Next Nanotechnology最新文献_第4页

Bone tissue engineering and drug-eluting implants for enhanced bone regeneration: An update 骨组织工程和药物洗脱植入物增强骨再生：最新进展

Next Nanotechnology

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100349

Maitrayee Banerjee Mukherjee , Oly Banerjee , Siddhartha Singh , Sandip Mukherjee

Bone tissue engineering is an applied field of biomedical sciences which analyzes implantable bone substitutes for critical skeletal defects including geriatric decay and accidental injuries. For several years metallic drug-eluting implants have proven extraordinary prominence in orthopedics and dentistry for controlled drug release. The incorporated chemicals promote osteoconduction and angiogenesis, impeding bacterial infection and modulates host body reaction. Various types of proteins, growth factors, enzymes, anti-inflammatory drugs, non-viral genes (DNAs, RNAs) are nowadays used to treat different musculoskeletal syndromes. The scaffolds can be fabricated with different biomaterials such as biopolymers like collagen, chitosan, bioceramics like hydroxyapatite, nanocapsules, nanofibers, microcapsule, microsphere and also gel and film-based materials like hydrogel, polyelectrolyte films etc. Sustained local delivery of therapeutic agents via functionalized implant material has the potential to address the common intrinsic challenges of systematic drug delivery such as inadequate physiological stability.

This mini-review examines advancements in bone tissue engineering, focusing on metallic drug-eluting implants and innovative scaffold materials that support osteogenesis. By integrating localized drug delivery systems, these technologies enhance healing, reduce infection, and improve implant stability for complex bone injuries and degenerative conditions.

骨组织工程是生物医学的一个应用领域，它分析了可植入骨替代物用于治疗严重的骨骼缺陷，包括老年性腐烂和意外伤害。近年来，金属药物洗脱植入物在骨科和牙科控制药物释放方面已被证明具有非凡的突出作用。掺入的化学物质促进骨传导和血管生成，阻碍细菌感染并调节宿主反应。目前，各种类型的蛋白质、生长因子、酶、抗炎药物、非病毒基因（dna、rna）被用于治疗不同的肌肉骨骼综合征。支架可以用不同的生物材料制成，如生物聚合物如胶原蛋白、壳聚糖、生物陶瓷如羟基磷灰石、纳米胶囊、纳米纤维、微胶囊、微球，也可以用凝胶和薄膜材料如水凝胶、聚电解质薄膜等。通过功能化植入材料持续局部递送治疗剂有可能解决系统药物递送的共同内在挑战，例如生理稳定性不足。这篇综述探讨了骨组织工程的进展，重点是金属药物洗脱植入物和支持成骨的创新支架材料。通过整合局部药物输送系统，这些技术可以增强愈合，减少感染，并提高复杂骨损伤和退行性疾病的植入物稳定性。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Impact of bridging the gap between Artificial Intelligence and nanomedicine in healthcare” [Next Nanotechnol. 8 (2025) 100203] “弥合人工智能和纳米医学在医疗保健中的差距的影响”的勘误表[Next nanotechnology . 8 (2025) 100203]

Next Nanotechnology

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100347

Divyam Mishra , Bhavishya Chaturvedi , Vishal Soni , Dhairya Valecha , Megha Goel , Jamilur R. Ansari

引用次数: 0

Gabapentin loaded nano-emulsion for the effective treatment of peripheral neurological pain: Formulation, characterization, and ex vivo studies 加巴喷丁纳米乳剂对周围神经疼痛的有效治疗：配方、表征和离体研究

Next Nanotechnology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100354

Bhavna , Mohit Kumar , Ayesha Siddiqui , Syed Mahmood , Pooja Jain , M. Aamir Mirza , Zeenat Iqbal

