Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2022.3225887
Shervin Shirmohammadi
Dear Readers,
尊敬的读者：，
{"title":"Editor-in-Chief’s Year-End Message","authors":"Shervin Shirmohammadi","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2022.3225887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2022.3225887","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Readers,","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9552935/9687502/09994624.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50426835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2022.3226228
Bruno Andò;Salvatore Baglio;Vincenzo Marletta;Valeria Finocchiaro;Valeria Dibilio;Giovanni Mostile;Mario Zappia;Marco Branciforte;Salvatore Curti
The possibility of identifying potential altered postural status in frail people, including patients with Parkinson Disease, represents an important clinical outcome in the management of frail elderly subjects, since this could lead to greater instability and, consequently, an increased risk of falling. Several solutions proposed in the literature for the monitoring of the postural behavior use infrastructure-dependent approaches or wearable devices, which do not allow to distinguish among different kinds of postural sways. In this article, a low-cost and effective wearable solution to classify four different classes of postural behaviors (Standing, Antero-Posterior, Medio-Lateral, and Unstable) is proposed. The solution exploits a sensor node, equipped by a triaxial accelerometer, and a dedicated algorithm implementing the classification task. Different quantities are proposed to assess performance of the proposed strategy, with particular regards to the system capability to correctly classify an unknown pattern, through the index Q%, and the reliability index, RI%. Results achieved across a wide dataset demonstrated the suitability of the methodology developed, with Q% =99.84% and around 70% of classifications, showing an RI% above 65%.
{"title":"Best Features Selection for the Implementation of a Postural Sway Classification Methodology on a Wearable Node","authors":"Bruno Andò;Salvatore Baglio;Vincenzo Marletta;Valeria Finocchiaro;Valeria Dibilio;Giovanni Mostile;Mario Zappia;Marco Branciforte;Salvatore Curti","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2022.3226228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2022.3226228","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of identifying potential altered postural status in frail people, including patients with Parkinson Disease, represents an important clinical outcome in the management of frail elderly subjects, since this could lead to greater instability and, consequently, an increased risk of falling. Several solutions proposed in the literature for the monitoring of the postural behavior use infrastructure-dependent approaches or wearable devices, which do not allow to distinguish among different kinds of postural sways. In this article, a low-cost and effective wearable solution to classify four different classes of postural behaviors (Standing, Antero-Posterior, Medio-Lateral, and Unstable) is proposed. The solution exploits a sensor node, equipped by a triaxial accelerometer, and a dedicated algorithm implementing the classification task. Different quantities are proposed to assess performance of the proposed strategy, with particular regards to the system capability to correctly classify an unknown pattern, through the index Q%, and the reliability index, RI%. Results achieved across a wide dataset demonstrated the suitability of the methodology developed, with Q% =99.84% and around 70% of classifications, showing an RI% above 65%.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9552935/9687502/09969130.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67900146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2022.3217850
Wenhe Chen;Hanting Zhou;Longsheng Cheng;Min Xia
Wind farms are usually located in plateau mountains and northern coastal areas, bringing a high probability of blade icing. Blade icing even leads to blade cracks and turbine collapse. Traditional methods of blade icing diagnosis increase operating costs and have the potential risk of damaging the original mechanical structure. A data-driven model based on a novel convolutional recurrent neural network is proposed in this article. The method can effectively extract hidden features for accurate icing diagnosis. The hyperparameters of the proposed model are optimized by the improved African vultures optimization algorithm (IAVOA). To alleviate the critical data imbalance, the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) is used to oversample the minority classes of icing status. In comparison to the state-of-the-art classification methods, the proposed method illustrates the outstanding effectiveness in blade icing diagnosis using the sensor data from supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. The effectiveness analysis of variables, ablation study, and sensitivity analysis validates the performance of the proposed method.
