from various perspectives. These topologies feature a single switch and minimal voltage stress, which provides a significant advantage in high-voltage scenarios by limiting the number of switches and their associated stresses. This study achieves a notable increase in voltage amplification without relying on high-frequency transformers, resulting in increased power density and reduced volume and mass. To validate the proposed designs, experimental findings are provided and compared with theoretical predictions.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"120-136"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10884882","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3531227
Mauro Di Nardo;Gianvito Gallicchio;Francesco Cupertino;Marco Palmieri;Mohammad Reza Ilkhani;Michele Degano;Chris Gerada
This article presents a comprehensive comparison of high-speed synchronous machines, encompassing synchronous reluctance, its permanent magnet variant, and surface permanent magnet synchronous motors. The evaluation of their maximum performance capabilities employs a hybrid analytical-finite element design procedure able to address electromagnetic, thermal, and structural requirements simultaneously. Indeed, the adopted design methodology takes into account all the machines nonlinearities, while also including the limitations introduced by the iron ribs of the reluctance machine, retaining sleeve of the surface permanent magnet machine and increasing iron losses. The aim of the outlined design exercise is to evaluate the effect of different design specifications on the maximum achievable performance of the three machine topologies. A wide range of maximum design speeds, airgap thicknesses, and cooling system capabilities has been assessed showing when and why one motor type outperforms the others. The cooling system capability increment required by the reluctance-based machines to achieve the performance of the surface permanent magnet one has been systematically quantified. The design assumptions have been verified by a thermal analysis supporting the final machine selection. Three different machines designed with a maximum speed of 80 kr/min have been prototyped and tested on an instrumented test rig, validating all the design considerations.
{"title":"High Speed Synchronous Machines: Technologies and Limits","authors":"Mauro Di Nardo;Gianvito Gallicchio;Francesco Cupertino;Marco Palmieri;Mohammad Reza Ilkhani;Michele Degano;Chris Gerada","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3531227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3531227","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a comprehensive comparison of high-speed synchronous machines, encompassing synchronous reluctance, its permanent magnet variant, and surface permanent magnet synchronous motors. The evaluation of their maximum performance capabilities employs a hybrid analytical-finite element design procedure able to address electromagnetic, thermal, and structural requirements simultaneously. Indeed, the adopted design methodology takes into account all the machines nonlinearities, while also including the limitations introduced by the iron ribs of the reluctance machine, retaining sleeve of the surface permanent magnet machine and increasing iron losses. The aim of the outlined design exercise is to evaluate the effect of different design specifications on the maximum achievable performance of the three machine topologies. A wide range of maximum design speeds, airgap thicknesses, and cooling system capabilities has been assessed showing when and why one motor type outperforms the others. The cooling system capability increment required by the reluctance-based machines to achieve the performance of the surface permanent magnet one has been systematically quantified. The design assumptions have been verified by a thermal analysis supporting the final machine selection. Three different machines designed with a maximum speed of 80 kr/min have been prototyped and tested on an instrumented test rig, validating all the design considerations.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"93-106"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10844533","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The installation of ultra-fast dc charging infrastructures is rapidly increasing worldwide in response to the exponential growing trend of electric vehicle (EV) market. Due to their discontinuous and unpredictable high power absorption, ultra-fast dc chargers pose a challenge for the power system stability. However, their negative impact on the grid operation can be mitigated by making them bidirectional, leveraging the energy stored in EV batteries or in the installed separate storage. Therefore, the power system can exploit this amount of energy to deal with unexpected grid large power imbalances. Moreover, ultra-fast dc chargers can contribute to power system stability by embedding virtual synchronous machine (VSM) algorithms into their ac/dc stage, i.e., the active front-end (AFE) converter unit. The charging station is thus enabled to provide grid services normally in charge of traditional synchronous generators, such as inertial behavior and short circuit current injection during faults to trigger line protections. However, the provision of inertial active power involves a non-negligible reactive power contribution due to the active-reactive power coupling, thus increasing the output current of the converter. Nevertheless, the power coupling also affects the grid support during faults. Indeed, when the AFE injects a short circuit current into the grid, a fluctuating active power can propagate from the grid to the EVs, resulting in a potential cause of degradation for the EV batteries. Therefore, this article proposes a feedforward-based decoupling solution to guarantee the complete active–reactive power dynamic decoupling while the AFE of an ultra-fast dc charger is providing grid support. Moreover, the proposed method ensures a full-decoupled dynamic response also in case of power references variation during the normal EV charging operation. The proposed decoupling algorithm is experimentally validated on a down-scaled 15 kVA two-level three-phase inverter, emulating the AFE of the ultra-fast dc charger.
