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Strategy Optimization by Means of Evolutionary Algorithms With Multiple Closing Criteria for Energy Trading 利用进化算法优化策略,为能源交易提供多重平仓标准
IF 7.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3488857
Silvia Trimarchi;Fabio Casamatta;Francesco Grimaccia;Marco Lorenzo;Alessandro Niccolai
The energy markets are experiencing an enhanced volatility and unpredictability due to the growing integration of renewable energy sources in the grid and to the unstable geopolitical situation that is developing worldwide. Energy traders are therefore raising concerns on how to achieve solutions that not only ensure stability in terms of energy needs, both on the supply and demand side, but also enable profits within these markets. To cope with the complexity of this emerging scenario, tools that support traders in their decisions, such as algorithmic trading strategies, are attracting always more and more attention. In particular, evolutionary algorithms have emerged as an effective tool for developing robust and innovative trading strategies. Indeed, their flexibility and adaptability allow for the inclusion of various performance metrics. This article employs a recently issued evolutionary algorithm, called social network optimization, to identify the optimal closing criteria of already opened positions in an energy commodity market. More specifically, the proposed trading strategy is based on five self-defined parameters, which determine a profitable solution over nearly six years of available data. In particular, the overall average positive return achieved and the maximum monthly yield of 1.9% highlight the adaptability and robustness of the developed algorithmic trading strategy. Therefore, the results suggest the potentialities of developing and upgrading novel trading strategies by exploiting evolutionary computation techniques in the actual complex energy markets.
由于可再生能源日益融入电网以及全球地缘政治局势的不稳定,能源市场的波动性和不可预测性正在加剧。因此,能源交易商开始关注如何找到解决方案,既能确保能源供需双方的稳定需求,又能在这些市场中获利。为了应对这种新出现的复杂情况,支持交易商决策的工具,如算法交易策略,正受到越来越多的关注。其中,进化算法已成为开发稳健、创新交易策略的有效工具。事实上,进化算法的灵活性和适应性允许将各种性能指标纳入其中。本文采用了最近发布的一种名为 "社会网络优化 "的进化算法,以确定能源商品市场中已开仓头寸的最佳平仓标准。更具体地说,所提出的交易策略基于五个自我定义的参数,这些参数决定了近六年可用数据的盈利方案。特别是,所取得的总体平均正收益率和 1.9% 的最高月收益率凸显了所开发算法交易策略的适应性和稳健性。因此,研究结果表明,在实际复杂的能源市场中,利用进化计算技术开发和升级新型交易策略是有潜力的。
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引用次数: 0
A SiC Based Two-Stage Pulsed Power Converter System for Laser Diode Driving and Other Pulsed Current Applications 用于激光二极管驱动和其他脉冲电流应用的基于碳化硅的两级脉冲功率转换器系统
IF 7.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3476428
Raj Kumar Kokkonda;Subhashish Bhattacharya;Victor Veliadis;Chrysanthos Panayiotou
High-power laser diodes (LDs) are used in various military, medical, and industrial applications. In this article, the unique driving requirements of a high power pulsed LD array have been presented, and the required converter architecture has been discussed. A two-stage capacitive energy storage based pulsed power converter system consisting of a phase shifted full bridge (PSFB) based capacitor charging power supply (CCPS) and a buck based pulse current source with inductor energy recovery has been adopted. SiC FETs have been employed to increase the pulsed power capability of the switching regulator based pulse current source as an alternative to the conventionally used linear current driver. A reconfigured pulse forming circuit has been proposed for the pulse current source, which mitigates the effect of the output parasitic inductance on the LD without the need for an additional freewheeling diode across the load. The impact of inductor energy recovery on the semiconductor device's transient thermal stress in the pulse current source has been investigated. The tradeoff between the energy storage capacitance and the filter inductor in the pulse current source has been studied. A pulsed LD driver capable of driving 280 V LD arrays has been designed, and a hardware prototype has been built. The complete system has been experimentally demonstrated by generating 50 A current pulses at 250 V output voltage, validating the proposed converter configuration for high pulsed power LD driving applications.
