Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100336
Akash Srivastava, Asad Ahmad, Shaiber Siddiqui, Anas Islam
Targeted drug delivery systems (TDDS) have emerged as transformative platforms for enhancing therapeutic precision while minimizing systemic toxicity. By exploiting mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, ligand-based active targeting, and stimulus-responsive release, these systems offer improved pharmacokinetics and site-specific action. Clinical success stories underscore their translational impact—liposomal formulations like Doxil® reduce doxorubicin-related cardiotoxicity by nearly 50 %, while lipid nanoparticle-based Onpattro® became the first FDA-approved RNA interference therapy, paving the way for mRNA vaccine technologies. Despite such milestones, challenges persist, including tumor heterogeneity, immunogenicity, and regulatory complexities, which hinder broader clinical adoption. Emerging strategies—hybrid nanocarriers, AI-driven drug release, and integration with digital health—are reshaping the future of personalized medicine. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current nanocarrier platforms, clinical progress, regulatory trends, and innovations driving the next generation of targeted drug delivery.
{"title":"Innovations in targeted drug delivery: From nanotechnology to clinical applications","authors":"Akash Srivastava, Asad Ahmad, Shaiber Siddiqui, Anas Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Targeted drug delivery systems (TDDS) have emerged as transformative platforms for enhancing therapeutic precision while minimizing systemic toxicity. By exploiting mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, ligand-based active targeting, and stimulus-responsive release, these systems offer improved pharmacokinetics and site-specific action. Clinical success stories underscore their translational impact—liposomal formulations like Doxil® reduce doxorubicin-related cardiotoxicity by nearly 50 %, while lipid nanoparticle-based Onpattro® became the first FDA-approved RNA interference therapy, paving the way for mRNA vaccine technologies. Despite such milestones, challenges persist, including tumor heterogeneity, immunogenicity, and regulatory complexities, which hinder broader clinical adoption. Emerging strategies—hybrid nanocarriers, AI-driven drug release, and integration with digital health—are reshaping the future of personalized medicine. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current nanocarrier platforms, clinical progress, regulatory trends, and innovations driving the next generation of targeted drug delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100959,"journal":{"name":"Next Nanotechnology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145750150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100340
Alexander K. Fedotov , Valeria Yu. Leonenko , Julia A. Fedotova , Ida E. Tyschenko
Current density (J) as a function of electric field (E) at different temperatures (T) is studied in Al/SiO2<InSb> /Si/Al metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures fabricated using silicon-on-insulator and ion-beam synthesis technologies. The MOS structures containing SiO2 layers implanted with Sb+ and In+ ions are investigated both before and after annealing at 800 and 1100 ℃. Annealing leads to the formation of InSb nanocrystals (5 – 25 nm in diameter) to result in a unique charge distribution within SiO2. Three distinct types of J(E, T) behavior are observed in the temperature range 2 < T < 300 K and at electric fields up to ±6.7 × 105 V/cm. At E < 4 × 104 V/cm, all samples exhibit ohmic conduction, whereas at higher fields (E > 2 ×105 V/cm) the J(E, T) dependences follow the space charge-limited current (SCLC) models: Below 40 K, the Mott-Gurney law applies, indicating monoenergetic traps near the SiO2 midgap. Above 40 K, the J(E, T) behavior is consistent with the Mark-Helfrich SCLC model, revealing an exponential energy distribution of traps in the “tails” of localized states in SiO2. These localized states are associated with an implantation-induced structural disorder. An energy band diagram of the annealed MOS structures has been developed to directly correlate the Fermi-level shifts and the evolution of trap states with the formation of InSb nanocrystals. This correlation provides a benchmark insight into the redistribution of free and localized charges in modified SiO2<InSb> layers and explains their influence on the observed J(E, T) characteristics. The contribution of this work lies in establishing a direct link between the nanocrystal-induced disorder and the charge redistribution in modified oxide layers subjected to annealing.
