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Radiation shielding for nuclear medicine using advanced dy-doped nanocomposites 先进掺杂纳米复合材料在核医学辐射屏蔽中的应用

Nano Trends

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100171

M.R. Alipoor , M. Eshghi , O. Akhavan

Effective radiation shielding is critical for medical and nuclear safety, but conventional lead-based materials are toxic and heavy. However, a high-performance, non-toxic alternative with optimized composition for mixed-field radiation remains an unmet need. Here establish a new class of lightweight, lead-free shields using dysprosium-doped Mn–Cu ferrite nanocomposites. The selected nanocomposites with varying Dy concentrations (0 to15 mole) and evaluated their gamma-ray (0.015 to 1 MeV) and fast neutron shielding performance. Key parameters, including mass attenuation coefficient, half-value layer and fast neutron removal cross-section (Σ_R), were simulated using the Geant4 toolkit. Shielding efficacy increased systematically with Dy content. The 15% Dy-doped sample (MCDFO15) demonstrated unprecedented performance, requiring up to 25% less thickness than the undoped composite at 200 keV for equivalent gamma attenuation. MCDFO15 exhibited a superior fast neutron removal cross-section (Σ_R ≈ 0.062 cm⁻¹ vs. 0.054 cm⁻¹ for MCFO) and a higher neutron absorption ratio. This enhancement is directly attributable to the increased effective atomic number and electron density from Dy doping. Dy doping transforms the intrinsic shielding properties of ferrite nanocomposites, establishing a highly effective strategy for radiation protection. This work paves the way for the development of tunable, non-toxic shields for advanced diagnostic and nuclear applications.

有效的辐射屏蔽对医疗和核安全至关重要，但传统的铅基材料有毒且重。然而，一种高性能、无毒的、具有优化成分的混合场辐射替代品仍然是一个未满足的需求。本文采用掺镝锰铜铁氧体纳米复合材料，建立了一种新型轻质无铅屏蔽材料。选择不同Dy浓度（0 ~ 15摩尔）的纳米复合材料，评价其屏蔽γ射线（0.015 ~ 1 MeV）和快中子的性能。使用Geant4工具对质量衰减系数、半值层和快中子去除截面（ΣR）等关键参数进行了模拟。屏蔽效能随Dy含量的增加而增加。15%掺杂的样品（MCDFO15）表现出前所未有的性能，在200 keV下，其厚度比未掺杂的复合材料少25%，以达到等效的伽马衰减。MCDFO15具有更好的快中子去除截面（ΣR≈0.062 cm⁻¹vs. MCFO为0.054 cm⁻¹）和更高的中子吸收比。这种增强直接归因于Dy掺杂增加了有效原子序数和电子密度。Dy掺杂改变了铁氧体纳米复合材料的固有屏蔽性能，建立了一种高效的辐射防护策略。这项工作为开发用于先进诊断和核应用的可调谐、无毒屏蔽铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

In-silico and in-vitro evaluation of phytochemicals targeting outer membrane proteins OmpK35 and OmpK36 of MDR Klebsiella pneumonia 靶向耐多药克雷伯菌肺炎外膜蛋白OmpK35和OmpK36的植物化学物质的体外和计算机评价

Nano Trends

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100167

A. Arıvazhagan , Jahangir Ahmed , Karthikeyan Ramalingam

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) presents a significant clinical threat due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics and its enhanced virulence. Key outer membrane porins, OmpK35 and OmpK36, contribute to this resistance by limiting antibiotic influx and supporting bacterial survival. This study aimed to identify and evaluate phytochemicals targeting these porins using an integrated in silico -in vitro approach.

Over 100 phytocompounds were screened via molecular docking, revealing N-curcumin and myricetin as top candidates with binding affinities of -7.33 kcal/mol (OmpK35) and -7.58 kcal/mol (OmpK36), respectively. ADMET profiling supported their drug-likeness and safety. These compounds were further evaluated against reference and clinical Kp strains.

Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays showed that both N-curcumin and myricetin achieved effective killing at 7.5 mg/mL. Biofilm inhibition rates ranged from 40-48%, comparable to standard gentamicin. Crystal violet staining and microscopy confirmed significant biofilm disruption. Additionally, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) assays revealed substantial reductions in metabolic activity. Myricetin led to OCR decreases of 0.40-, 0.52-, and 0.35-fold against MTCC-432, ATCC-35657, and CL-1 strains, respectively.

Collectively, these findings highlight the dual antibacterial and antivirulence potential of N-curcumin and myricetin. Their ability to disrupt membrane protein function, inhibit biofilm formation, and impair bacterial respiration offers strong promise for their development as alternative therapeutics against MDR K. pneumoniae. This study supports the ongoing search for plant-derived compounds in the fight against resistant Gram-negative pathogens.

耐多药肺炎克雷伯菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kp）对多种抗生素具有耐药性，毒力增强，对临床构成重大威胁。关键的外膜孔蛋白OmpK35和OmpK36通过限制抗生素内流和支持细菌存活来促进这种耐药性。本研究旨在利用集成的体外方法鉴定和评估靶向这些孔蛋白的植物化学物质。通过分子对接筛选了100多个植物化合物，结果显示n -姜黄素和杨梅素的结合亲和力分别为-7.33 kcal/mol （OmpK35）和-7.58 kcal/mol （OmpK36）。ADMET分析支持它们的药物相似性和安全性。这些化合物与对照和临床Kp菌株进行了进一步的评价。最小杀菌浓度（MBC）测定表明，n -姜黄素和杨梅素在7.5 mg/mL的浓度下均能达到有效杀灭效果。生物膜抑制率为40-48%，与标准庆大霉素相当。结晶紫染色和显微镜检查证实明显的生物膜破坏。此外，氧消耗率（OCR）测定显示代谢活性大幅降低。杨梅素对MTCC-432、ATCC-35657和CL-1的OCR分别降低0.40倍、0.52倍和0.35倍。总的来说，这些发现强调了n -姜黄素和杨梅素的双重抗菌和抗毒潜力。它们破坏膜蛋白功能、抑制生物膜形成和损害细菌呼吸的能力，为它们作为耐多药肺炎克雷伯菌的替代疗法的发展提供了强有力的希望。这项研究支持了正在进行的寻找植物源化合物对抗耐药革兰氏阴性病原体的研究。

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引用次数: 0

Graphene-based terahertz antenna with enhanced backscatter sensitivity for early breast cancer localization 基于石墨烯的太赫兹天线增强后向散射灵敏度用于早期乳腺癌定位

Nano Trends

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100169

Anupma Gupta , Vipan Kumar , Sonu Bala Garg , Shonak Bansal , A.J.A. Al-Gburi

Terahertz (THz) imaging is emerging as a promising technique for early breast cancer detection due to its high sensitivity to tissue property variations. This paper presents a compact graphene-based patch antenna designed for broadband operation, occupying only 18 µm × 23 µm. The antenna achieves a wide bandwidth of 5.9 THz (3.1–9 THz) and a peak gain of 6.47 dBi without tissue loading, enabled by a full ground plane that ensures unidirectional radiation. To evaluate its performance for cancer detection, numerical breast phantoms with and without tumors were modeled. A significant S11 deviation of up to 16 dB was observed between healthy and cancerous tissue, indicating strong sensitivity to dielectric changes. Additionally, tumor localization was achieved by analyzing the spatial variation of the backscattered signal along the X and Y axes. The results confirm that the proposed antenna can detect minute tumors (∼10 µm radius) and effectively differentiate between malignant and healthy tissues, highlighting its potential for early-stage breast cancer screening.