{"title":"Wind Turbine Blade Icing Diagnosis Using Convolutional LSTM-GRU With Improved African Vultures Optimization","authors":"Wenhe Chen;Hanting Zhou;Longsheng Cheng;Min Xia","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2022.3217850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2022.3217850","url":null,"abstract":"Wind farms are usually located in plateau mountains and northern coastal areas, bringing a high probability of blade icing. Blade icing even leads to blade cracks and turbine collapse. Traditional methods of blade icing diagnosis increase operating costs and have the potential risk of damaging the original mechanical structure. A data-driven model based on a novel convolutional recurrent neural network is proposed in this article. The method can effectively extract hidden features for accurate icing diagnosis. The hyperparameters of the proposed model are optimized by the improved African vultures optimization algorithm (IAVOA). To alleviate the critical data imbalance, the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) is used to oversample the minority classes of icing status. In comparison to the state-of-the-art classification methods, the proposed method illustrates the outstanding effectiveness in blade icing diagnosis using the sensor data from supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. The effectiveness analysis of variables, ablation study, and sensitivity analysis validates the performance of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9552935/9687502/09967763.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50426830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2022.3221330
Katelyn Brinker;Reza Zoughi
Measurement and response decoding is an ongoing challenge in the chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) field. Measurement uncertainties, including tag/reader misalignment, S-parameter error, and clutter, can cause response distortions, such as magnitude changes and resonant frequency shifts, that can lead to the improper assignment of a binary code or sensing parameter (i.e., decoding). This work aims to use local sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to fully characterize the effects of misalignment, response parameter measurement error (e.g., VNA S-parameter error), and clutter on chipless RFID responses that are measured in the near-field with a monostatic setup. From this type of comprehensive characterization, conclusions are drawn about the identification (ID) and sensing capabilities of the tags. While the effect of misalignment-based uncertainty was examined in Part I, here in Part II, $S_{11}$ uncertainty and clutter-based uncertainty are examined both individually and in combination with misalignment-based uncertainty. An example, demonstrating the application of the proposed tag performance assessment framework is also provided.
{"title":"Local Sensitivity Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation to Examine the Effects of Chipless RFID Measurement Uncertainties—Part II: Consideration of Multiple Measurement Uncertainties","authors":"Katelyn Brinker;Reza Zoughi","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2022.3221330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2022.3221330","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement and response decoding is an ongoing challenge in the chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) field. Measurement uncertainties, including tag/reader misalignment, S-parameter error, and clutter, can cause response distortions, such as magnitude changes and resonant frequency shifts, that can lead to the improper assignment of a binary code or sensing parameter (i.e., decoding). This work aims to use local sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to fully characterize the effects of misalignment, response parameter measurement error (e.g., VNA S-parameter error), and clutter on chipless RFID responses that are measured in the near-field with a monostatic setup. From this type of comprehensive characterization, conclusions are drawn about the identification (ID) and sensing capabilities of the tags. While the effect of misalignment-based uncertainty was examined in Part I, here in Part II, \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{11}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 uncertainty and clutter-based uncertainty are examined both individually and in combination with misalignment-based uncertainty. An example, demonstrating the application of the proposed tag performance assessment framework is also provided.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9552935/9687502/09951061.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67899445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2022.3219471
Dahlia Musa;Frank Guido-Sanz;Mindi Anderson;Salam Daher
Reliable and accurate measurement methods are necessary for the clinical assessment of wounds. Repeated measure of a wound indicates whether its healing is progressing or deteriorating, and if alternate treatment must be initiated. Many wound measurement techniques lack accuracy and reliability. Technology: We developed a software prototype that calculates 3-D wound measurements from 3-D scans. We conducted a study to compare the software prototype to physical and 2-D image measurement techniques commonly used by clinicians. We compared inter-rater reliability between the techniques and measurements (i.e., length, width, depth, perimeter, and surface area). Results: Inter-rater reliability was good or excellent for the physical, image, and software measurement techniques; however, there were significant differences in measurements between the techniques. For complex measurements (i.e., perimeter and surface area), the reliability of the software exceeded that of the physical and image techniques. Conclusion: Although inter-rater reliability was high for all measurement techniques, there was significant variability between the techniques. The software was overall most reliable, especially for calculation of complex measurements. Clinical Impact: Reducing the variability of wound measurements may improve patient outcomes, reduce wound prevalence, and mitigate the associated morbidity, mortality, and costs of these occurrences.