{"title":"The influence of ion beam-synthesized InSb nanocrystals on current-voltage characteristics of SiO2 layers in MOS structures","authors":"Alexander K. Fedotov , Valeria Yu. Leonenko , Julia A. Fedotova , Ida E. Tyschenko","doi":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current density (<em>J</em>) as a function of electric field (<em>E</em>) at different temperatures (<em>T</em>) is studied in Al/SiO<sub>2</sub><InSb> /Si/Al metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures fabricated using silicon-on-insulator and ion-beam synthesis technologies. The MOS structures containing SiO<sub>2</sub> layers implanted with Sb<sup>+</sup> and In<sup>+</sup> ions are investigated both before and after annealing at 800 and 1100 ℃. Annealing leads to the formation of InSb nanocrystals (5 – 25 nm in diameter) to result in a unique charge distribution within SiO<sub>2</sub>. Three distinct types of <em>J</em>(<em>E</em>, <em>T</em>) behavior are observed in the temperature range 2 < <em>T</em> < 300 K and at electric fields up to ±6.7 × 10<sup>5</sup> V/cm. At <em>E</em> < 4 × 10<sup>4</sup> V/cm, all samples exhibit ohmic conduction, whereas at higher fields (<em>E</em> > 2 ×10<sup>5</sup> V/cm) the <em>J</em>(<em>E</em>, <em>T</em>) dependences follow the space charge-limited current (SCLC) models: Below 40 K, the Mott-Gurney law applies, indicating monoenergetic traps near the SiO<sub>2</sub> midgap. Above 40 K, the <em>J</em>(<em>E</em>, <em>T</em>) behavior is consistent with the Mark-Helfrich SCLC model, revealing an exponential energy distribution of traps in the “tails” of localized states in SiO<sub>2</sub>. These localized states are associated with an implantation-induced structural disorder. An energy band diagram of the annealed MOS structures has been developed to directly correlate the Fermi-level shifts and the evolution of trap states with the formation of InSb nanocrystals. This correlation provides a benchmark insight into the redistribution of free and localized charges in modified SiO<sub>2</sub><InSb> layers and explains their influence on the observed <em>J</em>(<em>E</em>, <em>T</em>) characteristics. The contribution of this work lies in establishing a direct link between the nanocrystal-induced disorder and the charge redistribution in modified oxide layers subjected to annealing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100959,"journal":{"name":"Next Nanotechnology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145750142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100332
Janhavi S. Ganore , Umesh D. Laddha , Prashant S. Adhav , Chanchal S. Pagar , Sanjay J. Kshirsagar , Neelam L. Dashputre , Pavan B. Udavant
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication associated with diabetes that impacts the retinal microvasculature and leads to vision problems. The currently available treatments for diabetic retinopathy are invasive and associated with pain and side effects, which lead to patient noncompliance. This research aims to formulate nanoparticles of two PPAR-γ agonists, viz. quercetin and naringenin, by using two different polymers, as HPMC-Poloxamer and PLGA, respectively. For optimization, a 32 Factorial design was used. The HPH pressure and PLGA concentration were independent variables for naringenin nanoparticles; Poloxamer concentration and HPH pressure were independent variables for quercetin nanoparticles. The particle size, PDI, and entrapment efficiency were the responses. The optimized batch of naringenin showed a particle size of 187.1 nm, PDI 0.117, and percent entrapment of 91 %, whereas the optimized quercetin batch showed a particle size of 185 nm, PDI 0.289, and 82.5 % entrapment. The optimized batch was further subjected to spray drying and characterized by various in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo methods. Nanoparticles showed spherical shape with smooth morphology in the SEM study, and XRD confirmed the entrapment of both drugs in the selected polymers. In vitro drug release study showed the comparatively rapid drug release of quercetin (90.55 ± 0.972 %) and more sustained drug release of naringenin (48.90 ± 0.894 %) at the end of 10 h. Differences in the release of drugs are characteristic of particular polymers used during preparation. This will prevent competition between two drugs to bind to receptors. Results from the isotonicity study, ex-vivo examination indicate the non-irritant nature and safety of the formulation. The in-vivo study on Wistar rats suggests formulation containing a combination of nanoparticles showed a synergistic effect in reducing VEGF, an important factor in diabetic retinopathy, than the individual treatment with nanoparticles of the particular drug. The study finding suggests that treatment with a combination of nanoparticles of quercetin and naringenin prepared by two different polymers having different drug release patterns can be considered as an alternate non-invasive therapy approach for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
