Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.5.215
P. Scott
This article features video recordings to emphasise the vague presenting clinical signs of chronic respiratory disease affecting adult cattle, the common sonographic findings, and response to correct antibiotic therapy in selected cases. Identification and quantification of lung and pleural pathologies can be readily achieved within 1–2 minutes using a 5 MHz linear transducer (‘rectal probe’).
{"title":"Diagnosis of respiratory disease in adult cattle using ultrasonography","authors":"P. Scott","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.5.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.5.215","url":null,"abstract":"This article features video recordings to emphasise the vague presenting clinical signs of chronic respiratory disease affecting adult cattle, the common sonographic findings, and response to correct antibiotic therapy in selected cases. Identification and quantification of lung and pleural pathologies can be readily achieved within 1–2 minutes using a 5 MHz linear transducer (‘rectal probe’).","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79116703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.5.245
A. Nevel
Since its quiet launch in October 2021, Medicine Hub has been populated with farming accounts predominantly via practice management software programmes and bulk data holders, with a skew towards dairy. However, now is the perfect time to address this by engaging with sheep farmer clients; Animal Health and Welfare Pathway visits represent an ideal opportunity to open discussions. Meanwhile, capitalising on trading advantages which may come about as a result of antibiotic use recording could be especially relevant for sheep producers. Although the sector is typically a low user of antibiotics, this remains important information to gather for the national picture.
{"title":"Time to engage sheep farmers with Medicine Hub","authors":"A. Nevel","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.5.245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.5.245","url":null,"abstract":"Since its quiet launch in October 2021, Medicine Hub has been populated with farming accounts predominantly via practice management software programmes and bulk data holders, with a skew towards dairy. However, now is the perfect time to address this by engaging with sheep farmer clients; Animal Health and Welfare Pathway visits represent an ideal opportunity to open discussions. Meanwhile, capitalising on trading advantages which may come about as a result of antibiotic use recording could be especially relevant for sheep producers. Although the sector is typically a low user of antibiotics, this remains important information to gather for the national picture.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85349107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.5.202
J. Breen, A. Manning
Analysis of data to inform decision making in dairy animal practice is a cornerstone of modern dairy herd health work and is routinely carried out in areas such as fertility management and mastitis control. Mastitis in dairy herds continues to be important and relevant to veterinary advisors for many reasons, such as cow welfare, the cost of disease, the use of antimicrobials and the sustainability of farming and food supply, including environmental impact and waste milk. When implementing control measures to reduce mastitis infection rates on farm, herd level analysis of infection ‘patterns’ to inform decision making has been shown to be an important first step. Feedback from participants using the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) Dairy Mastitis Control Plan previously indicated that the first stage of the Plan, analysing patterns and making a herd ‘diagnosis’, was often a difficult stage for Plan deliverers. The new AHDB Dairy QuarterPRO scheme offers an ‘entry-level’ method of routinely monitoring mastitis on farm and builds in a rapid method of assessing the predominant mastitis infection patterns present on farm, using somatic cell count and clinical mastitis records. A new fully automated mastitis pattern analysis report is now available to all milk recording dairy herds in the UK through their milk recording organisation, allowing routine assessment of the predominant pattern of infection, and enabling farmers and veterinary surgeons to highlight the most important area on their farm for mastitis control.