{"title":"Reliability of Wound Measurement Methods","authors":"Dahlia Musa;Frank Guido-Sanz;Mindi Anderson;Salam Daher","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2022.3219471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2022.3219471","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable and accurate measurement methods are necessary for the clinical assessment of wounds. Repeated measure of a wound indicates whether its healing is progressing or deteriorating, and if alternate treatment must be initiated. Many wound measurement techniques lack accuracy and reliability. Technology: We developed a software prototype that calculates 3-D wound measurements from 3-D scans. We conducted a study to compare the software prototype to physical and 2-D image measurement techniques commonly used by clinicians. We compared inter-rater reliability between the techniques and measurements (i.e., length, width, depth, perimeter, and surface area). Results: Inter-rater reliability was good or excellent for the physical, image, and software measurement techniques; however, there were significant differences in measurements between the techniques. For complex measurements (i.e., perimeter and surface area), the reliability of the software exceeded that of the physical and image techniques. Conclusion: Although inter-rater reliability was high for all measurement techniques, there was significant variability between the techniques. The software was overall most reliable, especially for calculation of complex measurements. Clinical Impact: Reducing the variability of wound measurements may improve patient outcomes, reduce wound prevalence, and mitigate the associated morbidity, mortality, and costs of these occurrences.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9552935/9687502/09942711.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50356144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2022.3217860
Katelyn R. Brinker;Reza Zoughi
Measurement and response decoding is an ongoing challenge in the chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) field. Measurement uncertainties, including tag/reader misalignment, radar cross-section or S-parameter error, and clutter, can cause response distortions, such as magnitude changes and resonant frequency shifts. These response distortions can lead to the improper assignment of a binary code or sensing parameter (i.e., improper decoding). This work aims to use local sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to fully characterize the effects of misalignment, response parameter measurement error (e.g., vector network analyzer S-parameter error), and clutter on chipless RFID tag responses. From this type of comprehensive characterization, conclusions are drawn about the identification (ID) and sensing capabilities of the tags. In this work, the simulations are performed for two specific tags and the results are then corroborated with measurements of one of the tags. While the work is done for a near-field monostatic measurement setup, it is presented such that the same procedures can be applied to other tags and measurement setups, including far-field scenarios. Thus, a novel comprehensive tag performance assessment framework is provided. This work is divided into two parts. In Part I, the effects of tag/reader misalignment uncertainty are examined in depth through both simulations and measurements. In Part II, the effects of S-parameter error, clutter-based uncertainty, and the combination of these uncertainties with misalignment uncertainty are investigated. An example demonstrating the application of this tag performance assessment framework is also provided in Part II.
{"title":"Local Sensitivity Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation to Examine the Effects of Chipless RFID Measurement Uncertainties—Part I: Misalignment-Based Uncertainty","authors":"Katelyn R. Brinker;Reza Zoughi","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2022.3217860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2022.3217860","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement and response decoding is an ongoing challenge in the chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) field. Measurement uncertainties, including tag/reader misalignment, radar cross-section or S-parameter error, and clutter, can cause response distortions, such as magnitude changes and resonant frequency shifts. These response distortions can lead to the improper assignment of a binary code or sensing parameter (i.e., improper decoding). This work aims to use local sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to fully characterize the effects of misalignment, response parameter measurement error (e.g., vector network analyzer S-parameter error), and clutter on chipless RFID tag responses. From this type of comprehensive characterization, conclusions are drawn about the identification (ID) and sensing capabilities of the tags. In this work, the simulations are performed for two specific tags and the results are then corroborated with measurements of one of the tags. While the work is done for a near-field monostatic measurement setup, it is presented such that the same procedures can be applied to other tags and measurement setups, including far-field scenarios. Thus, a novel comprehensive tag performance assessment framework is provided. This work is divided into two parts. In Part I, the effects of tag/reader misalignment uncertainty are examined in depth through both simulations and measurements. In Part II, the effects of S-parameter error, clutter-based uncertainty, and the combination of these uncertainties with misalignment uncertainty are investigated. An example demonstrating the application of this tag performance assessment framework is also provided in Part II.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9552935/9687502/09931930.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67899447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2022.3216368
A. S. Anil Kumar;Boby George;Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Eddy current sensors are an attractive choice due to their high resolution, reliability, and durability in harsh environments while being able to measure in a noncontact manner. This article presents a novel design to realize a thin eddy-current-based angle sensor. It is realized by converting the shaft, whose rotation angle is to be measured, into the sensing element. The modification to the shaft is minimal; a small surface groove is introduced without affecting the mechanical strength. The stationary part of the sensor consists of two layers of flexible square-planar coils. Depending on the angular position of the shaft, the inductances of the planar coils get modified. These are measured using a specially designed circuitry, optimized for this sensor. The output for the entire circle range (360°) is derived from the inductance values of each coil using a successive approximation algorithm developed for this purpose. Finite-element analysis was employed to design the sensor and analyze the axial/radial misalignment of the rotor. A sensor prototype was built and tested. The output showed a resolution of 0.1° and the worst case linearity error of 0.9%. The prototype sensor dimensions are designed to fit in a standard steering column. The proposed sensor is thin, easy to manufacture at low cost, tolerant to axial vibration by design, and has a 360° sensing range.