太赫兹（THz）成像由于其对组织特性变化的高灵敏度而成为早期乳腺癌检测的一种有前途的技术。本文提出了一种紧凑的基于石墨烯的贴片天线，设计用于宽带操作，占地仅为18 μ m × 23 μ m。该天线可实现5.9太赫兹（3.1-9太赫兹）的宽带宽和6.47 dBi的峰值增益，无需组织加载，通过全地平面确保单向辐射。为了评估其在癌症检测方面的性能，对有肿瘤和无肿瘤的乳腺幻影进行了数值模拟。在健康组织和癌组织之间观察到显著的S11偏差高达16 dB，表明对介电变化具有很强的敏感性。此外，通过分析后向散射信号沿X和Y轴的空间变化，实现了肿瘤的定位。结果证实，该天线可以检测到微小的肿瘤（半径约10µm），并有效区分恶性和健康组织，突出了其早期乳腺癌筛查的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Synthesis, characterizations and EMI shielding behaviour of nanostructured molybdenum-chalcogenides (MoSeTe) 纳米结构钼硫化物（MoSeTe）的合成、表征及电磁干扰屏蔽性能

Nano Trends

Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100168

Soban Imran Mulla, Naeem Mohammad, Pawan K. Khanna

Nanostructured molybdenum chalcogenides (MoSeTe), distinguished by their unique structures, have emerged as promising candidates for advanced technological applications due to their multifunctional properties. This investigation elucidates the synthesis of MoSeTe through a solvothermal approach, with stochiometric challenges and anisotropic morphology at nano-scale. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed formation of well-defined nanostructures that exhibited distinct selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) richness. The morphological aspects of as-prepared MoSeTe were studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Functionality where expected was understood by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The MoSeTe/Ag/PVA nanocomposite films fabricated via the solution casting method demonstrated superior electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness in the X-band (8.2 to 12.4 GHz). Nanocomposite films with nano silver showed shielding effectiveness of about -37.06 and -45.14 dB for 1.0 mm and 2.0 mm thickness. This study highlights the scope of Mo-chalcogenides for their critical role as tailored nanostructures in advancing next-generation technologies for electronics and sustainable environmental applications.

纳米结构硫化物钼（MoSeTe）以其独特的结构而著称，由于其多功能的特性而成为先进技术应用的有希望的候选者。本研究阐明了通过溶剂热方法合成MoSeTe，在纳米尺度上具有化学计量学挑战和各向异性形态。x射线衍射（XRD）分析证实形成了明确的纳米结构，具有明显的硒（Se）和碲（Te）丰度。采用高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和原子力显微镜（AFM）对制备的MoSeTe的形貌进行了研究。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）了解了预期的功能。通过溶液浇铸法制备的MoSeTe/Ag/PVA纳米复合膜在x波段（8.2 ~ 12.4 GHz）具有良好的电磁干扰屏蔽效果。纳米银纳米复合膜在1.0 mm和2.0 mm厚度下的屏蔽效果分别为-37.06和-45.14 dB。这项研究突出了钼硫族化合物作为定制纳米结构在推进下一代电子技术和可持续环境应用方面的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Piezoelectric polymer nanocomposite: Fabricating methods for materials and devices 压电聚合物纳米复合材料：材料与器件的制造方法

Nano Trends

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100166

R.O. Okpuwhara, B.O. Oboirien

Polymer-based piezoelectric nanocomposites, serving as smart materials for devices, offer a sustainable alternative to conventional energy sources. These materials exhibit notable flexibility, lightweight characteristics, and integration advantages, surpassing non-polymeric counterparts and proving versatile in wearable technology. Furthermore, many polymeric piezoelectric materials boast biocompatibility, making them suitable for various biomedical applications. Among these, PVDF and related polymers stand out for their utility in piezoelectric devices, providing direct use as smart materials in transduction applications. This article summarises piezoelectric materials based on their operational principles, material properties, fabrication techniques, devices, and applications in electromechanical devices, alongside a historical overview of the earliest discoveries in piezoelectricity. Additionally, the role of polymer nanocomposite fibres in piezoelectricity is explored, particularly their preparation via electrospinning, which offers advantages such as a large specific surface area, controllable structure, ease of fabrication and low cost. The article also outlines the pioneering developments in electrospinning technology, including its principles and strategies, in the fabrication of piezoelectric materials.