Peripheral neuropathic pain remains a major clinical challenge due to its multifactorial pathophysiology and the limited efficacy of available therapies. Gabapentin, an anticonvulsant agent, has shown potential in alleviating neuropathic pain symptoms; however, its therapeutic performance is restricted by poor aqueous solubility and dose-dependent adverse effects. Nano emulsion-based delivery systems offer a promising strategy to overcome these limitations by enhancing solubility, stability, and targeted delivery to peripheral nerves. In the present study, the authors developed a gabapentin-loaded nanoemulsion. The developed nanoemulsion was optimized through systematic excipient screening, construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, and comprehensive evaluation of physicochemical and performance parameters. The optimized formulation demonstrated a cumulative drug release with 97.42 ± 1.23 % (n = 3) within 2 h, indicating rapid and efficient drug release kinetics. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the uniform nanoscale droplet morphology, while rheological analysis revealed favorable viscosity and spreadability characteristics. The ex vivo skin permeation study revealed a marked improvement in transdermal delivery of gabapentin, which was further supported by FT-IR and DSC results showing disruption of the skin’s lipid bilayer after treatment. The observations from confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that the formulation enabled deeper penetration of the drug into the skin layers. These results indicate that the optimized gabapentin nanoemulsion could enhance bioavailability and enable targeted delivery, offering promise for the management of peripheral neuropathic pain. However, the authors also highlight that in vivo efficacy studies will be essential to validate these findings and fully establish the therapeutic potential of the microemulsion.

由于其多因素病理生理和现有治疗方法的有效性有限，周围神经性疼痛仍然是一个主要的临床挑战。加巴喷丁，一种抗惊厥药，已显示出减轻神经性疼痛症状的潜力；然而，其治疗性能受到水溶性差和剂量依赖性不良反应的限制。纳米乳化给药系统提供了一种很有前途的策略，通过增强溶解性、稳定性和对周围神经的靶向递送来克服这些限制。在本研究中，作者开发了一种加巴喷丁负载的纳米乳。通过系统的赋形剂筛选、拟三元相图的构建、理化参数和性能参数的综合评价，对制备的纳米乳进行了优化。2 h内累积释药率为97.42 ± 1.23 % (n = 3)，具有快速有效的释药动力学。透射电镜证实了均匀的纳米级液滴形态，而流变学分析显示了良好的粘度和铺展特性。体外皮肤渗透研究显示加巴喷丁的透皮给药有明显改善，FT-IR和DSC结果显示治疗后皮肤脂质双分子层的破坏进一步支持了这一点。共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察证实，该配方使药物更深地渗透到皮肤层。这些结果表明，优化后的加巴喷丁纳米乳可以提高生物利用度，实现靶向给药，为治疗周围神经性疼痛提供了希望。然而，作者也强调，体内疗效研究对于验证这些发现和充分确立微乳的治疗潜力至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Quantum optics in photocatalytic hydrogen production: Light-matter interaction at the quantum scale 光催化制氢中的量子光学：量子尺度上的光-物质相互作用

Next Nanotechnology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100355

Sarah Susan Jolly , A.R. Twinkle , B.S. Arun Sasi , R. Reshma

Photocatalytic hydrogen production offers a sustainable path to clean energy, yet conventional approaches are limited by inefficiencies in light absorption and charge separation. This review explores how principles from quantum optics—such as coherence, entanglement, and nonclassical photon statistics—can fundamentally enhance photocatalytic processes. We delve into three key themes: (1) coherence-enhanced charge separation and exciton dynamics, (2) the impact of nonclassical light sources (e.g., squeezed and entangled photons) on catalytic efficiency, and (3) quantum optical control of light–matter interaction may offer new mechanisms for selective excitation, suppressed recombination, and low-intensity hydrogen evolution, though these remain largely theoretical or at proof-of-principle stages. Challenges in materials integration, decoherence management, and photonic engineering are critically examined. This review highlights a promising frontier in solar fuels research, where quantum light is not just a tool, but a resource for redefining the limits of photocatalytic efficiency.

光催化制氢为清洁能源提供了一条可持续的途径，但传统的方法受到光吸收和电荷分离效率低下的限制。这篇综述探讨了量子光学的原理——如相干、纠缠和非经典光子统计——如何从根本上增强光催化过程。我们深入研究了三个关键主题：(1)相干增强的电荷分离和激子动力学，(2)非经典光源（例如，压缩和纠缠光子）对催化效率的影响，以及(3)光-物质相互作用的量子光学控制可能为选择性激发，抑制重组和低强度氢演化提供新机制，尽管这些主要停留在理论或原理证明阶段。在材料集成，退相干管理和光子工程的挑战进行了严格审查。这篇综述强调了太阳能燃料研究的一个有前途的前沿，量子光不仅仅是一种工具，而是一种重新定义光催化效率极限的资源。

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引用次数: 0

Advancements in nanotechnology for enhancing the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes: A review 纳米技术在提高高级氧化过程效率方面的进展：综述