{"title":"An Eddy-Current-Based Angle Sensor With a Minimally Modified Shaft as a Sensing Element","authors":"A. S. Anil Kumar;Boby George;Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2022.3216368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2022.3216368","url":null,"abstract":"Eddy current sensors are an attractive choice due to their high resolution, reliability, and durability in harsh environments while being able to measure in a noncontact manner. This article presents a novel design to realize a thin eddy-current-based angle sensor. It is realized by converting the shaft, whose rotation angle is to be measured, into the sensing element. The modification to the shaft is minimal; a small surface groove is introduced without affecting the mechanical strength. The stationary part of the sensor consists of two layers of flexible square-planar coils. Depending on the angular position of the shaft, the inductances of the planar coils get modified. These are measured using a specially designed circuitry, optimized for this sensor. The output for the entire circle range (360°) is derived from the inductance values of each coil using a successive approximation algorithm developed for this purpose. Finite-element analysis was employed to design the sensor and analyze the axial/radial misalignment of the rotor. A sensor prototype was built and tested. The output showed a resolution of 0.1° and the worst case linearity error of 0.9%. The prototype sensor dimensions are designed to fit in a standard steering column. The proposed sensor is thin, easy to manufacture at low cost, tolerant to axial vibration by design, and has a 360° sensing range.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9552935/9687502/09926073.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67900270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2022.3212727
Daniel Belega;Dario Petri
In this article, an improved version of three state-of-the-art interpolated discrete-time Fourier transform (IpDTFT) algorithms for the estimation of the frequency and the damping factor of noisy damped sinusoids is proposed. Sinusoid amplitude and phase are also estimated. Improvement is obtained by both compensating the effect on the estimated parameters of the spectral leakage from the fundamental image component and minimizing the estimator variance through a suitable selection of the interpolation points. The obtained estimates are then further improved by applying a linear signal fit (LSF) algorithm. The accuracies of the proposed algorithms are compared with each other and with the related Cramér–Rao lower bound through computer simulations. The required computational times are also briefly analyzed in order to assess the algorithms usefulness in real-time applications.
{"title":"Algorithms for Real-Valued Noisy Damped Sinusoid Parameter Estimation","authors":"Daniel Belega;Dario Petri","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2022.3212727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2022.3212727","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, an improved version of three state-of-the-art interpolated discrete-time Fourier transform (IpDTFT) algorithms for the estimation of the frequency and the damping factor of noisy damped sinusoids is proposed. Sinusoid amplitude and phase are also estimated. Improvement is obtained by both compensating the effect on the estimated parameters of the spectral leakage from the fundamental image component and minimizing the estimator variance through a suitable selection of the interpolation points. The obtained estimates are then further improved by applying a linear signal fit (LSF) algorithm. The accuracies of the proposed algorithms are compared with each other and with the related Cramér–Rao lower bound through computer simulations. The required computational times are also briefly analyzed in order to assess the algorithms usefulness in real-time applications.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9552935/9687502/09913664.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50426536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The high-frequency second-order sensitivity matrix electrical impedance tomography (HSSM-EIT) method has been proposed to detect heterogeneous cells in cell spheroids by coupling the high-frequency and second-order sensitivity matrix electrical impedance tomography (EIT). The sensitivity matrix with the first and second-order terms of Taylor’s formula (Jacobian and Hessian) is applied to the image reconstruction of cell spheroids with the high-frequency injected current at 1 MHz, at which the impedance reflects intracellular contents to visualize the cytoplasm conductivity distribution of cell spheroids. The cell spheroids with five composition percentages of the wild type (WT) and green fluorescent protein type (GFPT) of MRC-5 human lung fibroblast cell line are 100/0%, 75/25%, 50/50%, 25/75%, and 0/100%, and were cultured to mimic heterogeneous cells. As a result, the cell spheroid images reconstructed by HSSM-EIT clearly visualize the heterogeneity stage rather than the images reconstructed by general first-order sensitivity matrix EIT; moreover, the cytoplasm conductivity of the cell spheroid is decreased with the increase of GFPT percentage. In order to confirm the cytoplasm conductivity reconstructed by HSSM-EIT, an equivalent circuit model containing a cell spheroid and extracellular fluid is employed to calculate the cytoplasm conductivity $sigma _{mathrm{ cyto}}$ from the measurement of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The result shows that $sigma _{mathrm{ cyto}}$ is also decreased with the increase of GFPT percentage, which shows the same trend as the cytoplasm conductivity reconstructed by HSSM-EIT.