{"title":"Power Decoupling Methods for Grid Support Provided by Ultra-Fast Bidirectional Chargers","authors":"Alessandro Roveri;Vincenzo Mallemaci;Fabio Mandrile;Radu Bojoi","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3529042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3529042","url":null,"abstract":"The installation of ultra-fast dc charging infrastructures is rapidly increasing worldwide in response to the exponential growing trend of electric vehicle (EV) market. Due to their discontinuous and unpredictable high power absorption, ultra-fast dc chargers pose a challenge for the power system stability. However, their negative impact on the grid operation can be mitigated by making them bidirectional, leveraging the energy stored in EV batteries or in the installed separate storage. Therefore, the power system can exploit this amount of energy to deal with unexpected grid large power imbalances. Moreover, ultra-fast dc chargers can contribute to power system stability by embedding virtual synchronous machine (VSM) algorithms into their ac/dc stage, i.e., the active front-end (AFE) converter unit. The charging station is thus enabled to provide grid services normally in charge of traditional synchronous generators, such as inertial behavior and short circuit current injection during faults to trigger line protections. However, the provision of inertial active power involves a non-negligible reactive power contribution due to the active-reactive power coupling, thus increasing the output current of the converter. Nevertheless, the power coupling also affects the grid support during faults. Indeed, when the AFE injects a short circuit current into the grid, a fluctuating active power can propagate from the grid to the EVs, resulting in a potential cause of degradation for the EV batteries. Therefore, this article proposes a feedforward-based decoupling solution to guarantee the complete active–reactive power dynamic decoupling while the AFE of an ultra-fast dc charger is providing grid support. Moreover, the proposed method ensures a full-decoupled dynamic response also in case of power references variation during the normal EV charging operation. The proposed decoupling algorithm is experimentally validated on a down-scaled 15 kVA two-level three-phase inverter, emulating the AFE of the ultra-fast dc charger.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"107-119"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10840203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3511055
{"title":"IEEE Industry Applications Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3511055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3511055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10841414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-08DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3527721
D. Pelosi;L. Trombetti;F. Gallorini;P. A. Ottaviano;L. Barelli
Na-ion batteries are growing interest due to their sustainability and low cost. A wide implementation in stationary applications, but also for short range transportation, is envisaged. This is further supported by the recent progress on Na-ion cells with increased energy density. To this regards, the development of procedures for real-time assessment of batteries state of health is of crucial relevance. The present paper provides an innovative procedure to assess sodium-ion battery capacity fading based on the application of discrete wavelet transform to voltage signals, acquired once a certain load pattern is applied at the battery terminals. The procedure development is provided through Na-ion cell aging test. During all the test battery capacity measurements are carried out. Root mean square error (RMSE) between assessed and measured values equals 1.18%. Moreover, during the aging test significant differences between performance evolution of Na-ion and NCR Li-ion cells are highlighted and discussed.
{"title":"Advanced Online State-of-Health Prediction and Monitoring of Na-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles Application","authors":"D. Pelosi;L. Trombetti;F. Gallorini;P. A. Ottaviano;L. Barelli","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3527721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3527721","url":null,"abstract":"Na-ion batteries are growing interest due to their sustainability and low cost. A wide implementation in stationary applications, but also for short range transportation, is envisaged. This is further supported by the recent progress on Na-ion cells with increased energy density. To this regards, the development of procedures for real-time assessment of batteries state of health is of crucial relevance. The present paper provides an innovative procedure to assess sodium-ion battery capacity fading based on the application of discrete wavelet transform to voltage signals, acquired once a certain load pattern is applied at the battery terminals. The procedure development is provided through Na-ion cell aging test. During all the test battery capacity measurements are carried out. Root mean square error (RMSE) between assessed and measured values equals 1.18%. Moreover, during the aging test significant differences between performance evolution of Na-ion and NCR Li-ion cells are highlighted and discussed.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"59-68"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10834587","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143105654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3526628
Elia Brescia;Massimo Tipaldi;Francesco Torelli;Paolo Roberto Massenio;Luigi Pio Savastio;Giuseppe Leonardo Cascella;Enrico De Tuglie
Sliding mode controllers (SMCs) are commonly used in permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) for current control due to their robustness and simplicity. However, high gains used in traditional discontinuous SMC implementations can induce chattering. To address this, disturbance observers are employed to maintain robustness without resorting to high gains. This article introduces a novel continuous asymptotic SMC method for PMSM currents that avoids the need for disturbance observers, resulting in reduced complexity and tuning efforts. The control laws of the two $dq$-axes currents are obtained through the sensitivity of the tracking errors with respect to the controller outputs. The robustness and convergence properties of the proposed control laws are theoretically studied using the Lyapunov approach. Numerical simulations are used to evaluate the performance and robustness of the proposed controller, followed by experiments to compare it to a discontinuous terminal SMC with and without a disturbance observer. The results clearly demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller that ensures fast convergence, low chattering, and high robustness to parameter variations without requiring the design of additional disturbance observers.