高功率激光二极管(LD)用于各种军事、医疗和工业应用。本文介绍了高功率脉冲 LD 阵列的独特驱动要求,并讨论了所需的转换器架构。采用了一种基于两级电容储能的脉冲功率转换器系统,该系统由一个基于相移全桥(PSFB)的电容充电电源(CCPS)和一个基于降压的带电感能量回收的脉冲电流源组成。该系统采用碳化硅场效应晶体管来提高基于开关稳压器的脉冲电流源的脉冲功率能力,以替代传统的线性电流驱动器。为脉冲电流源提出了一种重新配置的脉冲形成电路,它可以减轻输出寄生电感对 LD 的影响,而无需在负载上额外安装续流二极管。研究了电感器能量回收对脉冲电流源中半导体器件瞬态热应力的影响。研究了脉冲电流源中储能电容和滤波电感之间的权衡。设计了一种能够驱动 280 V LD 阵列的脉冲 LD 驱动器,并制作了硬件原型。通过在 250 V 输出电压下产生 50 A 电流脉冲,对整个系统进行了实验演示,从而验证了针对高脉冲功率 LD 驱动应用提出的转换器配置。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetostriction Effect on Vibration and Acoustic Noise in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors 磁致伸缩对永磁同步电机振动和声学噪声的影响
IF 7.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3476193
Yifei Cai;Fares S. El-Faouri;Akira Chiba;Souichiro Yoshizaki
This study investigates the contribution of magnetostriction to vibration and acoustic noise in interior permanent magnet synchronous motors using finite element analysis and experiments on two test machines. The two motors have identical dimensions but different iron core materials. The first motor is made of 6.5% high-silicon steel 10JNEX900 with a negligible magnetostriction (0.3 ppm at 1T), and the second motor is made of amorphous iron 2605SA1 with a significantly high magnetostriction (11.0 ppm at 1T). Using finite element analysis, the electromagnetic forces, equivalent magnetostrictive forces, and resultant vibrations are compared between the two motors. The results reveal a significant counteraction between magnetostrictive vibrations and those caused by electromagnetic forces at the multiples of the sixth vibration harmonic in the amorphous iron motor. This counteraction effect was then verified experimentally. In the experiment, the amorphous iron motor exhibited similar or even lower vibrations at the multiples of the sixth harmonic but significantly higher vibrations at other harmonics. These experimental observations can only be justified by considering magnetostriction. Such experimental evidence, which has not been reported in the existing literature, highlights the importance of accounting for magnetostriction when evaluating vibration and acoustic noise in motors.
本研究通过有限元分析和两台试验机的实验,研究了磁致伸缩对内部永磁同步电机振动和声学噪声的影响。两台电机的尺寸相同,但铁芯材料不同。第一台电机由 6.5% 的高硅钢 10JNEX900 制成,磁致伸缩可忽略不计(1T 时为 0.3 ppm);第二台电机由非晶铁 2605SA1 制成,磁致伸缩明显较高(1T 时为 11.0 ppm)。通过有限元分析,比较了两个电机的电磁力、等效磁致伸缩力和由此产生的振动。结果显示,在非晶铁电机的六次谐波振动倍数处,磁致伸缩振动与电磁力引起的振动之间存在明显的反作用。这种反作用效果随后得到了实验验证。在实验中,非晶铁电机在六次谐波的倍数处表现出类似甚至更低的振动,但在其他谐波处的振动明显更高。只有考虑到磁致伸缩,才能证明这些实验观察结果是正确的。这些实验证据在现有文献中还没有报道过,突出了在评估电机振动和声学噪声时考虑磁致伸缩的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
App-Based Tool for Automatic Controller Parameters Assessment for Power Converters in Particle Accelerator Facilities 基于应用程序的粒子加速器设施电源转换器自动控制器参数评估工具
IF 7.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3460481
Sebastian O. Maestri;Gilles Le Godec;Olivier Michels
