Pub Date : 2022-07-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.4.178
Nicole Bates
As herbivores goats are at risk of plant poisoning. Poisoning may occur if goats are accidentally fed plant cuttings or through contamination of feed, but as goats are agile and inquisitive they can escape from their enclosure and encounter poisonous plants in gardens or woodland. They may also eat plants they would normally avoid if other forage is unavailable. Poisoning with plants containing grayanotoxins (Pieris and Rhododendron species) or cyanogenic glycosides (e.g cherry laurel, Prunus laurocerasus) is very common in goats. Other plants that have caused poisoning in goats include yew (Taxus species), oak (Quercus species), hemlock (Conium maculatum), leylandii (× Hesperotropsis leylandii), box (Buxus sempervirens) and plants containing cardiac glycosides such as oleander (Nerium oleander) or pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris). Sudden death is frequently the first sign of plant toxicosis in livestock. Management of plant poisoning in goats is supportive including removal from exposure, and providing analgesia, rehydration and potentially a rumenotomy for plant exposure in valuable animals.
{"title":"Plant poisoning in goats","authors":"Nicole Bates","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.4.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.4.178","url":null,"abstract":"As herbivores goats are at risk of plant poisoning. Poisoning may occur if goats are accidentally fed plant cuttings or through contamination of feed, but as goats are agile and inquisitive they can escape from their enclosure and encounter poisonous plants in gardens or woodland. They may also eat plants they would normally avoid if other forage is unavailable. Poisoning with plants containing grayanotoxins (Pieris and Rhododendron species) or cyanogenic glycosides (e.g cherry laurel, Prunus laurocerasus) is very common in goats. Other plants that have caused poisoning in goats include yew (Taxus species), oak (Quercus species), hemlock (Conium maculatum), leylandii (× Hesperotropsis leylandii), box (Buxus sempervirens) and plants containing cardiac glycosides such as oleander (Nerium oleander) or pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris). Sudden death is frequently the first sign of plant toxicosis in livestock. Management of plant poisoning in goats is supportive including removal from exposure, and providing analgesia, rehydration and potentially a rumenotomy for plant exposure in valuable animals.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77489311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.4.186
J. Carr, Jonathan van Dissel, R. Suter, Mark Eastaugh, Hugo Dunlop, Tom Harrison, Chris Richards
An incursion of Japanese encephalitis virus disease has been identified as commencing in north-eastern Australia in April 2021, resulting in prolonged gestation length, mummified and stillborn piglets, often with severe fetal abnormalities and congenital tremors. The disease has been recognised to have occurred on nearly 80 farms over an 18-month period with some seasonal impacts and large mosquito numbers afflicting farms. There have been no obvious clinical problems in piglets, weaners, grow/finishing or adult pigs. The organism is zoonotic and caused clinical infection in nearly 40 people and sadly resulted in the death of five people. None of the people showing clinical signs had contact with the pig industry. No one involved in the pig industry or students handling potentially infected tissues showed any clinical signs of disease.
{"title":"Japanese encephalitis virus outbreak in Australian pigs","authors":"J. Carr, Jonathan van Dissel, R. Suter, Mark Eastaugh, Hugo Dunlop, Tom Harrison, Chris Richards","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.4.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.4.186","url":null,"abstract":"An incursion of Japanese encephalitis virus disease has been identified as commencing in north-eastern Australia in April 2021, resulting in prolonged gestation length, mummified and stillborn piglets, often with severe fetal abnormalities and congenital tremors. The disease has been recognised to have occurred on nearly 80 farms over an 18-month period with some seasonal impacts and large mosquito numbers afflicting farms. There have been no obvious clinical problems in piglets, weaners, grow/finishing or adult pigs. The organism is zoonotic and caused clinical infection in nearly 40 people and sadly resulted in the death of five people. None of the people showing clinical signs had contact with the pig industry. No one involved in the pig industry or students handling potentially infected tissues showed any clinical signs of disease.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77843122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.3.120
C. Gale, E. Velázquez, D. Šperling
Neonatal diarrhoea is a large economic and animal health problem on pig farms worldwide. There are numerous factors involved in the disease, one of which being the pathogen Clostridum perfringens. Various types of Clostridium perfringens exist, including Type A (CpA), which produces toxins that have pathogenic effects on the pig. The alpha (CPA) and beta2 toxins (CPB2) are suggested as contributors to the virulence of the pathogen as they result in damage and changes to the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. Therefore, performance losses can be observed as well as the clinical diarrhoea seen on farm. It is important that this pathogen is controlled, which can be achieved via implementation of good hygiene and management practices, including a vaccination protocol for breeding stock. Correct diagnosis of the pathogen, types and toxins will ensure that the correct vaccine is put onto the farm, therefore providing the best protection. Vaccination has been shown to be effective in reducing the impact of Clostridium perfringens on farm.