Next Nanotechnology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100353

Ka Kin Wang, Pui Vun Chai

Water deterioration has become increasingly severe due to industrialization and the growth of human populations. Different types of emerging pollutants have also created immense stress on the environment, with some showing strong resistance to conventional biological treatment systems. As a result, more sophisticated water and wastewater treatment technologies are required to ensure safe and reliable water supplies. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have proven effective by generating strong reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals, that can degrade highly resistant pollutants. These radicals may be produced through ultraviolet radiation, ultrasound, or electric power in the presence of appropriate catalysts. Incorporating nanotechnology as a catalyst in AOPs offers significant advantages, as nanomaterials exhibit high stability, large surface area, strong reactivity, and recyclability. Such properties not only enhance the purification of water for human and environmental health but also reduce the reliance on chemical additives, improve energy efficiency, and promote the sustainable use of resources. Collectively, these advances contribute to cleaner water access, more responsible treatment practices, and a lower environmental footprint that supports both ecosystem protection and climate resilience.

由于工业化和人口的增长，水资源恶化变得越来越严重。不同类型的新出现的污染物也对环境造成了巨大的压力，其中一些对传统的生物处理系统表现出强烈的抵抗力。因此，需要更复杂的水和废水处理技术来确保安全和可靠的供水。高级氧化过程（AOPs）通过产生强活性氧（如羟基自由基）来降解高抗性污染物，已被证明是有效的。这些自由基可以在适当的催化剂存在下通过紫外线辐射、超声波或电力产生。在AOPs中加入纳米技术作为催化剂具有显著的优势，因为纳米材料具有高稳定性、大表面积、强反应性和可回收性。这些特性不仅提高了水的净化度，有利于人类和环境健康，而且还减少了对化学添加剂的依赖，提高了能源效率，促进了资源的可持续利用。总的来说，这些进步有助于获得更清洁的水，更负责任的处理做法和更低的环境足迹，从而支持生态系统保护和气候适应能力。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring mango (Mangifera indica) fruit peel extract mediated bio-preparation of CuO nanoparticles for biological, dye degradation and sensor applications 探索芒果（Mangifera indica）果皮提取物介导的CuO纳米颗粒生物制备及其在生物、染料降解和传感器方面的应用

Next Nanotechnology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100356

Hannah Numa , T.M. Sharanakumar , Lydia Yalambing , T. Naveen Kumar , K.V. Anasuya , C.R. Ravikumar , H.C. Ananda Murthy

Green nanotechnology offers a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally beneficial way to create nanoparticles from organic materials rather than raw ones. Specifically, bio-waste such as fruit peels can be utilized to synthesize nanoparticles by extraction of their beneficial biomolecules. The present research reveals the green synthesis approach to produce copper oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial application by using the aqueous mango (Mangifera indica) (MGI) peel extract. The phytochemical testing of mango peel extract confirmed the presence of tannins, polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, reducing sugars, and glycosides. The UV–visible and UV-DRS studies showed the maximum absorbance and energy gap value as 425 nm and 2.08 eV, respectively. The XRD pattern confirmed the formation of crystalline CuO NPs with a tenorite structure. The scanning electron microscopy confirmed nearly spherical CuO NPs. The antibacterial efficacy of the green CuO NPs was evaluated against the Gram-positive Bacillus Cereus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. The maximum zone of inhibition of 11.6 mm was recorded for the calcined CuO NPs against the Gram-positive bacterial strain Bacillus Cereus. The synthesized CuO NPs proved to be potential candidates as antibacterial agents. The CuO NPs were also used for the sensor studies of lithium. The modified electrode's electrocatalytic response for Li sensing was found to be extremely concentration sensitive, as the anodic oxidation current rose progressively with the concentration of Li. The photocatalytic degradation study of Fast Orange dye revealed an absorbance at 495 nm during the time period of 90 min and exhibits a maximum percentage of 74 % absorbance value. The synthesized green CuO NPs proved to have multifunctional nature for futuristic applications.