{"title":"A Continuous Sliding Mode Current Control Based on the Sensitivity Theory for PMSM Drives","authors":"Elia Brescia;Massimo Tipaldi;Francesco Torelli;Paolo Roberto Massenio;Luigi Pio Savastio;Giuseppe Leonardo Cascella;Enrico De Tuglie","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3526628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3526628","url":null,"abstract":"Sliding mode controllers (SMCs) are commonly used in permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) for current control due to their robustness and simplicity. However, high gains used in traditional discontinuous SMC implementations can induce chattering. To address this, disturbance observers are employed to maintain robustness without resorting to high gains. This article introduces a novel continuous asymptotic SMC method for PMSM currents that avoids the need for disturbance observers, resulting in reduced complexity and tuning efforts. The control laws of the two <inline-formula><tex-math>$dq$</tex-math></inline-formula>-axes currents are obtained through the sensitivity of the tracking errors with respect to the controller outputs. The robustness and convergence properties of the proposed control laws are theoretically studied using the Lyapunov approach. Numerical simulations are used to evaluate the performance and robustness of the proposed controller, followed by experiments to compare it to a discontinuous terminal SMC with and without a disturbance observer. The results clearly demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller that ensures fast convergence, low chattering, and high robustness to parameter variations without requiring the design of additional disturbance observers.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"48-58"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10830512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143105670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2025.3525771
Jefferson S. Costa;Angelo Lunard;Luís F. Normandia Lourenço;Lucas Rodrigues;Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho
Electric vehicles (EVs) are the best solution to tackle the critical challenge of reducing carbon emissions in the transportation sector. However, the widespread adoption of EVs relies on advancing fast-charging infrastructure technology. This includes overcoming challenges related to operating under disturbed conditions, which can impact the stability of the internal control loop. This article presents a method for robustly tuning a generalized predictive control (GPC) for an EV charger grid converter. This approach aims to enhance its performance in the face of disturbances in the grid voltage and internal filter parameters. One significant scientific gap in applying GPC in grid-tied converters concerns systematic tuning. This article addresses this gap by explicitly analyzing the impact of tuning on the stability and robustness of the GPC controller. The concept of robust stability margin, derived from singular value decomposition, is used for this purpose. Experimental results obtained from an EV charger prototype validated the tuning proposal aimed at maximizing the robustness and performance of the grid converter. The tests with different internal filters guaranteed a performance level within the defined error band. Furthermore, experimental tests have shown that the proposed controller is more robust than conventional MPC.
{"title":"Disturbance Robust Generalized Predictive Control Applied to an EV Charger Grid Converter","authors":"Jefferson S. Costa;Angelo Lunard;Luís F. Normandia Lourenço;Lucas Rodrigues;Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2025.3525771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2025.3525771","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EVs) are the best solution to tackle the critical challenge of reducing carbon emissions in the transportation sector. However, the widespread adoption of EVs relies on advancing fast-charging infrastructure technology. This includes overcoming challenges related to operating under disturbed conditions, which can impact the stability of the internal control loop. This article presents a method for robustly tuning a generalized predictive control (GPC) for an EV charger grid converter. This approach aims to enhance its performance in the face of disturbances in the grid voltage and internal filter parameters. One significant scientific gap in applying GPC in grid-tied converters concerns systematic tuning. This article addresses this gap by explicitly analyzing the impact of tuning on the stability and robustness of the GPC controller. The concept of robust stability margin, derived from singular value decomposition, is used for this purpose. Experimental results obtained from an EV charger prototype validated the tuning proposal aimed at maximizing the robustness and performance of the grid converter. The tests with different internal filters guaranteed a performance level within the defined error band. Furthermore, experimental tests have shown that the proposed controller is more robust than conventional MPC.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"69-78"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10824861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143105655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Icing is one of the most serious threats to power grid security in cold seasons. This article studies a problem of cooperatively scheduling inspection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and deicing UAVs for power grid deicing, the aim of which is to minimize the total expected loss of outages and collapses caused by the icing disaster. Uncertain outage risk, collapse risk, and deicing workload of each power line are modeled as fuzzy values predicted by fuzzy deep learning models, and we transform the fuzzy optimization problem into a crisp optimization problem based on fuzzy arithmetics and uncertain theory. We propose an evolutionary algorithm, which combines global search without individual interaction and adaptive local search that uses a fuzzy inference system to determine the operator to be applied on each solution. The algorithm is fully parallelizable and therefore can solve the problem very efficiently based on GPU parallel acceleration. Computational results on real-world problem instances validate the performance of the proposed method compared to the state of the arts.