{"title":"The role of Clostridium perfringens in neonatal diarrhoea and the importance of effective control","authors":"C. Gale, E. Velázquez, D. Šperling","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.3.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.3.120","url":null,"abstract":"Neonatal diarrhoea is a large economic and animal health problem on pig farms worldwide. There are numerous factors involved in the disease, one of which being the pathogen Clostridum perfringens. Various types of Clostridium perfringens exist, including Type A (CpA), which produces toxins that have pathogenic effects on the pig. The alpha (CPA) and beta2 toxins (CPB2) are suggested as contributors to the virulence of the pathogen as they result in damage and changes to the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. Therefore, performance losses can be observed as well as the clinical diarrhoea seen on farm. It is important that this pathogen is controlled, which can be achieved via implementation of good hygiene and management practices, including a vaccination protocol for breeding stock. Correct diagnosis of the pathogen, types and toxins will ensure that the correct vaccine is put onto the farm, therefore providing the best protection. Vaccination has been shown to be effective in reducing the impact of Clostridium perfringens on farm.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"398 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79782087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.3.131
J. Carr, M. Howells, William Hersey
Veterinary care for medicines used on farm is a priority. The farm health team must receive specific training in how to use, manage and dispose of the medicines used on the farm. The veterinary surgeon, as a coach and leader, is in the ideal position to offer this training and auditing. It is vital to ensure that all medicines, both those prescribed by the veterinarian and others, are stored and used appropriately, to ensure maximum welfare benefits to the pigs and benefit to mankind. Good medicine storage and use, results in reduced costs to the farm health team through reducing wasted product. This article, primarily uses pig farms as examples where training provided the necessary resolution to enhanced medicine storage.
{"title":"Medicine storage","authors":"J. Carr, M. Howells, William Hersey","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.3.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.3.131","url":null,"abstract":"Veterinary care for medicines used on farm is a priority. The farm health team must receive specific training in how to use, manage and dispose of the medicines used on the farm. The veterinary surgeon, as a coach and leader, is in the ideal position to offer this training and auditing. It is vital to ensure that all medicines, both those prescribed by the veterinarian and others, are stored and used appropriately, to ensure maximum welfare benefits to the pigs and benefit to mankind. Good medicine storage and use, results in reduced costs to the farm health team through reducing wasted product. This article, primarily uses pig farms as examples where training provided the necessary resolution to enhanced medicine storage.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73468322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.3.127
J. Carr, M. Howells, William Hersey
In 2007 African swine fever (ASF) type 2 entered Georgia and since then has progressively moved around the planet resulting in a global pandemic, which is responsible for killing many millions of pigs. Local spread occurs through wild pig movement but human movement of pork products and even pigs for hunting has resulted in movement over 1000s of kilometres. With the devastating impact of ASF type 2 on a pig farm the development of a suitable vaccine is essential. Unfortunately, in desperation, potential ASF vaccine candidates have been released. The premature release of vaccine candidates has created clinical confusion by reducing the clinical signs of ASF, in particular the high pyrexia usually seen in pigs infected with this virus. The lack of specific clinical signs can make identify of sick animals more difficult and this increases the potential for incursion across national borders.
{"title":"African swine fever variants currently outside Africa","authors":"J. Carr, M. Howells, William Hersey","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.3.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.3.127","url":null,"abstract":"In 2007 African swine fever (ASF) type 2 entered Georgia and since then has progressively moved around the planet resulting in a global pandemic, which is responsible for killing many millions of pigs. Local spread occurs through wild pig movement but human movement of pork products and even pigs for hunting has resulted in movement over 1000s of kilometres. With the devastating impact of ASF type 2 on a pig farm the development of a suitable vaccine is essential. Unfortunately, in desperation, potential ASF vaccine candidates have been released. The premature release of vaccine candidates has created clinical confusion by reducing the clinical signs of ASF, in particular the high pyrexia usually seen in pigs infected with this virus. The lack of specific clinical signs can make identify of sick animals more difficult and this increases the potential for incursion across national borders.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85261529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.3.102
N. Gladden, D. McKeegan, K. Ellis
In recent years farmers, veterinary surgeons, and consumers have all shown increasing awareness of pain in cattle (and its associated negative welfare impacts), and accordingly there is increased focus on the use of analgesia following painful procedures, such as disbudding and castration. Calving is a necessary event for cows and their calves, and is painful; however, pain-relief is not routinely provided, particularly to calves. This article reviews the literature on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug usage around calving to aid practitioners in making evidence-based decisions regarding management of calving-related pain in cows and calves.