Regulation coefficients assessment in a particle accelerator power conversion system depends on the topology, the magnet and the desired transient response. The series/parallel combination of a generic power converter (a brick) to develop a larger one (e.g., the SIRIUS power converter family developed at CERN) allows to feed several magnets with different parameters. Then, such standardization allows to develop a control platform and associated regulation system that is common to all the possible configurations. Regardless of the clear flexibility, the commissioning of these converters faces some drawbacks, like the large amount of coefficient sets and the tuning performed for different workers: this leads to certain inconsistency and spread in the transient responses obtained, which is coherent with the inherent subjectivity of the adopted approach. In this work, a methodology for automatic identification of regulator coefficients is developed. From the definition of a desired time transient response, the method uses the response to a step voltage test to evaluate some figures of merit and the particle swarm technique to change the coefficients accordingly to the error obtained. A MATLAB-based app to implement the method in a user-friendly environment is developed. Experimental results based on a $400operatorname{kW}$ prototype validate the proposal.
粒子加速器电源转换系统的调节系数评估取决于拓扑结构、磁体和所需的瞬态响应。通过串联/并联通用功率转换器(砖)来开发更大的功率转换器(如欧洲核子研究中心开发的 SIRIUS 功率转换器系列),可以为具有不同参数的多个磁体供电。然后,这种标准化可以开发出一个控制平台和相关的调节系统,适用于所有可能的配置。尽管具有明显的灵活性,但这些变流器的调试仍面临一些缺陷,如大量的系数集和针对不同工作人员的调整:这导致所获得的瞬态响应存在一定的不一致性和分散性,这与所采用方法的固有主观性是一致的。在这项工作中,开发了一种自动识别调节器系数的方法。从所需时间瞬态响应的定义出发,该方法利用对阶跃电压测试的响应来评估一些优越性数据,并利用粒子群技术根据所获得的误差相应地改变系数。我们开发了一个基于 MATLAB 的应用程序,以便在用户友好的环境中实施该方法。基于 $400operatorname{kW}$ 原型的实验结果验证了该建议。
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引用次数: 0
Model Predictive Control in Multilevel Inverters Part II: Renewable Energies and Grid Applications 多电平逆变器中的模型预测控制第二部分:可再生能源和电网应用
IF 7.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3460668
Margarita Norambuena;Andres Mora;Cristian Garcia;Jose Rodriguez;Mokhtar Aly;Fernanda Carnielutti;Javier Pereda;Cristian Castillo;Zhenbin Zhang;Venkata Yaramasu;Luca Tarisciotti;Yafei Yin
This article presents the use of model predictive control (MPC) in multilevel inverters for some applications, such as, first, wind generation and, second, photovoltaics, showing that the particular restrictions of each of them can be very easily included in the control algorithm, which is an important advantage of this technique. Another application is in modular multilevel cascaded converters, where it is demonstrated that MPC can operate with very few calculations and fixed switching frequency. The second part of this article is dedicated to comparing MPC with linear control and pulsewidth modulation for multilevel inverters. The main comparison criteria are the switching losses, the distortion in the load current, and the number of commutations. The main conclusion is that MPC is a competitive alternative to linear control for application in multilevel inverters.
