Pub Date : 2026-02-16DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2026.3665357
Ji-Hoon Han;Jong-Hoon Park;Sun-Ki Hong
To reduce the computational cost of finite-element analysis for rapid optimal motor design, surrogate modeling techniques have been widely studied. While conventional surrogate models mainly predict scalar performance metrics, propulsion motors must be evaluated over a wide operating range, requiring the prediction of high-dimensional outputs, such as efficiency maps. Owing to the large dimensional gap between design variables and efficiency maps, conventional neural networks often suffer from limited accuracy and unstable convergence. This article proposes a Tandem variational autoencoder (TD-VAE) that directly predicts high-dimensional efficiency maps from motor design variables. The model employs a tandem architecture in which a variational autoencoder (AE) compresses and reconstructs efficiency maps, while an auxiliary AE reconstructs the design variables to enforce latent consistency. This structure enables stable training and allows previously collected simulation data to be used without modification. The TD-VAE is further extended to predict physically interpretable loss components, including copper and iron losses. The model performance is evaluated using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the coefficient of determination (R2), and predictive uncertainty is analyzed through pixel-wise confidence and prediction intervals. When applied to an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor, the proposed TD-VAE achieves a maximum MAPE of 0.18% compared with finite element analysis, demonstrating accurate prediction, stable convergence, and significantly reduced design iteration time.
{"title":"Study on Efficiency Map Prediction of Synchronous Motors Using Tandem Variational Autoencoder-Based Surrogate Model","authors":"Ji-Hoon Han;Jong-Hoon Park;Sun-Ki Hong","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2026.3665357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2026.3665357","url":null,"abstract":"To reduce the computational cost of finite-element analysis for rapid optimal motor design, surrogate modeling techniques have been widely studied. While conventional surrogate models mainly predict scalar performance metrics, propulsion motors must be evaluated over a wide operating range, requiring the prediction of high-dimensional outputs, such as efficiency maps. Owing to the large dimensional gap between design variables and efficiency maps, conventional neural networks often suffer from limited accuracy and unstable convergence. This article proposes a Tandem variational autoencoder (TD-VAE) that directly predicts high-dimensional efficiency maps from motor design variables. The model employs a tandem architecture in which a variational autoencoder (AE) compresses and reconstructs efficiency maps, while an auxiliary AE reconstructs the design variables to enforce latent consistency. This structure enables stable training and allows previously collected simulation data to be used without modification. The TD-VAE is further extended to predict physically interpretable loss components, including copper and iron losses. The model performance is evaluated using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the coefficient of determination (<italic>R</i><sup>2</sup>), and predictive uncertainty is analyzed through pixel-wise confidence and prediction intervals. When applied to an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor, the proposed TD-VAE achieves a maximum MAPE of 0.18% compared with finite element analysis, demonstrating accurate prediction, stable convergence, and significantly reduced design iteration time.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"338-350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11397455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147299630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems offer a promising solution for automating the charging process and extending the mission duration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, the weight of the WPT system’s receiving part mounted on the UAV can significantly impact its energy consumption and overall performance. In this regard, the ferrite plate is a critical component. While it is necessary for improving magnetic coupling and reducing the stray magnetic field, it also increases weight. Topology optimization (TO) is an effective tool for addressing this challenge and identifying the most suitable shape for the ferrite plate. In this study, a multiobjective TO approach based on the solid isotropic material with penalization method is employed to design an optimized ferrite plate for the receiver side of a WPT system for UAV charging. The multiobjective optimization, implemented through a weighted-sum formulation, identifies ferrite configurations that maximize mutual coupling while minimizing material usage. Three representative Pareto-optimal designs are fabricated and experimentally validated against a full-ferrite reference plate. The results show that the reference configuration is a dominated solution in the Pareto sense, as equivalent mutual coupling can be achieved with approximately 40% less ferrite material. The tradeoff between the resulting reduction in charging efficiency and the decrease in the required flight power due to ferrite reduction is analyzed, further demonstrating the potential of TO to substantially reduce system weight without compromising overall system performance.