{"title":"Mastitis pattern analysis: epidemiology into practice","authors":"J. Breen, A. Manning","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.5.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.5.202","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of data to inform decision making in dairy animal practice is a cornerstone of modern dairy herd health work and is routinely carried out in areas such as fertility management and mastitis control. Mastitis in dairy herds continues to be important and relevant to veterinary advisors for many reasons, such as cow welfare, the cost of disease, the use of antimicrobials and the sustainability of farming and food supply, including environmental impact and waste milk. When implementing control measures to reduce mastitis infection rates on farm, herd level analysis of infection ‘patterns’ to inform decision making has been shown to be an important first step. Feedback from participants using the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) Dairy Mastitis Control Plan previously indicated that the first stage of the Plan, analysing patterns and making a herd ‘diagnosis’, was often a difficult stage for Plan deliverers. The new AHDB Dairy QuarterPRO scheme offers an ‘entry-level’ method of routinely monitoring mastitis on farm and builds in a rapid method of assessing the predominant mastitis infection patterns present on farm, using somatic cell count and clinical mastitis records. A new fully automated mastitis pattern analysis report is now available to all milk recording dairy herds in the UK through their milk recording organisation, allowing routine assessment of the predominant pattern of infection, and enabling farmers and veterinary surgeons to highlight the most important area on their farm for mastitis control.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81060595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.5.209
J. Robertson, R. Cavill
Calving is one of the most stressful events to occur during the production cycle in dairy cows, and the environment in which this occurs can significantly impact the health of the neonatal calf. The incidence of enteric and respiratory disease in young calves can be reduced by managing this environment better, limiting contamination and resultant infection pressure. The environment in which calves were managed from birth onwards was observed and scored on 66 dairy farms in Northern Ireland over a 3 week period. Assessments were made on hygiene factors such as stocking density, presence of sick cows, bedding frequency, cleaning frequency, ease of cleaning and hygiene scoring. This study highlights that, despite the clear need for managing hygiene around the time of birth, hygiene in the calving pen is often an area that producers do not focus on improving in order to efficiently rear a healthy, productive and robust dairy cow.
{"title":"Calving pen management","authors":"J. Robertson, R. Cavill","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.5.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.5.209","url":null,"abstract":"Calving is one of the most stressful events to occur during the production cycle in dairy cows, and the environment in which this occurs can significantly impact the health of the neonatal calf. The incidence of enteric and respiratory disease in young calves can be reduced by managing this environment better, limiting contamination and resultant infection pressure. The environment in which calves were managed from birth onwards was observed and scored on 66 dairy farms in Northern Ireland over a 3 week period. Assessments were made on hygiene factors such as stocking density, presence of sick cows, bedding frequency, cleaning frequency, ease of cleaning and hygiene scoring. This study highlights that, despite the clear need for managing hygiene around the time of birth, hygiene in the calving pen is often an area that producers do not focus on improving in order to efficiently rear a healthy, productive and robust dairy cow.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80995277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.4.158
James Adams
Sepsis is caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response to a pathogen, often bacteria, that leads to shock and then death if left untreated. Cattle on high energy diets appear to be predisposed as the majority of infections stem from the gastrointestinal tract. It has not been established why some animals become septic and others do not although tolerance occurs if a cow is exposed to endotoxin in sublethal doses, either repeatedly or continuously, for a period of time. There is no defined framework to use out in the field when trying to diagnose the disease, with repeated clinical assessments often needed to detect deterioration of a case and ensure medical interventions are timely. The aims of treatment are to restore the circulatory volume, remove the infection and to dampen down the inflammatory response.
{"title":"Sepsis in adult cattle","authors":"James Adams","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.4.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.4.158","url":null,"abstract":"Sepsis is caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response to a pathogen, often bacteria, that leads to shock and then death if left untreated. Cattle on high energy diets appear to be predisposed as the majority of infections stem from the gastrointestinal tract. It has not been established why some animals become septic and others do not although tolerance occurs if a cow is exposed to endotoxin in sublethal doses, either repeatedly or continuously, for a period of time. There is no defined framework to use out in the field when trying to diagnose the disease, with repeated clinical assessments often needed to detect deterioration of a case and ensure medical interventions are timely. The aims of treatment are to restore the circulatory volume, remove the infection and to dampen down the inflammatory response.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74492668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.4.166
Andrea Turner
In many countries huge inroads have been made towards more responsible prescribing across all livestock sectors in recent years. The European Medicine Agency's categorisation of antibiotics can now be used by veterinarians as a tool to further focus efforts on reducing — and even ceasing — the use of antibiotics that are important to human health and redoubling efforts towards responsible prescribing across all antibiotic use in food producing species.