{"title":"Naringenin and quercetin nanoparticles as a dual strategy for topical management of diabetic retinopathy","authors":"Janhavi S. Ganore , Umesh D. Laddha , Prashant S. Adhav , Chanchal S. Pagar , Sanjay J. Kshirsagar , Neelam L. Dashputre , Pavan B. Udavant","doi":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication associated with diabetes that impacts the retinal microvasculature and leads to vision problems. The currently available treatments for diabetic retinopathy are invasive and associated with pain and side effects, which lead to patient noncompliance. This research aims to formulate nanoparticles of two PPAR-γ agonists, viz. quercetin and naringenin, by using two different polymers, as HPMC-Poloxamer and PLGA, respectively. For optimization, a 3<sup>2</sup> Factorial design was used. The HPH pressure and PLGA concentration were independent variables for naringenin nanoparticles; Poloxamer concentration and HPH pressure were independent variables for quercetin nanoparticles. The particle size, PDI, and entrapment efficiency were the responses. The optimized batch of naringenin showed a particle size of 187.1 nm, PDI 0.117, and percent entrapment of 91 %, whereas the optimized quercetin batch showed a particle size of 185 nm, PDI 0.289, and 82.5 % entrapment. The optimized batch was further subjected to spray drying and characterized by various <em>in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo</em> methods. Nanoparticles showed spherical shape with smooth morphology in the SEM study, and XRD confirmed the entrapment of both drugs in the selected polymers. <em>In vitro</em> drug release study showed the comparatively rapid drug release of quercetin (90.55 ± 0.972 %) and more sustained drug release of naringenin (48.90 ± 0.894 %) at the end of 10 h. Differences in the release of drugs are characteristic of particular polymers used during preparation. This will prevent competition between two drugs to bind to receptors. Results from the isotonicity study, <em>ex-vivo</em> examination indicate the non-irritant nature and safety of the formulation. The <em>in-vivo</em> study on Wistar rats suggests formulation containing a combination of nanoparticles showed a synergistic effect in reducing VEGF, an important factor in diabetic retinopathy, than the individual treatment with nanoparticles of the particular drug. The study finding suggests that treatment with a combination of nanoparticles of quercetin and naringenin prepared by two different polymers having different drug release patterns can be considered as an alternate non-invasive therapy approach for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100959,"journal":{"name":"Next Nanotechnology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145750144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sennoside-functionalized zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (Sen–ZrO₂ NPs) were engineered via a single-step green synthesis route using Cassia angustifolia leaf extract as both a bio reductant and stabilizer. Structural characterization confirmed phase-pure tetragonal ZrO₂ formation through X-ray diffraction (XRD), while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified sennoside anchoring via characteristic CO and O–H vibrations at 1680 cm⁻¹ and 3605 cm⁻¹. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) revealed spherical morphologies with uniform elemental distribution. The Sen–ZrO₂ NPs exhibited pronounced Gram-selective antibacterial activity, demonstrating a fourfold potency enhancement against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 64 µg mL⁻¹) compared to unmodified ZrO₂. Time-kill assays further demonstrated a rapid 4-log reduction in bacterial viability within 6 h. Against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the nanoparticles displayed dose-dependent cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 61.44 µg mL⁻¹), representing a 2.3-fold improvement over bare ZrO₂. This dual bioactivity is attributed to sennoside-mediated redox modulation and surface functionalization, which act synergistically to enhance membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This work establishes a sustainable plant-engineered ZrO₂ nanoplatform with integrated antibacterial–anticancer functionality, presenting a viable green approach to advanced nanotherapeutics for combating antimicrobial resistance and cancer.