绿色纳米技术提供了一种可持续的、具有成本效益的、对环境有益的方法，用有机材料而不是原始材料制造纳米粒子。具体来说，生物废物如果皮可以通过提取其有益的生物分子来合成纳米粒子。本研究揭示了利用芒果（Mangifera indica）果皮水提物制备抗菌氧化铜纳米颗粒的绿色合成方法。芒果皮提取物的植物化学测试证实了单宁、多酚、生物碱、皂苷、黄酮类、萜类、还原糖和糖苷的存在。uv -可见光和UV-DRS研究表明，其最大吸光度和能隙值分别为425 nm和2.08 eV。XRD谱图证实了形成的CuO NPs晶体具有尖晶石结构。扫描电镜证实了近球形的CuO NPs。研究了绿色CuO NPs对革兰氏阳性蜡样芽孢杆菌和革兰氏阴性大肠杆菌的抑菌效果。对革兰氏阳性蜡样芽孢杆菌的最大抑制区为11.6 mm。所合成的CuO NPs被证明是潜在的抗菌剂。CuO NPs也被用于锂的传感器研究。改性电极对锂离子感应的电催化响应具有浓度敏感性，阳极氧化电流随着锂离子浓度的增加而逐渐增大。对Fast Orange染料的光催化降解研究表明，在90 min的时间内，吸光度为495 nm，吸光度最大百分比为74 %。合成的绿色氧化铜纳米粒子具有多种功能，具有未来应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Multifaceted graphene-based materials for comprehensive environmental sustainability 多面石墨烯基材料，全面的环境可持续性

Next Nanotechnology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100348

Prashant H. Gohil , Gopal Avashthi

Graphite (Gt) derived graphene (Gr) and its exceptional mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and electrical properties make it a revolutionary material for 21st-century environmental technologies. This review focuses on the synthesis, functionalization and environmental remediation of graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and their derivatives for wastewater purification, pollutants adsorption, catalysis and sensing applications under controlled pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Hydrophilic surface of GO with oxygen functionalities enables strong electrostatic interactions with neonicotinoids of adsorption capacities 3.11 mg/g, ciprofloxacin of 500 mg/g, Zn(II) of 345 mg/g and Methylene blue of 450 mg/g for removing cationic impurities. Also, rGO efficiently removes cationic pollutants such as As(III), As(V) and Cr(VI), while functionalized graphene aerogel (fGA) shows recyclability along with improved oil, dyes and solvent adsorption. The microalgae Galdieria sulphuraria achieved 71 % COD, 80 % BOD and 66 % FOG reduction in restaurants’ wastewater with significant nutrient uptake of 96 % NH⁴⁺-N and 99 % TP removal which highlights bio-integrated remediation potential. Photocatalysts GO-TiO₂ and Ni-GO composites examined improved hydrogen evolution up to sevenfold, while rGO-TiO₂ photocatalyst generate reactive oxygen species for pollutants mineralization. Gr-based electrochemical sensors detect Hg²⁺ as low as 0.6 nM and Pb²⁺ at 5ppb, demonstrating ultrahigh sensitivity. So, Gr-based nanocomposites offer sustainable sensing, though scalable green synthesis. However, safety regulations remain essential for large-scale deployment.

石墨（Gt）衍生石墨烯（Gr）及其卓越的机械强度、导热性和电性能使其成为21世纪环境技术的革命性材料。本文综述了氧化石墨烯（GO）、还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）及其衍生物在控制pH、温度和离子强度条件下在废水净化、污染物吸附、催化和传感等方面的合成、功能化和环境修复。具有氧官能团的氧化石墨烯表面亲水，可与吸附量为3.11 mg/g、500 mg/g、345 mg/g、450 mg/g的新烟碱、环丙沙星、亚甲基蓝进行强静电相互作用，去除阳离子杂质。此外，氧化石墨烯可有效去除阳离子污染物如as (III), as (V)和Cr(VI)，而功能化石墨烯气凝胶（fGA）具有可回收性，并改善了油，染料和溶剂的吸附能力。微藻硫酸盐Galdieria suluraria对餐馆废水COD降低71% %，BOD降低80% %，FOG降低66% %，对营养物NH4+-N的吸收率为96% %，TP的去除率为99% %，突出了生物一体化修复的潜力。光催化剂GO-TiO2和Ni-GO复合材料的析氢能力提高了7倍，而rGO-TiO2光催化剂产生的活性氧用于污染物的矿化。基于gr的电化学传感器检测低至0.6 nM的Hg2+和5ppb下的Pb2+，具有超高的灵敏度。因此，基于gr的纳米复合材料提供了可持续的传感，尽管可扩展的绿色合成。然而，安全法规对于大规模部署仍然至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Root-applied graphene oxide, nano-Fe3O4, and GO/Fe3O4: Role in mitigating arsenic and cadmium mixed toxicity in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 根施氧化石墨烯、纳米Fe3O4和GO/Fe3O4：减轻黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）砷镉混合毒性的作用