{"title":"Prioritising antibiotic selection in farm animal practice","authors":"Andrea Turner","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.4.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.4.166","url":null,"abstract":"In many countries huge inroads have been made towards more responsible prescribing across all livestock sectors in recent years. The European Medicine Agency's categorisation of antibiotics can now be used by veterinarians as a tool to further focus efforts on reducing — and even ceasing — the use of antibiotics that are important to human health and redoubling efforts towards responsible prescribing across all antibiotic use in food producing species.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80366539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.4.172
David L. Swales
The new Sustainable Farming Incentive is likely to only provide a small financial benefit for farmers as it is currently designed. Indeed, some standards within the pilot scheme were found to have a negative impact on business profitability, where farms had to take land out of production to meet Defra's requirements. It is clear that the Sustainable Farming Incentive will not replace income received through Direct Payments, even for those most efficient at producing environmental goods, so it is important that farmers consider the Sustainable Farming Incentive within a wider review of their business in order to ensure they remain profitable throughout the agricultural transition period and beyond
{"title":"Will Defra's new Sustainable Farming Incentive ease farmers’ transition away from subsidies?","authors":"David L. Swales","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.4.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.4.172","url":null,"abstract":"The new Sustainable Farming Incentive is likely to only provide a small financial benefit for farmers as it is currently designed. Indeed, some standards within the pilot scheme were found to have a negative impact on business profitability, where farms had to take land out of production to meet Defra's requirements. It is clear that the Sustainable Farming Incentive will not replace income received through Direct Payments, even for those most efficient at producing environmental goods, so it is important that farmers consider the Sustainable Farming Incentive within a wider review of their business in order to ensure they remain profitable throughout the agricultural transition period and beyond","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73533028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.4.150
A. Forbes
Mid-summer provides a useful check point for assessing the dynamics of parasite populations, their potential impact and the need for control measures. In young cattle, measuring growth rates and faecal egg counts at this time can provide valuable prognostic information on the likely effects of parasitic gastroenteritis over the second half of the grazing season. Faecal sampling can also be used to monitor fluke infections, but may be of less value in assessing the risk of lungworm. Local weather patterns leading up to and including mid-summer can be used in conjunction with sampling and management data to generate an overall picture of the epidemiology and risk of the various protozoal, helminth and arthropod parasites that can affect cattle at grass; these in turn can be used to guide pasture management and treatment options appropriate to individual farms and farmers.
{"title":"Parasite control and Saint Swithin's Day","authors":"A. Forbes","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.4.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.4.150","url":null,"abstract":"Mid-summer provides a useful check point for assessing the dynamics of parasite populations, their potential impact and the need for control measures. In young cattle, measuring growth rates and faecal egg counts at this time can provide valuable prognostic information on the likely effects of parasitic gastroenteritis over the second half of the grazing season. Faecal sampling can also be used to monitor fluke infections, but may be of less value in assessing the risk of lungworm. Local weather patterns leading up to and including mid-summer can be used in conjunction with sampling and management data to generate an overall picture of the epidemiology and risk of the various protozoal, helminth and arthropod parasites that can affect cattle at grass; these in turn can be used to guide pasture management and treatment options appropriate to individual farms and farmers.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91516336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.4.174
Alice Oven
{"title":"Introduction to Illustrated Textbook of Clinical Diagnosis in Farm Animals","authors":"Alice Oven","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.4.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.4.174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75669186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.4.191
Esme Chapman, William Hersey
Adenoviruses are of increasing concern in both human and veterinary medicine. The effects of adenoviruses in poultry species have been well documented for many decades. Adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE) is one such syndrome that affects chickens and is caused by members of group A of the fowl adenoviruses. Development of clinical AGE is poorly understood, but cases of this syndrome can lead to economic losses and welfare concerns in both broiler and layer populations. Clinical signs, gross post-mortem lesions and histological lesions can all be used to help identify cases of AGE in practice. This article will explore AGE in the context of clinical poultry practice, including an overview of the aetiology, transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis and control of AGE.
{"title":"Adenoviral associated gizzard erosions: an overview and case example","authors":"Esme Chapman, William Hersey","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.4.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.4.191","url":null,"abstract":"Adenoviruses are of increasing concern in both human and veterinary medicine. The effects of adenoviruses in poultry species have been well documented for many decades. Adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE) is one such syndrome that affects chickens and is caused by members of group A of the fowl adenoviruses. Development of clinical AGE is poorly understood, but cases of this syndrome can lead to economic losses and welfare concerns in both broiler and layer populations. Clinical signs, gross post-mortem lesions and histological lesions can all be used to help identify cases of AGE in practice. This article will explore AGE in the context of clinical poultry practice, including an overview of the aetiology, transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis and control of AGE.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79544614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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