{"title":"Ferrite Plate Multiobjective Topology Optimization in a Wireless Power Transfer System for UAV Charging","authors":"Giulio Poggiana;Mohammed Terrah;Riccardo Torchio;Vincenzo Cirimele;Lionel Pichon;Mohamed Bensetti;Fabrizio Dughiero","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2026.3665327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2026.3665327","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems offer a promising solution for automating the charging process and extending the mission duration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, the weight of the WPT system’s receiving part mounted on the UAV can significantly impact its energy consumption and overall performance. In this regard, the ferrite plate is a critical component. While it is necessary for improving magnetic coupling and reducing the stray magnetic field, it also increases weight. Topology optimization (TO) is an effective tool for addressing this challenge and identifying the most suitable shape for the ferrite plate. In this study, a multiobjective TO approach based on the solid isotropic material with penalization method is employed to design an optimized ferrite plate for the receiver side of a WPT system for UAV charging. The multiobjective optimization, implemented through a weighted-sum formulation, identifies ferrite configurations that maximize mutual coupling while minimizing material usage. Three representative Pareto-optimal designs are fabricated and experimentally validated against a full-ferrite reference plate. The results show that the reference configuration is a dominated solution in the Pareto sense, as equivalent mutual coupling can be achieved with approximately 40% less ferrite material. The tradeoff between the resulting reduction in charging efficiency and the decrease in the required flight power due to ferrite reduction is analyzed, further demonstrating the potential of TO to substantially reduce system weight without compromising overall system performance.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"351-361"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11397307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147362284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2026.3664898
Md Reyaz Hussan;Md Shafiullah;S. M. Muyeen;Salman Habib;Mohammed A. Al-Hitmi;Atif Iqbal
Transformer-less inverters (TIs) are commonly employed in solar PV systems because of their superior power density, reduced dv/dt stress, cost-effectiveness, and improved efficiency. This article proposes an improved SC-based 13-level inverter. This topology amplifies the input source voltage six times using switched-capacitors, enabling it to be utilized in medium-voltage, medium-power renewable energy source (RES) applications, such as PV and grid integration, where the input voltage source magnitude is lower. The proposed structure requires a single DC source, 12 switches, three diodes, and four capacitors for its successful operation. The system’s overall efficiency, reliability, and power density are improved by the single-stage DC–AC power conversion, having fewer conducting components at each level. The charging loop contains only three devices, which reduces conduction loss. The capacitors are self-balanced without the need for extra control circuitry. A comparative analysis between the proposed topology and other recent topologies is presented to validate the performance of the proposed inverter. An evaluation of power losses in the inverter has also been carried out. Experimental testing and measurements are conducted to verify the performance of the topology under frequency variation, dynamic load changes, and modulation-index variations.
{"title":"An Improved Switched-Capacitor-Based 13-Level Inverter for PV Applications","authors":"Md Reyaz Hussan;Md Shafiullah;S. M. Muyeen;Salman Habib;Mohammed A. Al-Hitmi;Atif Iqbal","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2026.3664898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2026.3664898","url":null,"abstract":"Transformer-less inverters (TIs) are commonly employed in solar PV systems because of their superior power density, reduced dv/dt stress, cost-effectiveness, and improved efficiency. This article proposes an improved SC-based 13-level inverter. This topology amplifies the input source voltage six times using switched-capacitors, enabling it to be utilized in medium-voltage, medium-power renewable energy source (RES) applications, such as PV and grid integration, where the input voltage source magnitude is lower. The proposed structure requires a single DC source, 12 switches, three diodes, and four capacitors for its successful operation. The system’s overall efficiency, reliability, and power density are improved by the single-stage DC–AC power conversion, having fewer conducting components at each level. The charging loop contains only three devices, which reduces conduction loss. The capacitors are self-balanced without the need for extra control circuitry. A comparative analysis between the proposed topology and other recent topologies is presented to validate the performance of the proposed inverter. An evaluation of power losses in the inverter has also been carried out. Experimental testing and measurements are conducted to verify the performance of the topology under frequency variation, dynamic load changes, and modulation-index variations.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"375-388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11396078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-12DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2026.3664274
Jesse Aronstein
Previous test results demonstrated that some presently-marketed residential branch-circuit breaker brands have a double-digit defect rate. The defective breakers do not trip as required at 135% of rated current. The unique test results reported in this article clearly show that these calibration defects cannot be reliably detected by testing at 200% or 300% of rated current. One hundred defective breakers of three brands from the previous tests are retested. They all fail to trip at 135% of rated current, confirming that they are defective. The defective breakers then all pass the UL489 calibration test at 200% of rated current (must trip within 120 s), and they all also pass the NEMA AB4 calibration test at 300% of rated current (must trip within 50 s). These higher-current tests have a 100% error rate for detection of these improperly calibrated breakers. This explains how defective breakers come to be shipped from some factories. For some residential branch circuit breaker brands, ineffective testing - relying only on high-current calibration testing - has allowed defective breakers into the supply chain for many decades, increasing the risk of fire and injury for occupants of the buildings in which they are installed.