本文介绍了模型预测控制(MPC)在多电平逆变器中的应用,首先是风力发电,其次是光伏发电,表明在控制算法中可以非常容易地包含每种逆变器的特殊限制,这是该技术的一个重要优势。另一个应用是模块化多电平级联转换器,它证明了 MPC 可以在很少计算和固定开关频率的情况下运行。本文的第二部分专门比较多电平逆变器的 MPC 与线性控制和脉宽调制。主要比较标准是开关损耗、负载电流失真和换向次数。主要结论是,在多电平逆变器的应用中,MPC 是线性控制的一个有竞争力的替代方案。
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引用次数: 0
Model Predictive Control in Multilevel Inverters Part I: Basic Strategy and Performance Improvement 多电平逆变器中的模型预测控制 第一部分:基本策略和性能改进
IF 7.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3460669
Cristian Garcia;Andres Mora;Margarita Norambuena;Jose Rodriguez;Mokhtar Aly;Fernanda Carnielutti;Javier Pereda;Pablo Acuna;Ricardo Aguilera;Luca Tarisciotti
Multilevel inverters (MLIs) have lately become important due to their extended application to electrical transmission and distribution systems. At the same time, the control and modulation of MLIs are especially challenging due to the high number of switching states, many of them redundant in terms of output voltage generation, and their nonlinear characteristics. In order to ease their implementation in real environment, model predictive control (MPC) is often considered, where the main control targets are: 1) to generate a the desired output current and 2) to keep the internal converter capacitor voltages at their reference value. However, a major issue with the implementation of MPC in MLIs is that the number of calculations to be done online increases dramatically with the number of levels, making it almost impossible to apply MPC in some practical cases. For these reasons, one of the main research trend in MPC for MLIs is to provide an algorithm which can reduce the computational burden necessary to operate the control. The article proposes a review of such control techniques. Starting from the basic MPC implementation and using a flying capacitor converter as an example the article review the basic strategies to avoid calculating the weighting factor in the cost function, simplifying the implementation. Also, methods to reduce the number of calculations necessary to implement MPC are shown and applied to cascaded H-bridge converters. These techniques allow to keep an high load current quality while reducing more than 95% in the number of calculations necessary to implement the control. Finally, other operation improvements of MPC are also included, such as fixed switching frequency operation and multistep MPC, reaching an important performance improvement compared to the basic MPC strategy.
最近,多电平逆变器(MLIs)因其在输配电系统中的广泛应用而变得十分重要。同时,多电平逆变器的控制和调制尤其具有挑战性,因为其开关状态较多,其中许多状态在输出电压生成方面是冗余的,而且具有非线性特性。为了便于在实际环境中实施,通常会考虑模型预测控制(MPC),其主要控制目标是1) 产生所需的输出电流;2) 使内部转换器电容器电压保持在参考值。然而,在多级变流器中实施 MPC 的一个主要问题是,需要在线完成的计算数量会随着电平数的增加而急剧增加,因此在某些实际情况下几乎不可能应用 MPC。出于这些原因,多层流道 MPC 的主要研究趋势之一是提供一种算法,以减少控制操作所需的计算负担。本文对此类控制技术进行了综述。文章从基本的 MPC 实现入手,以飞行电容转换器为例,回顾了避免计算成本函数中权重因子的基本策略,从而简化了实现过程。此外,文章还介绍了减少实施 MPC 所需的计算次数的方法,并将其应用于级联 H 桥转换器。这些技术可在保持高负载电流质量的同时,将实施控制所需的计算量减少 95% 以上。最后,还包括 MPC 的其他操作改进,如固定开关频率操作和多步 MPC,与基本 MPC 策略相比,性能有了显著提高。
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引用次数: 0
A High-Efficiency Propulsion Motor With Distributed High-Density Winding Technology 采用分布式高密度绕组技术的高效推进电机
IF 7.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3457505
Daniele Meanti;Davide Parati;Alexander Allca-Pekarovic;Moien Masoumi;Kumar Rajasekhara;Berker Bilgin
This article presents the development of an electric motor with the novel distributed high-density (DHD) winding technology. The DHD winding technology utilizes round wires instead of bar wires. Unlike conventional round-wire winding technique (shed winding), the wires are orderly positioned in the slots in the DHD winding technology, resulting in high fill factor and high efficiency. The implementation of a stator with the DHD winding is presented which utilizes state-of-the-art coil winding and assembly processes. To compare against existing stator designs, a 100 kW, 800 V, and 15 000 RPM propulsion motor is tested experimentally to validate the performance of the DHD winding technology. The acoustic noise behavior of the propulsion motor is also characterized experimentally. The motor efficiency with the DHD, hairpin, and shed windings is compared for the same stator geometry using simulation results to demonstrate the performance improvement with the DHD winding technology.