聚合物基压电纳米复合材料，作为智能材料的设备，提供了一个可持续的替代传统能源。这些材料具有显著的柔韧性、轻质特性和集成优势，超越了非聚合物材料，并证明了其在可穿戴技术中的多功能性。此外，许多聚合物压电材料具有生物相容性，使其适用于各种生物医学应用。其中，PVDF和相关聚合物因其在压电器件中的应用而脱颖而出，可直接用作转导应用中的智能材料。本文总结了压电材料的工作原理、材料特性、制造技术、器件和在机电设备中的应用，以及压电最早发现的历史概况。此外，还探讨了聚合物纳米复合纤维在压电中的作用，特别是通过静电纺丝制备聚合物纳米复合纤维，该方法具有比表面积大、结构可控、易于制造和成本低等优点。文章还概述了静电纺丝技术的开创性发展，包括其原理和策略，在压电材料的制造。

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引用次数: 0

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators based sensors for human cardiovascular monitoring: progress and perspectives 基于摩擦纳米发电机的可穿戴式人体心血管监测传感器：进展与展望

Nano Trends

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100165

Mashrufa Akther , Andrea K. Quezada , Md Arafat Hossain , Julia I. Salas , Md. Mahmud Alam , Mohammed Jasim Uddin

Cardiovascular conditions remain the leading cause of death worldwide, driving a critical need for non-invasive, continuous, and dependable health monitoring results. Triboelectric nanogenerators have emerged as a groundbreaking technology enabling self-powered wearable sensors that convert natural biomechanical energy, such as heartbeat, pulse wave, and body motion, into electrical signals. The paper reviews the recent progress and development in TENG-based wearable sensors for cardiovascular monitoring, with a focus on monitoring particular and clinical healthcare. The working principles, advanced materials, structural designs, and integration with wireless data transmission, machine literacy, and bio-signal processing technologies are explored in this article. Operations, including heart rate shadowing, pulse rate analysis, blood pressure estimation, and electrocardiogram monitoring, are critically analyzed, along with their biocompatibility, safety, and long-term stability. Additionally, we addressed current challenges such as environmental continuity, signal reliability, energy operation, and proposed future directions emphasizing sustainable materials, AI-supported estimation, and green energy systems. The integration of TENG technology with innovative, wearable platforms represents a transformative step toward real-time, substantiated cardiovascular health monitoring, with broad and significant impact on telemedicine, preventative care, and implantable medical devices.

心血管疾病仍然是世界范围内死亡的主要原因，因此迫切需要无创、连续和可靠的健康监测结果。摩擦电纳米发电机已经成为一项突破性的技术，它使自供电的可穿戴传感器能够将自然的生物机械能（如心跳、脉搏波和身体运动）转化为电信号。本文综述了基于teng的可穿戴式心血管监测传感器的最新进展和发展，重点介绍了特殊和临床医疗监测。本文探讨了其工作原理、先进材料、结构设计以及与无线数据传输、机器读写和生物信号处理技术的集成。包括心率阴影、脉搏率分析、血压估计和心电图监测在内的操作，以及它们的生物相容性、安全性和长期稳定性都进行了严格的分析。此外，我们解决了当前的挑战，如环境连续性、信号可靠性、能源运行，并提出了未来的方向，强调可持续材料、人工智能支持的估计和绿色能源系统。将TENG技术与创新的可穿戴平台相结合，代表着向实时、可靠的心血管健康监测迈出了革命性的一步，对远程医疗、预防保健和植入式医疗设备产生了广泛而重大的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Recent progress in multifaceted polymeric scaffolds as emerging drug carriers 多面聚合物支架作为新型药物载体的研究进展

Nano Trends

Pub Date : 2025-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100164

Sandip Karmakar , Sougata Jana , Gouranga Nandi , Sreejan Manna

The recent advancements in the polymeric scaffolds exhibited remarkable progress in tissue regeneration and biomedical applications. The emerging evidence indicates that these scaffolds not only facilitates tissue regeneration but also serves as efficient platforms for targeted therapeutic delivery. The advancements in bio-absorbable polymer technology in the fabrication of scaffolds, has inspired extensive exploration into scaffold-based drug delivery systems by pharmaceutical researchers. The development of multifunctional scaffolds as a drug delivery carrier have shown prominent biomedical applicability by offering synergistic benefits by supporting the tissue repairs and ensuring a controlled drug release profile. These systems establish a regenerative microenvironment by facilitating the dynamic interactions with the extracellular matrix, cellular components, and growth factors. The 3D nanocomposite scaffolds with the interconnected microporous structures,exhibits prominent potential for efficiently encapsulating and delivering both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The integration and advancements in various 3D printing technologies have provided customized fabrication with enhanced precision and reproducibility. Owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and superior mechanical strength, and tissue specific drug targeting potential, polymeric scaffolds have emerged as a promising drug carrier for target specific and controlled drug delivery. The adaptability of scaffolds in various medical conditions has enabled their widespread use as the versatile drug carriers for multifaceted applications. The extremely porous structure of scaffolds helps in accommodating and controlled release of therapeutic molecules at the target site. This review highlights the recent progress in fabrication strategies and drug delivery applications of the polymeric scaffolds, alongside their clinical translation potential.