{"title":"Ineffective Calibration Testing of Residential Branch Circuit Breakers","authors":"Jesse Aronstein","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2026.3664274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2026.3664274","url":null,"abstract":"Previous test results demonstrated that some presently-marketed residential branch-circuit breaker brands have a double-digit defect rate. The defective breakers do not trip as required at 135% of rated current. The unique test results reported in this article clearly show that these calibration defects cannot be reliably detected by testing at 200% or 300% of rated current. One hundred defective breakers of three brands from the previous tests are retested. They all fail to trip at 135% of rated current, confirming that they are defective. The defective breakers then all pass the UL489 calibration test at 200% of rated current (must trip within 120 s), and they all also pass the NEMA AB4 calibration test at 300% of rated current (must trip within 50 s). These higher-current tests have a 100% error rate for detection of these improperly calibrated breakers. This explains how defective breakers come to be shipped from some factories. For some residential branch circuit breaker brands, ineffective testing - relying only on high-current calibration testing - has allowed defective breakers into the supply chain for many decades, increasing the risk of fire and injury for occupants of the buildings in which they are installed.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"389-395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11395407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2026.3663668
Tao Zhang;Xiaoying Chen;Hongbiao Xie;Yizhan Zhuang;Xingkui Mao;Yiming Zhang
As data center power architectures evolve from 12 V to 48 V to accommodate escalating power densities, designing high-efficiency, high-step-down voltage regulators modules with high current capability becomes a critical challenge. Existing solutions, such as hybrid switched-capacitor converters, offer high power density but often entail complex driving schemes and high component counts. To address these limitations, this article proposes a scalable "DC Panama" single-stage converter tailored for vertical power supply. Inspired by the series-input and parallel-output configuration of the grid-side Panama architecture, the proposed topology naturally achieves voltage balancing and high current sharing without extreme duty cycles. A key finding of this research is the optimization of a four-phase coupled inductor, which effectively decouples the steady-state equivalent inductance from the transient equivalent inductance. This achievement mitigates the inherent conflict between low output ripple and fast dynamic response found in conventional designs. A 100 A prototype operating at 300 kHz is built to validate the theoretical analysis. The experimental results demonstrate a peak efficiency of 86.2% and robust operation under heavy load conditions, proving the proposed architecture is a competitive solution for next-generation high-current data center power supplies.