{"title":"Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at calving","authors":"N. Gladden, D. McKeegan, K. Ellis","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.3.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.3.102","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years farmers, veterinary surgeons, and consumers have all shown increasing awareness of pain in cattle (and its associated negative welfare impacts), and accordingly there is increased focus on the use of analgesia following painful procedures, such as disbudding and castration. Calving is a necessary event for cows and their calves, and is painful; however, pain-relief is not routinely provided, particularly to calves. This article reviews the literature on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug usage around calving to aid practitioners in making evidence-based decisions regarding management of calving-related pain in cows and calves.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91499195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.3.110
S. Mahendran
One of the biggest environmental and management factors that impact calf health and welfare is the housing within which they are kept, particularly in the first few months of life. There are multiple housing systems used on farms in the UK, each providing its own challenges, with the additional pressure of changing weather systems adding to the difficulties faced in the calf housing across the changing seasons. Temperature and humidity levels can have a direct impact on disease pressures, so knowing how calf housing responds in the summer and winter can help manage these pressures. There has been an overall reduction in individual calf housing used in the UK, although there is still a perception that individual housing results in better calf health. There is mounting evidence to support the positive benefits of pair housing of calves on growth rates and solid feed intakes, and an uptake of computerised calf feeders can help to monitor large group sizes for signs of ill health.
{"title":"Practical implications of calf housing systems in the UK","authors":"S. Mahendran","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.3.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.3.110","url":null,"abstract":"One of the biggest environmental and management factors that impact calf health and welfare is the housing within which they are kept, particularly in the first few months of life. There are multiple housing systems used on farms in the UK, each providing its own challenges, with the additional pressure of changing weather systems adding to the difficulties faced in the calf housing across the changing seasons. Temperature and humidity levels can have a direct impact on disease pressures, so knowing how calf housing responds in the summer and winter can help manage these pressures. There has been an overall reduction in individual calf housing used in the UK, although there is still a perception that individual housing results in better calf health. There is mounting evidence to support the positive benefits of pair housing of calves on growth rates and solid feed intakes, and an uptake of computerised calf feeders can help to monitor large group sizes for signs of ill health.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81856666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.3.137
Alberto Luque Castro, N. Sargison
Nematodirus battus is a gastrointestinal parasite which has a huge impact in UK sheep flocks as a result of lamb mortality and reduction in growth. Farmers and veterinary surgeons conventionally focus their efforts on preventing outbreaks of nematodirosis during the spring, but the incidence of autumn infections is a growing concern. The aim of this article is to highlight the changes in the behaviour of N. battus and provide some guidance on how to approach the challenges that this creates.
{"title":"Changing patterns of Nematodirus battus infection","authors":"Alberto Luque Castro, N. Sargison","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.3.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.3.137","url":null,"abstract":"Nematodirus battus is a gastrointestinal parasite which has a huge impact in UK sheep flocks as a result of lamb mortality and reduction in growth. Farmers and veterinary surgeons conventionally focus their efforts on preventing outbreaks of nematodirosis during the spring, but the incidence of autumn infections is a growing concern. The aim of this article is to highlight the changes in the behaviour of N. battus and provide some guidance on how to approach the challenges that this creates.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90687704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-02DOI: 10.12968/live.2022.27.2.78
F. MacGillivray
Difficult conversations can happen in all aspects of daily life and can certainly take place during the working life of a farm animal veterinary surgeon. Conversations involve both verbal and nonverbal content. This article will examine why conversations can be difficult and provide examples within a veterinary context. It will explore the role that emotions play and the associated nonverbal behaviours exhibited. Finally, it will consider some ways to help manage emotions and highlight how nonverbal communication can be used to better engage with others, thus increasing the chance of positive outcomes for difficult conversations.
{"title":"How a focus on nonverbal communication can help with difficult conversations","authors":"F. MacGillivray","doi":"10.12968/live.2022.27.2.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.2.78","url":null,"abstract":"Difficult conversations can happen in all aspects of daily life and can certainly take place during the working life of a farm animal veterinary surgeon. Conversations involve both verbal and nonverbal content. This article will examine why conversations can be difficult and provide examples within a veterinary context. It will explore the role that emotions play and the associated nonverbal behaviours exhibited. Finally, it will consider some ways to help manage emotions and highlight how nonverbal communication can be used to better engage with others, thus increasing the chance of positive outcomes for difficult conversations.","PeriodicalId":100879,"journal":{"name":"Livestock","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80972944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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