近年来，聚合物支架在组织再生和生物医学应用方面取得了显著进展。新出现的证据表明，这些支架不仅可以促进组织再生，而且可以作为靶向治疗递送的有效平台。生物可吸收聚合物技术在支架制造中的进步，激发了制药研究人员对基于支架的药物传递系统的广泛探索。多功能支架作为药物递送载体的发展，通过支持组织修复和确保药物释放可控提供协同效益，显示出突出的生物医学适用性。这些系统通过促进与细胞外基质、细胞成分和生长因子的动态相互作用，建立了再生微环境。三维纳米复合材料支架具有相互连接的微孔结构，在有效封装和递送亲疏水药物方面具有突出的潜力。各种3D打印技术的集成和进步提供了具有更高精度和可重复性的定制制造。由于其生物相容性、生物可降解性、优越的机械强度和组织特异性药物靶向潜力，聚合物支架已成为一种有前景的靶向性和受控药物递送的药物载体。支架在各种医疗条件下的适应性使其作为多功能药物载体广泛应用于多方面的应用。支架的极多孔结构有助于在靶部位容纳和控制治疗分子的释放。本文综述了聚合物支架在制造策略和药物传递应用方面的最新进展，以及它们的临床转化潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Structural, elastic, ferroelectric, optical and zeta potential studies of potassium substituted magnesium ferrite nanoparticles for its applications 钾取代铁氧体镁纳米颗粒的结构、弹性、铁电性、光学和ζ电位研究及其应用

Nano Trends

Pub Date : 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100163

Aniket Manash , Rakesh Kumar Singh , Pammi Kumari , Singh Sonu Kumar , Nishant Kumar , Ashutosh Kr , Shachi Mishra

The potatium (K⁺) substituted MgFe₂O₄ nanomaterials using citrate precursor technique were prepared using chemical based sol-gel method. The XRD examination confirmed the production of the pure crystalline phase of MgFe₂O₄ with cubic spinel structure (Fd-3 m space group. The X ray density, crystallite size of Mg_1-xK_xFe₂O₄ (x = 0 and 0.1) were determined to be between 7.99–34.60 nm and 4.054–4.926 g/cm³, respectively. Electron density mapping performed by the GFourier program of Rietveld refinement with full-proof software indicate electron density, different color indicate presence of Fe, Mg and O. Bending and stretching molecular vibrations were discovered within the range 435–3440 cm⁻¹ by FTIR spectroscopy. MgFe₂O₄ formation in the spinel phase is indicated by the existence of Mg-O bonds at 570–572 cm⁻¹ and Fe–O bonds at 435–440 cm⁻¹. The results for elastic characteristics indicate that the stiffness constant has decreased that suggests that as the amount of substitution increases, the interatomic binding force continuously weakens, resulting in decreases in the shear modulus (G), bulk modulus (B), and elastic modulus Y (Young's modulus). The optical properties using UV-Spectroscopy give the direct band gap in the range of 2.66 eV. The P-E loop constraints like coercivity, remenant polarization and saturation polarization are found in the range of 0.894–2.692 KV/cm, 3.777–32.817 µC/cm² and 9.996–15.093 µC/cm² at 3 KV. The region with a high PE loop displayed the lossy conductive nature of prepared sample. Pure magnesium ferrite has the lowest zeta potential absolute values-6.12 mV, while highest value -24.91 mV with Potassium substituted. The prepared materials exhibit semiconductor-like energy band gaps, pronounced ferroelectric behavior, and tunable elastic constants, alongside increased zeta potential, collectively enhancing interfacial stability and thereby supporting reliable functional performance for industrial applications.