{"title":"An Isolated Single-Stage Voltage Regulator With High Step-Down Conversion Ratio for Data Center Application","authors":"Tao Zhang;Xiaoying Chen;Hongbiao Xie;Yizhan Zhuang;Xingkui Mao;Yiming Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2026.3663668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2026.3663668","url":null,"abstract":"As data center power architectures evolve from 12 V to 48 V to accommodate escalating power densities, designing high-efficiency, high-step-down voltage regulators modules with high current capability becomes a critical challenge. Existing solutions, such as hybrid switched-capacitor converters, offer high power density but often entail complex driving schemes and high component counts. To address these limitations, this article proposes a scalable \"DC Panama\" single-stage converter tailored for vertical power supply. Inspired by the series-input and parallel-output configuration of the grid-side Panama architecture, the proposed topology naturally achieves voltage balancing and high current sharing without extreme duty cycles. A key finding of this research is the optimization of a four-phase coupled inductor, which effectively decouples the steady-state equivalent inductance from the transient equivalent inductance. This achievement mitigates the inherent conflict between low output ripple and fast dynamic response found in conventional designs. A 100 A prototype operating at 300 kHz is built to validate the theoretical analysis. The experimental results demonstrate a peak efficiency of 86.2% and robust operation under heavy load conditions, proving the proposed architecture is a competitive solution for next-generation high-current data center power supplies.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"270-280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11392765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Regenerative testing systems of AC–AC industrial power converters (diode or thyristor rectifier and inverter) at the end of the production line are common solutions to reduce the energy drawn from the grid during the testing. However, they inherently introduce severe harmonic distortion, causing disturbances for all local loads. Shunt-type active power filters (APFs) are widely adopted to mitigate these issues. Since the APF is an add-on for the testing system in mass production facilities, it must be cost effective and with high efficiency for not affecting the overall losses for the testing. Moreover, higher switching frequencies are often used to reduce grid-interfacing filter size, further impacting APF efficiency. As the industrial environments are highly disturbed, the APF operation must be extremely robust against these disturbances. In light of the aforementioned issues, this article provides guidelines for the design of an APF intended to operate in an industrial environment characterized by significant electrical disturbances. In particular, the article demonstrates how the adoption of a dedicated discontinuous pulsewidth modulation (DPWM) technique for APFs, namely APFGDPWM, allows minimizing the impact of the APF on power line consumption and reducing the stress on the APF semiconductors and on the filters for grid interfacing. Unlike other DPWM strategies in the literature designed for APFs, APFGDPWM proves to be robust against high frequency disturbances circulating on the power lines. Moreover, a design procedure for the differential mode (DM) LCL filter is proposed and used to build two distinct prototypes: an APF implementing space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) and an APF using APF-GDPWM. Experimental tests are conducted on an industrial prototype (TRL 9), 100 kVA two-level APF interfaced to the grid through the previously designed DM LCL filters, while compensating for the distorted input current of a regenerative system testing 260 kVA power converters.
{"title":"Design Guidelines for Active Power Filters Operating in Disturbed Industrial Environments","authors":"Alessandro Roveri;Vincenzo Mallemaci;Fabio Mandrile;Radu Bojoi","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2026.3658742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2026.3658742","url":null,"abstract":"Regenerative testing systems of AC–AC industrial power converters (diode or thyristor rectifier and inverter) at the end of the production line are common solutions to reduce the energy drawn from the grid during the testing. However, they inherently introduce severe harmonic distortion, causing disturbances for all local loads. Shunt-type active power filters (APFs) are widely adopted to mitigate these issues. Since the APF is an add-on for the testing system in mass production facilities, it must be cost effective and with high efficiency for not affecting the overall losses for the testing. Moreover, higher switching frequencies are often used to reduce grid-interfacing filter size, further impacting APF efficiency. As the industrial environments are highly disturbed, the APF operation must be extremely robust against these disturbances. In light of the aforementioned issues, this article provides guidelines for the design of an APF intended to operate in an industrial environment characterized by significant electrical disturbances. In particular, the article demonstrates how the adoption of a dedicated discontinuous pulsewidth modulation (DPWM) technique for APFs, namely APFGDPWM, allows minimizing the impact of the APF on power line consumption and reducing the stress on the APF semiconductors and on the filters for grid interfacing. Unlike other DPWM strategies in the literature designed for APFs, APFGDPWM proves to be robust against high frequency disturbances circulating on the power lines. Moreover, a design procedure for the differential mode (DM) <italic>LCL</i> filter is proposed and used to build two distinct prototypes: an APF implementing space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) and an APF using APF-GDPWM. Experimental tests are conducted on an industrial prototype (TRL 9), 100 kVA two-level APF interfaced to the grid through the previously designed DM <italic>LCL</i> filters, while compensating for the distorted input current of a regenerative system testing 260 kVA power converters.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"216-237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11373001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article introduces a novel nonlinear control strategy to enhance the voltage regulation performance of medium voltage DC (MVDC) converters operating under significant external disturbances and parameter uncertainties. The proposed controller synergistically improves the performance of MVDC microgrid by proposing a barrier adaptive super twisting sliding mode control (BA-STSMC) employing a novel nonsingular finite time proportional integral derivative type terminal surface. The proposed work collectively provides a rapid transient response and finite-time error convergence, robust disturbance rejection and eliminate steady-state errors using continuous control signal that effectively mitigate chattering. This composite design inherently avoids the singularity issues common in conventional terminal sliding mode control (SMC). The barrier adaptivity mechanism dynamically adjusts the control effort by constraining state trajectories within a predefined invariant domain, thereby guaranteeing that control signals remain within safe operational limits while enhancing the finite-time convergence properties. The stability and finite-time reachability of the closed-loop system are rigorously established via Lyapunov analysis. Comprehensive simulation and experimental validations demonstrate the proposed controller’s superior ability to restore distributed generator current and voltage during severe events including abrupt load variations and communication failures outperforming conventional PI, standard SMC, and adaptive STSMC methods in terms of robustness, convergence speed, and control signal quality.