{"title":"Detection of Heterogeneous Cells in Cell Spheroids by Applying High-Frequency Second-Order Sensitivity Matrix Electrical Impedance Tomography (HSSM-EIT)","authors":"Songshi Li;Daisuke Kawashima;Zengfeng Gao;Masahiro Takei","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2022.3212753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2022.3212753","url":null,"abstract":"The high-frequency second-order sensitivity matrix electrical impedance tomography (HSSM-EIT) method has been proposed to detect heterogeneous cells in cell spheroids by coupling the high-frequency and second-order sensitivity matrix electrical impedance tomography (EIT). The sensitivity matrix with the first and second-order terms of Taylor’s formula (Jacobian and Hessian) is applied to the image reconstruction of cell spheroids with the high-frequency injected current at 1 MHz, at which the impedance reflects intracellular contents to visualize the cytoplasm conductivity distribution of cell spheroids. The cell spheroids with five composition percentages of the wild type (WT) and green fluorescent protein type (GFPT) of MRC-5 human lung fibroblast cell line are 100/0%, 75/25%, 50/50%, 25/75%, and 0/100%, and were cultured to mimic heterogeneous cells. As a result, the cell spheroid images reconstructed by HSSM-EIT clearly visualize the heterogeneity stage rather than the images reconstructed by general first-order sensitivity matrix EIT; moreover, the cytoplasm conductivity of the cell spheroid is decreased with the increase of GFPT percentage. In order to confirm the cytoplasm conductivity reconstructed by HSSM-EIT, an equivalent circuit model containing a cell spheroid and extracellular fluid is employed to calculate the cytoplasm conductivity \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sigma _{mathrm{ cyto}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 from the measurement of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The result shows that \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sigma _{mathrm{ cyto}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 is also decreased with the increase of GFPT percentage, which shows the same trend as the cytoplasm conductivity reconstructed by HSSM-EIT.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9552935/9687502/09913651.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67900147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-12DOI: 10.1109/OJIM.2022.3205678
Paolo Castello;Carlo Muscas;Paolo Attilio Pegoraro
Different power system applications based on synchrophasors measured in different nodes of the electric grid require information about the statistical distribution of the errors introduced by the phasor measurement units (PMUs). The performance of these applications can be significantly affected by possible incorrect assumptions. The Gaussian distribution has been historically assumed in most of the approaches, but some more recent studies suggest the possibility of considering different distributions for more accurate modeling of the actual situation. In this article, proper statistical tools applied to the results achieved through a high-performance experimental test system are proposed to assess the statistical distribution of PMU errors under controlled steady-state conditions, thus providing a basis for defining suitable models to be used in specific applications.
{"title":"Statistical Behavior of PMU Measurement Errors: An Experimental Characterization","authors":"Paolo Castello;Carlo Muscas;Paolo Attilio Pegoraro","doi":"10.1109/OJIM.2022.3205678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIM.2022.3205678","url":null,"abstract":"Different power system applications based on synchrophasors measured in different nodes of the electric grid require information about the statistical distribution of the errors introduced by the phasor measurement units (PMUs). The performance of these applications can be significantly affected by possible incorrect assumptions. The Gaussian distribution has been historically assumed in most of the approaches, but some more recent studies suggest the possibility of considering different distributions for more accurate modeling of the actual situation. In this article, proper statistical tools applied to the results achieved through a high-performance experimental test system are proposed to assess the statistical distribution of PMU errors under controlled steady-state conditions, thus providing a basis for defining suitable models to be used in specific applications.","PeriodicalId":100630,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9552935/9687502/09887624.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67899535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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