Next Nanotechnology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100337

Wenwen Li , Yi Zhang , Haobing Xiong , Dini Dai , Jianchun Xie , Wenbin Yang

Iron oxides profoundly have a significant impact on biogeochemical cycles of both arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd), especially in terms of plant uptake. Few-layer graphene, which closely coexists with iron oxides in lunar soil, may also serve as a model for understanding future Earth environment. Therefore, research on the combined effect of graphene oxide (GO) and nano-Fe₃O₄ on the uptake of mixed As and Cd (As/Cd) by plant is urgent needed. In this study, GO, nano-Fe₃O₄, and their composite (GO/Fe₃O₄) were applied to hydroponic Lolium perenne L. (ryegrass), with both metals at the same concentration of 10 mg·L⁻¹. The aim was to clarify the roles of each material. The results showed that GO significantly increased phosphorus (P) content in the shoots of ryegrass, boosting it by 1.32 folds. It also preserved the structure of the root tip tissue and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in the shoots. On the other hand, nano-Fe₃O₄ increased Fe content in the roots by 1.14 folds, reduced the bioaccumulation of As and Cd, and promoted rapid electron transfer. Genes expression analysis revealed that GO/Fe₃O₄ composite upregulated glutathione reserves while downregulating the proline synthesis pathway. The upregulation of the LpYSL6 transporter suggested that GO/Fe₃O₄ facilitated the fixation of As and Cd in the roots of ryegrass in chelated forms. This investigation highlights the potential of GO/Fe₃O₄ as an effective nanomaterial for mitigating plant stressed caused by mixed toxic metals, supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

氧化铁对砷（As）和镉（Cd）的生物地球化学循环有着深远的影响，特别是在植物吸收方面。在月球土壤中与氧化铁紧密共存的少层石墨烯也可以作为了解未来地球环境的模型。因此，迫切需要研究氧化石墨烯（GO）和纳米fe3o4对植物对混合砷镉（As/Cd）吸收的联合影响。本研究将氧化石墨烯、纳米Fe3O4及其复合材料（GO/Fe3O4）应用于水培黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.，黑麦草），两种金属浓度均为10 mg·L−1。目的是澄清每种材料的作用。结果表明，氧化石墨烯显著提高了黑麦草幼苗中磷含量，提高了1.32倍。还能保持根尖组织结构，提高芽部抗氧化酶活性。另一方面，纳米fe3o4使根中铁含量提高了1.14倍，减少了As和Cd的生物积累，促进了电子的快速转移。基因表达分析显示，氧化石墨烯/Fe3O4复合物上调谷胱甘肽储备，下调脯氨酸合成途径。pysl6转运体的上调表明，GO/Fe3O4促进了As和Cd在黑麦草根中的螯合固定。这项研究强调了氧化石墨烯/Fe3O4作为一种有效的纳米材料的潜力，可以减轻由混合有毒金属引起的植物胁迫，支持可持续的农业实践。

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引用次数: 0

Phytofabrication and characterization of ZnO NPs using Eucalyptus globulus leaves extract for remediation of heavy metal ions 桉叶提取物修复重金属离子的ZnO纳米粒子制备及表征

Next Nanotechnology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100345

Azad Yadav, Rahul Langyan, Rajesh Dhankhar

The present research investigates the phytofabrication of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract to eliminate harmful Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions. The fabricated ZnO NPs were analysed by numerous characterization techniques, including FESEM, XRD, HRTEM, EDX, FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, Zeta potential, DLS, and elemental mapping. The results confirm the formation of spherical nanoparticles with a size range from 44 to 58 nm. Batch studies were carried out to evaluate the performance and optimal conditions for the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions. For Pb²⁺, maximum efficiency was achieved at pH 5 using a 0.02 g adsorbent dose. In contrast, Cd²⁺ removal was most effective at a pH of 6 with a lower adsorbent mass of 0.01 g. Both metal ions reached optimal removal at an initial concentration of 30 ppm and a short contact time of 20 min. The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second order kinetic model with R² values of 0.918 and 0.997 for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions, respectively, indicating a chemisorption process. The adsorption data aligned more closely with the Langmuir isotherm, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 434.78 mg/g and 526.31 mg/g for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions, respectively. The potential for reusing the nanoparticles was assessed using Na₂EDTA, double-distilled water, HCl, and NaOH, and the findings suggested that ZnO NPs can be employed to remediate Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions.