采用柠檬酸盐前驱体技术，采用化学基溶胶-凝胶法制备了钾离子取代MgFe2O4纳米材料。XRD检测证实制备出具有立方尖晶石结构（Fd-3 m空间群）的MgFe2O4纯晶相。测定了Mg1-xKxFe2O4 （X = 0和0.1）的X射线密度和晶粒尺寸分别在7.99 ~ 34.60 nm和4.054 ~ 4.926 g/cm3之间。利用Rietveld精化的GFourier程序和全证明软件进行电子密度映射，不同的颜色表示Fe、Mg和o的存在。在435 ~ 3440 cm−1范围内发现了弯曲和拉伸的分子振动。尖晶石相中存在Mg-O键（570 ~ 572 cm−1）和Fe-O键（435 ~ 440 cm−1），表明MgFe2O4的形成。弹性特性结果表明，随着取代量的增加，原子间结合力不断减弱，导致剪切模量(G)、体积模量(B)和弹性模量Y（杨氏模量）降低。紫外光谱的光学性质表明，其直接带隙在2.66 eV范围内。在3 KV时，P-E环的约束范围为0.894 ~ 2.692 KV/cm、3.777 ~ 32.817µC/cm2和9.996 ~ 15.093µC/cm2。具有高PE环的区域显示了所制备样品的有损导电性质。纯铁氧体镁的zeta电位绝对值最低，为6.12 mV，钾取代后zeta电位绝对值最高，为24.91 mV。制备的材料具有类似半导体的能带隙、明显的铁电行为和可调的弹性常数，以及增加的zeta电位，共同增强了界面稳定性，从而支持工业应用的可靠功能性能。

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引用次数: 0

Waste-derived nanocomposites powering the future: Biochar@Fe2O3 anodes in microbial fuel cells 废物衍生的纳米复合材料为未来提供动力：Biochar@Fe2O3微生物燃料电池的阳极

Nano Trends

Pub Date : 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100161

Soumya Pandit , Pramod Kumar , Soumyajit Chandra , Elvis Fosso -Kankeu , Richa Tomar

This research presents the combination of chir pine-derived biochar and petunia-derived ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) as nanocomposites acting as catalysts for the anode, enhancing the functionality of a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Improved microbial activity and electron transport were the aim of this combination. The nanocomposite was examined using a variety of techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The synthesised nanocomposites were used as a catalyst on the anode electrode. The anode with nanocomposite showed an improved performance compared to the unmodified or bare anode and the anode with only biochar. The charge-discharge study, polarisation study, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Coulombic efficiency, and other techniques were used to accomplish the electrochemical investigation. The testing results showed significant improvements in power density of up to 13.32 W/m³, highlighting the composite’s potential to boost MFC efficiency. The improved biofilm formation was observed using increasing concentrations of biochar@Fe₂O₃ nanocomposites. The energy recovered as bioelectricity was around 16.34%. Owing to the abundance of Chir Pine biomass and iron-rich Petunia plants, this green-synthesized nanocomposite offers a low-cost and scalable approach for simultaneous wastewater treatment and clean energy generation, aligning with circular economy and sustainability goals.

本研究将松木衍生的生物炭和矮牵牛花衍生的氧化铁（Fe2O3）作为纳米复合材料作为阳极催化剂，增强了微生物燃料电池（MFC）的功能。这种组合的目的是提高微生物活性和电子传递。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和x射线衍射（XRD）等多种技术对纳米复合材料进行了检测。合成的纳米复合材料用作阳极电极上的催化剂。采用纳米复合材料制备的阳极与未改性阳极、裸阳极和仅添加生物炭的阳极相比，性能得到了显著提高。利用充放电研究、极化研究、循环伏安法、电化学阻抗谱、库仑效率等技术完成了电化学研究。测试结果显示，功率密度显著提高，最高可达13.32 W/m3，突出了复合材料提高MFC效率的潜力。通过增加biochar@Fe2O3纳米复合材料的浓度，可以观察到生物膜形成的改善。以生物电形式回收的能量约为16.34%。由于丰富的赤松生物量和富含铁的矮牵牛花植物，这种绿色合成的纳米复合材料为同时处理废水和清洁能源提供了一种低成本和可扩展的方法，符合循环经济和可持续发展的目标。