本文介绍了采用新型分布式高密度(DHD)绕组技术开发的电机。DHD 绕组技术利用圆线代替棒线。与传统的圆线绕组技术(棚式绕组)不同,在 DHD 绕组技术中,导线有序地排列在槽中,从而实现了高填充系数和高效率。本文介绍了采用 DHD 绕组的定子,该定子采用了最先进的线圈绕组和装配工艺。为了与现有的定子设计进行比较,对一台功率为 100 kW、电压为 800 V、转速为 15 000 RPM 的推进电机进行了实验测试,以验证 DHD 绕组技术的性能。实验还对推进电机的声学噪声行为进行了表征。使用模拟结果比较了相同定子几何形状下 DHD、发夹式和梭形绕组的电机效率,以证明 DHD 绕组技术的性能改进。
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引用次数: 0
Permanent Magnet Rotor Flux Linkage Control Through Direct Axis Field Amplification 通过直接轴场放大实现永磁转子磁通联动控制
IF 7.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3430047
David Klink;Matthew J. Bagnara;Greg Heins;Behrooz Bahrani
Permanent magnets are popular for electric vehicle rotors due to their high energy density, making them excellent candidates for high-torque and high-speed machines. The downside of a permanent magnet machine is the inability to regulate the rotor field, creating nonideal behavior during high-speed or low-load operation, and potentially resulting in high currents and voltages in fault conditions. Several solutions to this have been explored, such as interior permanent magnet (combined reluctance and permanent magnet rotors), “hybrid” wound field and permanent magnet rotors, and variable flux machines with in-situ magnetization control or mechanical field weakening. This article proposes a novel method of regulating the air gap in axial flux machines, allowing for a low-cost mechanism allowing two degree of freedom operation without additional power electronics or modifications to the magnetics. The proposed method uses stacked linear springs to create a nonlinear bias against the attraction force, and then leverages direct axis current to control the air gap. The ideal constant current optimized field weakening spring curve is presented and the proposed concept is experimentally validated on a single-stator single-rotor axial flux machine.
永磁体因其能量密度高而深受电动汽车转子的青睐,是高扭矩和高速机器的理想选择。永磁机器的缺点是无法调节转子磁场,在高速或低负载运行时会产生非理想行为,并可能在故障条件下导致高电流和高电压。为此,人们探索了几种解决方案,如内部永磁(磁阻和永磁转子的组合)、"混合 "绕线磁场和永磁转子,以及具有原位磁化控制或机械磁场削弱功能的可变磁通机器。本文提出了一种调节轴向磁通量机器气隙的新方法,这种低成本机制可实现双自由度运行,而无需额外的电力电子设备或对磁性元件进行修改。所提出的方法使用堆叠线性弹簧对吸引力产生非线性偏置,然后利用直接轴电流控制气隙。提出了理想的恒定电流优化磁场削弱弹簧曲线,并在单定子单转子轴向磁通机器上对提出的概念进行了实验验证。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in Two-Phase Cooling for Next Power Electronics Converters 下一代电力电子变流器两相冷却技术的进步
IF 7.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3451990
Nicolas E. Lima Baschera;Alessandro Lidozzi;Giuseppe Zummo;Luca Saraceno;Fabio Riccardi;Fernando Ortenzi;Marco di Benedetto;Luca Solero
This article deals with a comprehensive analysis and performance evaluation of a fully integrated two-phase cooling system for power converters. A suitable test bed has been properly manufactured to perform the experimental campaign for the evaluation of the benefits and to deploy a dedicated management procedure of the two-phase cooling. The system is tested under real operating conditions, in which the system is employed for cooling a 1200-V 100-A insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power module of an inverter controlling a permanent magnet synchronous machine. The experimental results show the inverter temperature behavior in start-up for different flow rates of coolant and different temperatures of the fluid on the secondary system. In the steady-state operation, using lower coolant flow rates in the primary circuit achieved equal or even better cooling for the IGBT module compared with higher flow rates. With respect to traditional cooling approaches, the proposed arrangement allows a greater extraction of the heat at a very low flow rate of the cooling fluid, even with standard industrial grade heat sinks, which motivates the use of this cooling technology for the next generation of power electronics converters.