本文研究了利用蓝桉叶提取物制备氧化锌纳米颗粒（ZnO NPs）以去除水溶液中有害的Pb2+和Cd2+离子。利用FESEM、XRD、HRTEM、EDX、FTIR、UV-Vis光谱、Zeta电位、DLS和元素映射等表征技术对制备的ZnO纳米粒子进行了分析。结果证实了球形纳米颗粒的形成，其尺寸范围为44 ~ 58 nm。通过批量实验考察了其吸附Pb2+和Cd2+离子的性能和最佳条件。对于Pb 2 +，在pH为5、吸附剂剂量为0.02 g时获得最大效率。相比之下，Cd 2 +在pH为6、吸附剂质量为0.01 g时去除效果最好。两种金属离子在初始浓度为30 ppm和短接触时间为20 min时达到最佳去除效果。实验数据符合准二级动力学模型，Pb2+和Cd2+离子的R2分别为0.918和0.997，表明存在化学吸附过程。吸附数据更接近Langmuir等温线，对Pb2+和Cd2+离子的最大单层吸附量分别为434.78 mg/g和526.31 mg/g。使用Na2EDTA、双蒸馏水、HCl和NaOH对纳米粒子的再利用潜力进行了评估，结果表明ZnO纳米粒子可以用于修复Pb2+和Cd2+离子。

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引用次数: 0

Graphene quantum dots: Synthesis, applications, and future directions in bioimaging and cancer therapy 石墨烯量子点：在生物成像和癌症治疗中的合成、应用和未来方向

Next Nanotechnology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100326

Rashmi Trivedi , Divya Malode , Milind Umekar , Supriya Shidhaye , Ruchi Khobragade , Neha Raut

Graphene Quantum Dots (GQD) has been extensively used because of its unique electronic, chemical, and photoluminescent properties, which are derived from graphene. They are classified as zero-dimensional nanomaterials. This review article discusses the synthesis strategies of GQDs, which can be broadly categorized into top-down and bottom-up methods including Electrochemical oxidation, Hydrothermal, Chemical oxidation, and Ultrasound-assisted as top-down method and Microwave, Carbonization, Electron beam irradiation, Stepwise organic synthesis as bottom-down method. Every method offers various advantages, such as convenience, scalability, and flexibility to adjust the size and surface features of the quantum dots, altering their bioactivity and functionalization potential. These features make GQDs a suitable platform for various biomedical applications, including bioimaging and cancer therapy. In bioimaging, Graphene quantum dots excel in bio-imaging due to their biocompatibility, photostability, and tunable luminescence, offering deep tissue penetration and applications in fluorescence imaging, MRI, cancer detection, and non-invasive diagnostics. In cancer therapy, GQDs utilize their photothermal and photodynamic properties to induce cancer cell death. This localized treatment enhances effectiveness of the therapeutic without causing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. The review also addresses challenges in the practical application of GQDs, functionalization, while highlighting recent advances and future directions for research.

石墨烯量子点（GQD）由于其独特的电子、化学和光致发光特性而被广泛应用。它们被归类为零维纳米材料。本文综述了GQDs的合成策略，大致分为自顶向下和自底向上两种方法，包括电化学氧化、水热法、化学氧化法和超声辅助法（自顶向下）和微波、碳化、电子束辐照、逐步有机合成法（自底向下）。每种方法都具有各种优点，如便利性，可扩展性和灵活性，可以调整量子点的大小和表面特征，改变其生物活性和功能化潜力。这些特点使GQDs成为各种生物医学应用的合适平台，包括生物成像和癌症治疗。在生物成像方面，石墨烯量子点因其生物相容性、光稳定性和可调发光而在生物成像方面表现优异，可在荧光成像、MRI、癌症检测和非侵入性诊断方面提供深层组织渗透和应用。在癌症治疗中，GQDs利用其光热和光动力学特性诱导癌细胞死亡。这种局部治疗提高了治疗的有效性，而不会对周围的健康组织造成损害。综述还讨论了GQDs在实际应用中的挑战，功能化，同时强调了最近的研究进展和未来的研究方向。

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引用次数: 0