{"title":"Sennoside-functionalized ZrO₂ nanoparticles via Cassia angustifolia: Gram-selective antibacterial and anticancer nanoplatform with green synthesis","authors":"Aarti Jathar , Samreen Fatema , Mazahar Farooqui , Abhay Dashrath , Dattatraya Jirekar , Pramila Ghumare","doi":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sennoside-functionalized zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (Sen–ZrO₂ NPs) were engineered via a single-step green synthesis route using <em>Cassia angustifolia</em> leaf extract as both a bio reductant and stabilizer. Structural characterization confirmed phase-pure tetragonal ZrO₂ formation through X-ray diffraction (XRD), while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified sennoside anchoring via characteristic C<img>O and O–H vibrations at 1680 cm⁻¹ and 3605 cm⁻¹. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) revealed spherical morphologies with uniform elemental distribution. The Sen–ZrO₂ NPs exhibited pronounced Gram-selective antibacterial activity, demonstrating a fourfold potency enhancement against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MIC = 64 µg mL⁻¹) compared to unmodified ZrO₂. Time-kill assays further demonstrated a rapid 4-log reduction in bacterial viability within 6 h. Against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the nanoparticles displayed dose-dependent cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 61.44 µg mL⁻¹), representing a 2.3-fold improvement over bare ZrO₂. This dual bioactivity is attributed to sennoside-mediated redox modulation and surface functionalization, which act synergistically to enhance membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This work establishes a sustainable plant-engineered ZrO₂ nanoplatform with integrated antibacterial–anticancer functionality, presenting a viable green approach to advanced nanotherapeutics for combating antimicrobial resistance and cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100959,"journal":{"name":"Next Nanotechnology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100327
Camila Morales-Navas , Annelis O. Sánchez-Álvarez , Joesene J. Soto-Pérez , Eduardo Larios , Arnulfo Rojas , Carlos R. Cabrera
This study explores a novel approach to reuse the residual material generated after environmental remediation processes using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) nanoparticles. While nZVI has been evaluated for the removal of heavy metal ions in contaminated areas, it has yet to provide a definitive solution. We propose utilizing the residual nZVI material for photo-harvesting in photoelectrochemical cells. Here, we report on the material's transformation into a Fe0/FexOy Cd1−xFexOy catalyst and investigate its potential through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). On the other hand, traditional characterization methods were also employed to validate the versatility of the Cathodic Particle Coulometry (CPC) technique. This method is especially sensitive to conductive and semiconductive particles, such as metal oxides or corrosion products, as they generate distinct current signals when reduced or oxidized under cathodic conditions. CPC permits the sizing of the particle, and the obtained results are discussed hereinafter. Interestingly, a staircase response was also obtained for the most concentrated sample of particles suggesting a blocking mechanism. The inclusion of cadmium (Cd) in the nZVI residual material resulted in structural changes, shifting from a hexagonal hematite lattice to a face-centered cubic CdFe2O4 phase. Incident photon-to-current efficiency measurements revealed a 10-fold increase in efficiency compared to the original nZVI material. Furthermore, photovoltage measurements as a function of Cd content suggest that Cd alters the semiconductor properties of the FexOy structure. This study highlights the potential of cadmium-doped iron residual materials (Cd-IR) in enhancing the performance of photoelectrochemical solar cells (PSC) and provides insights into the changes in material properties and structure due to Cd incorporation.
{"title":"Characterization of cadmium-doped nZVI residuals: Structure, morphology, and photoelectrochemical properties","authors":"Camila Morales-Navas , Annelis O. Sánchez-Álvarez , Joesene J. Soto-Pérez , Eduardo Larios , Arnulfo Rojas , Carlos R. Cabrera","doi":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores a novel approach to reuse the residual material generated after environmental remediation processes using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) nanoparticles. While nZVI has been evaluated for the removal of heavy metal ions in contaminated areas, it has yet to provide a definitive solution. We propose utilizing the residual nZVI material for photo-harvesting in photoelectrochemical cells. Here, we report on the material's transformation into a Fe<sup>0</sup>/Fe<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> Cd<sub>1−x</sub>Fe<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> catalyst and investigate its potential through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). On the other hand, traditional characterization methods were also employed to validate the versatility of the Cathodic Particle Coulometry (CPC) technique. This method is especially sensitive to conductive and semiconductive particles, such as metal oxides or corrosion products, as they generate distinct current signals when reduced or oxidized under