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引用次数: 0

Recent approaches of toxicity-related attributes of NMs: A systematic review NMs毒性相关属性的最新研究方法：系统综述

Nano Trends

Pub Date : 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100160

Nilesh Chaudhari, Sayali Shinde, Ujwal Havelikar, Sharav Desai, Vipul Patel

NMs are becoming a valuable tool for many applications in biomedicine, cosmetics, and agriculture. Because of their compatibility with the nanoscale nature of biological systems, NMs are essential to nanobiotechnology, improving applications including targeted drug delivery, biomedical implants, prosthetics, and diagnostic equipment. NMs enhance medicinal formulations by improving stability and delivery, and strengthen crop resilience in agriculture. While NM offer great benefits, there is growing concerns regarding the potential toxicity due to physicochemical properties such as small size, large surface area, high reactivity. For instance, silver nanoparticles exhibit IC₅₀ values of 14.6 µg/mL (24 h) and 8.3 µg/mL (48 h) in THP-1 cells, whereas ionic Ag⁺ shows greater cytotoxicity (5.3 µg/mL and 2.9 µg/mL, respectively). Shape-dependent effects are also evident, where exposure to differently shaped gold nanoparticles resulted in elevated oxidative stress markers (AST 168 %, SOD 184 %, CAT 137 %), confirming geometry-related toxicity variations. Moreover, advanced lipid-based nanocarriers, such as methotrexate (Methotrexate)-loaded lactoferrin-solid lipid nanoparticles, demonstrated a 70 % reduction in angiogenesis and IC₅₀ = 0.51 µM, highlighting safer-by-design approaches. Different types of NPs show toxicity by the mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, genotoxicity, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and membrane damage. Current systematic review provides extensive analysis of toxicity-related attributes of NMs, factor influencing toxicity, and advanced mechanisms of nanotoxicity. Great emphasis is placed on emerging approaches such as omics-based technology, high-throughput screening, organ-on-chip, and in silico modelling of ADMET properties. Regulatory guidelines, standardization efforts, and the challenges inherent to current nanotoxicity assessments are critically reviewed.

纳米粒子在生物医药、化妆品、农业等领域的应用日益广泛。由于它们与生物系统的纳米级特性的兼容性，纳米纳米材料对纳米生物技术至关重要，改善了包括靶向药物输送、生物医学植入物、修复术和诊断设备在内的应用。NMs通过改善稳定性和交付来改善药物配方，并增强农业作物的抵御能力。虽然纳米材料有很大的好处，但由于其体积小、表面积大、反应活性高等物理化学特性，其潜在的毒性也越来越受到关注。例如，银纳米颗粒在THP-1细胞中表现出14.6 μ g/mL （24 h）和8.3 μ g/mL （48 h）的IC₅₀值，而离子Ag⁺显示出更大的细胞毒性（分别为5.3 μ g/mL和2.9 μ g/mL）。形状依赖性效应也很明显，暴露于不同形状的金纳米颗粒导致氧化应激标志物升高（AST 168%, SOD 184%, CAT 137%），证实了几何相关的毒性变化。此外，先进的基于脂质的纳米载体，如甲氨蝶呤（甲氨蝶呤）负载乳铁蛋白固体脂质纳米颗粒，显示血管生成减少70%，IC₅0 = 0.51µM，突出了更安全的设计方法。不同类型的NPs通过氧化应激、炎症反应、遗传毒性、细胞凋亡、线粒体功能障碍和膜损伤等机制表现出毒性。目前的系统综述对纳米毒性相关属性、影响毒性的因素和纳米毒性的先进机制进行了广泛的分析。重点放在新兴方法上，如基于组学的技术、高通量筛选、器官芯片和ADMET特性的计算机建模。监管指导方针，标准化的努力，和挑战固有的当前纳米毒性评估进行了严格审查。

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