{"title":"Barrier Adaptive Nonlinear Finite Time Control Strategy for Resilient Voltage Stabilization in DC Microgrids","authors":"Irfan Sami;Muhammad Salman;Hyun-Gyu Koh;Chiara Boccaletti;Fahad Saleh Al-Ismail","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2026.3658248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2026.3658248","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a novel nonlinear control strategy to enhance the voltage regulation performance of medium voltage DC (MVDC) converters operating under significant external disturbances and parameter uncertainties. The proposed controller synergistically improves the performance of MVDC microgrid by proposing a barrier adaptive super twisting sliding mode control (BA-STSMC) employing a novel nonsingular finite time proportional integral derivative type terminal surface. The proposed work collectively provides a rapid transient response and finite-time error convergence, robust disturbance rejection and eliminate steady-state errors using continuous control signal that effectively mitigate chattering. This composite design inherently avoids the singularity issues common in conventional terminal sliding mode control (SMC). The barrier adaptivity mechanism dynamically adjusts the control effort by constraining state trajectories within a predefined invariant domain, thereby guaranteeing that control signals remain within safe operational limits while enhancing the finite-time convergence properties. The stability and finite-time reachability of the closed-loop system are rigorously established via Lyapunov analysis. Comprehensive simulation and experimental validations demonstrate the proposed controller’s superior ability to restore distributed generator current and voltage during severe events including abrupt load variations and communication failures outperforming conventional PI, standard SMC, and adaptive STSMC methods in terms of robustness, convergence speed, and control signal quality.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"174-190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11365977","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2026.3658884
Michael Starke;Benjamin Dean;Namwon Kim;Steven Campbell;Radha Moorthy;Joao O. P. Pinto;Madhu Chinthaval
Complex modern energy systems with multiple converters, distributed energy resources, and dynamic control modes pose significant challenges, particularly in terms of system coordination, reliability, and scalability. Among them, startup is one of the most challenging, as the activation of one device often depends on others. In such a scenario, traditional preconfigured startup methods become impractical and inflexible. To address this issue, this article proposes a resilient, optimization-based framework for the startup of networks populated with power electronic systems (PESs). A linear programming-based optimization methodology is proposed to determine the sequential activation of devices based on system topology, available control modes (e.g., bus forming (BFM) or grid-following), and the presence of faults. The framework supports systems with shared buses and integrates converter-level information via resource integration controllers and a centralized resource management controller. Device startup is modeled through time-step-based formulations that reflect bus energization constraints, converter capabilities, and interdependencies between subsystems. The proposed solution is implemented and validated on a real-time controller hardware-in-the-loop platform. To demonstrate the framework's effectiveness, four use cases are evaluated: first, grid-based activation using AC–DC converters, second, energy storage-initiated startup with BFM capability, third, a faulted converter case that triggers reoptimization, and fourth, a fault occurring in a partially started system to evaluate worst-case impact. Results show that the framework can dynamically adapt to changing conditions, accommodate new converter capabilities, and maintain reliable startup even with failed devices. This approach enhances the flexibility and resiliency of PES-integrated systems and offers a scalable path forward for autonomous system activation in complex electrical networks.