{"title":"Cooperative UAV Scheduling for Power Grid Deicing Using Fuzzy Learning and Evolutionary Optimization","authors":"Yu-Jun Zheng;Zhi-Yuan Zhang;Jia-Yu Yan;Wei-Guo Sheng","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3522072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3522072","url":null,"abstract":"Icing is one of the most serious threats to power grid security in cold seasons. This article studies a problem of cooperatively scheduling inspection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and deicing UAVs for power grid deicing, the aim of which is to minimize the total expected loss of outages and collapses caused by the icing disaster. Uncertain outage risk, collapse risk, and deicing workload of each power line are modeled as fuzzy values predicted by fuzzy deep learning models, and we transform the fuzzy optimization problem into a crisp optimization problem based on fuzzy arithmetics and uncertain theory. We propose an evolutionary algorithm, which combines global search without individual interaction and adaptive local search that uses a fuzzy inference system to determine the operator to be applied on each solution. The algorithm is fully parallelizable and therefore can solve the problem very efficiently based on GPU parallel acceleration. Computational results on real-world problem instances validate the performance of the proposed method compared to the state of the arts.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"15-33"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10815062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-25DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3522364
Kamal Chandra Paul;Chen Chen;Yao Wang;Tiefu Zhao
Detecting series ac arc faults in diverse residential loads is challenging due to variations in load characteristics and noise. While traditional artificial intelligence-based algorithms can be effective, they often involve high computational complexity, limiting their real-time implementation on resource-constrained edge devices. This article introduces lightweight arc fault detection network (LArcNet), a novel, lightweight, and rapid-response algorithm for series ac arc fault detection. LArcNet combines a teacher–student knowledge distillation approach with an efficient convolutional neural network architecture to achieve high accuracy with minimal computational demand. This streamlined yet robust design makes LArcNet ideally suited for resource-constrained embedded systems, achieving an arc fault detection accuracy of 99.31%. The model is optimized and converted into TensorFlow Lite format to reduce size and latency, enabling deployment on low-power embedded devices such as the Raspberry Pi and the STM32 microcontrollers. Test results demonstrate LArcNet's inference times of just 0.20 ms on the Raspberry Pi 4B and 3 ms on the STM32H743ZI2, surpassing other leading models in operational speed while maintaining competitive accuracy in arc fault detection.
{"title":"LArcNet: Lightweight Neural Network for Real-Time Series AC Arc Fault Detection","authors":"Kamal Chandra Paul;Chen Chen;Yao Wang;Tiefu Zhao","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2024.3522364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2024.3522364","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting series ac arc faults in diverse residential loads is challenging due to variations in load characteristics and noise. While traditional artificial intelligence-based algorithms can be effective, they often involve high computational complexity, limiting their real-time implementation on resource-constrained edge devices. This article introduces lightweight arc fault detection network (LArcNet), a novel, lightweight, and rapid-response algorithm for series ac arc fault detection. LArcNet combines a teacher–student knowledge distillation approach with an efficient convolutional neural network architecture to achieve high accuracy with minimal computational demand. This streamlined yet robust design makes LArcNet ideally suited for resource-constrained embedded systems, achieving an arc fault detection accuracy of 99.31%. The model is optimized and converted into TensorFlow Lite format to reduce size and latency, enabling deployment on low-power embedded devices such as the Raspberry Pi and the STM32 microcontrollers. Test results demonstrate LArcNet's inference times of just 0.20 ms on the Raspberry Pi 4B and 3 ms on the STM32H743ZI2, surpassing other leading models in operational speed while maintaining competitive accuracy in arc fault detection.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"6 ","pages":"79-92"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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