本文论述了对用于功率转换器的全集成两相冷却系统的综合分析和性能评估。已适当制造了一个合适的试验台,用于执行实验活动,以评估其效益,并部署专门的两相冷却管理程序。该系统在实际运行条件下进行了测试,在测试中,该系统被用于冷却控制永磁同步机的变频器的 1200-V 100-A 绝缘栅双极晶体管 (IGBT) 功率模块。实验结果显示了逆变器在启动时不同冷却剂流速和二次系统不同流体温度下的温度特性。在稳态运行中,在一次回路中使用较低流量的冷却剂与较高流量的冷却剂相比,对 IGBT 模块的冷却效果相同甚至更好。与传统的冷却方法相比,即使使用标准的工业级散热器,所建议的布置方式也能以极低的冷却液流速提取更多的热量,这就促使下一代电力电子转换器使用这种冷却技术。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of Analytical TSFs for DC-Link Current Reduction in Switched Reluctance Motors 优化分析 TSF 以降低开关磁阻电机的直流链路电流
IF 7.9 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1109/OJIA.2024.3441308
Filipe Pinarello Scalcon;Gaoliang Fang;Cesar José Volpato Filho;Sumedh Dhale;Babak Nahid-Mobarakeh
The large dc-link current is a known issue in switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives, which often demand the use of a bulky dc-link capacitor. However, control techniques can be designed and optimized to lessen this issue. In this context, this article proposes the optimization of analytical torque sharing functions (TSFs) for dc-link current reduction in SRMs. Initially, the analytical TSFs are described, and the importance of adequate parameter selection is highlighted. Next, an optimization procedure based on the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II is proposed to determine the optimal turn-on and overlap angles by solving a multiobjective optimization problem considering torque rms error and dc-link rms current as objectives to be minimized, something not previously reported in the literature. The pareto fronts for different operating conditions are presented, including both soft and hard chopping operation, as well as different sampling frequencies. Then, an approach for selecting a solution from within the pareto front is described, enabling the result from the pareto front that yielded the desired tradeoff between torque RMSE and dc-link current to be identified. Experimental results are provided to support the effectiveness of the proposal. A comparison between three different cases is shown, highlighting the tradeoff between objectives.
众所周知,开关磁阻电机(SRM)驱动器的直流链路电流较大,通常需要使用体积庞大的直流链路电容器。不过,可以通过设计和优化控制技术来减少这一问题。在此背景下,本文提出了用于减少 SRM 直流电流的分析扭矩分担函数 (TSF) 的优化方案。首先,介绍了分析 TSF,并强调了适当选择参数的重要性。接下来,提出了一种基于非支配排序遗传算法 II 的优化程序,通过解决将转矩均方根误差和直流链路均方根电流作为最小化目标的多目标优化问题,确定最佳开启角和重叠角。文中给出了不同运行条件下的帕累托前沿,包括软斩波和硬斩波运行,以及不同的采样频率。然后,介绍了从帕累托前沿中选择解决方案的方法,从而能够从帕累托前沿中找出在转矩有效值和直流链路电流之间实现理想折衷的结果。实验结果证明了该建议的有效性。图中显示了三种不同情况的比较,突出了目标之间的权衡。
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引用次数: 0
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