{"title":"A Resilient, Optimization-Based Framework for Starting Networks With Integrated Power Electronics","authors":"Michael Starke;Benjamin Dean;Namwon Kim;Steven Campbell;Radha Moorthy;Joao O. P. Pinto;Madhu Chinthaval","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2026.3658884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2026.3658884","url":null,"abstract":"Complex modern energy systems with multiple converters, distributed energy resources, and dynamic control modes pose significant challenges, particularly in terms of system coordination, reliability, and scalability. Among them, startup is one of the most challenging, as the activation of one device often depends on others. In such a scenario, traditional preconfigured startup methods become impractical and inflexible. To address this issue, this article proposes a resilient, optimization-based framework for the startup of networks populated with power electronic systems (PESs). A linear programming-based optimization methodology is proposed to determine the sequential activation of devices based on system topology, available control modes (e.g., bus forming (BFM) or grid-following), and the presence of faults. The framework supports systems with shared buses and integrates converter-level information via resource integration controllers and a centralized resource management controller. Device startup is modeled through time-step-based formulations that reflect bus energization constraints, converter capabilities, and interdependencies between subsystems. The proposed solution is implemented and validated on a real-time controller hardware-in-the-loop platform. To demonstrate the framework's effectiveness, four use cases are evaluated: first, grid-based activation using AC–DC converters, second, energy storage-initiated startup with BFM capability, third, a faulted converter case that triggers reoptimization, and fourth, a fault occurring in a partially started system to evaluate worst-case impact. Results show that the framework can dynamically adapt to changing conditions, accommodate new converter capabilities, and maintain reliable startup even with failed devices. This approach enhances the flexibility and resiliency of PES-integrated systems and offers a scalable path forward for autonomous system activation in complex electrical networks.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"238-255"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11366919","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article offers a critical review of recent advances in hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) for electric vehicles, emphasizing architectures that integrate supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries to overcome the limitations of current energy storage technologies. The review examines the essential role of power electronic converters in managing energy flow and improving system performance. It also discusses modeling approaches and the development of advanced energy management strategies. Modern topics, such as the integration of artificial intelligence and digital twin models, are explored for their potential to enhance system efficiency and reliability through health monitoring and predictive maintenance. The review also considers some alternative HESS applications beyond the conventional automotive realm, offering insights into the potential design ideas for high-performance, sustainable transportation systems. Finally, future research directions are proposed to help academia and industry identify the main pathways for improving the next generation of electric vehicles.
{"title":"State-of-the-Art of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles","authors":"Andrija Aleksic;Cristina Terlizzi;Stefano Bifaretti","doi":"10.1109/OJIA.2026.3658824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIA.2026.3658824","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers a critical review of recent advances in hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) for electric vehicles, emphasizing architectures that integrate supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries to overcome the limitations of current energy storage technologies. The review examines the essential role of power electronic converters in managing energy flow and improving system performance. It also discusses modeling approaches and the development of advanced energy management strategies. Modern topics, such as the integration of artificial intelligence and digital twin models, are explored for their potential to enhance system efficiency and reliability through health monitoring and predictive maintenance. The review also considers some alternative HESS applications beyond the conventional automotive realm, offering insights into the potential design ideas for high-performance, sustainable transportation systems. Finally, future research directions are proposed to help academia and industry identify the main pathways for improving the next generation of electric vehicles.","PeriodicalId":100629,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications","volume":"7 ","pages":"191-215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11367348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2026.3658761
Paul Imgart;Anant Narula;Massimo Bongiorno;Mebtu Beza;Jan R. Svensson;Jean-Philippe Hasler;Paolo Mattavelli
Grid-forming (GFM) converters are a widely-accepted solution for the challenges arising from the decarbonisation of electrical power systems. Ideally, a GFM converter should act as a slow-varying voltage source behind a (tunable) $RL$ impedance to guarantee setpoint tracking and grid support. However, the inherent coupling between active and reactive power greatly limits the selection of the impedance's parameters often leading to the need for additional controllers, for example to provide damping at the synchronous-frequency resonance. This article proposes a decoupled power controller that combines a complex-power control loop with a virtual admittance to provide freely tunable parameters that provide damping at subsynchronous and synchronous frequency, decoupling of active and reactive power, as well as providing desired behavior over a wide range of frequency. The controller's performance is evaluated and compared to a conventional control approach both analytically and in a laboratory environment.
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