cathodic conditions. CPC permits the sizing of the particle, and the obtained results are discussed hereinafter. Interestingly, a staircase response was also obtained for the most concentrated sample of particles suggesting a blocking mechanism. The inclusion of cadmium (Cd) in the nZVI residual material resulted in structural changes, shifting from a hexagonal hematite lattice to a face-centered cubic CdFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> phase. Incident photon-to-current efficiency measurements revealed a 10-fold increase in efficiency compared to the original nZVI material. Furthermore, photovoltage measurements as a function of Cd content suggest that Cd alters the semiconductor properties of the Fe<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> structure. This study highlights the potential of cadmium-doped iron residual materials (Cd-IR) in enhancing the performance of photoelectrochemical solar cells (PSC) and provides insights into the changes in material properties and structure due to Cd incorporation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100959,"journal":{"name":"Next Nanotechnology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100331
Noor H. Kurshed , Anees A. Khadom , Rusul K. Ismail , Saja Khalil Mohuee , Noor Kadhim Ahmed , A. Alamiery
Citrus aurantium leaves (CAL) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used in the biosynthesis of a corrosion inhibitor for low-carbon steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. The weight loss method was used to investigate the corrosion inhibition performance of the composite (CAL-AgNPs). It was found that the corrosion rate of low-carbon steel increased with temperature increase and decreased with CAL-AgNPs concentration increase. Maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency was 91.3 % at 10 ml/l and 30°C. Adsorption studies indicated that CAL-AgNPs can be adsorbed spontaneously on the metal surface. The adsorption mechanism was primarily physical and followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The kinetics studies confirmed these outcomes, showing a higher activation energy in the presence of CAL-AgNPs compared to the blank solution. This indicated the formation of a protective layer on the metal surface that increased the energy barrier. The FTIR technique was used as a direct method of CAL functional group diagnosis and an indirect one for AgNPs presence. The FTIR spectra showed the stretching for functional groups like alcohols, phenols, N–H of amines, C–H stretching, esters, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, which are common in capping biomolecules. In addition, spectra in the range of metal-O bonds, such as Ag–O or Ag–N, were observed.
在0.5 M H₂SO₄溶液中，用柑橘金树叶（CAL）和纳米银粒子（AgNPs）合成了一种低碳钢缓蚀剂。采用失重法考察了复合材料（CAL-AgNPs）的缓蚀性能。结果表明，低碳钢的腐蚀速率随温度升高而升高，随CAL-AgNPs浓度的升高而降低。在10 ml/l和30℃条件下，最大缓蚀率为91.3 %。吸附研究表明，CAL-AgNPs可以在金属表面自发吸附。吸附机制以物理吸附为主，遵循Langmuir吸附等温线。动力学研究证实了这些结果，与空白溶液相比，CAL-AgNPs存在时具有更高的活化能。这表明在金属表面形成了一个保护层，增加了能量屏障。FTIR技术被用作CAL功能群诊断的直接方法和AgNPs存在的间接方法。FTIR光谱显示了覆盖生物分子中常见的功能基团如醇、酚、胺的N-H、C-H、酯、醛和羧酸的拉伸。此外，还观察到了Ag-O或Ag-N等金属- o键范围内的光谱。
{"title":"Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Citrus aurantium leaves plant as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in sulfuric acid","authors":"Noor H. Kurshed , Anees A. Khadom , Rusul K. Ismail , Saja Khalil Mohuee , Noor Kadhim Ahmed , A. Alamiery","doi":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Citrus aurantium leaves (CAL) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used in the biosynthesis of a corrosion inhibitor for low-carbon steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. The weight loss method was used to investigate the corrosion inhibition performance of the composite (CAL-AgNPs). It was found that the corrosion rate of low-carbon steel increased with temperature increase and decreased with CAL-AgNPs concentration increase. Maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency was 91.3 % at 10 ml/l and 30°C. Adsorption studies indicated that CAL-AgNPs can be adsorbed spontaneously on the metal surface. The adsorption mechanism was primarily physical and followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The kinetics studies confirmed these outcomes, showing a higher activation energy in the presence of CAL-AgNPs compared to the blank solution. This indicated the formation of a protective layer on the metal surface that increased the energy barrier. The FTIR technique was used as a direct method of CAL functional group diagnosis and an indirect one for AgNPs presence. The FTIR spectra showed the stretching for functional groups like alcohols, phenols, N–H of amines, C–H stretching, esters, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, which are common in capping biomolecules. In addition, spectra in the range of metal-O bonds, such as Ag–O or Ag–N, were observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100959,"journal":{"name":"Next Nanotechnology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100328
Kayeen Vadakkan , Sreeshna Karippali
Carbon dots (CDs) are emerging as transformative nanomaterials in the field of cancer diagnostics due to their unique photoluminescence, high biocompatibility, aqueous solubility, and facile surface functionalization. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of recent advancements in the application of multifunctional CDs for cancer diagnosis. Emphasis is placed on their potential as optical probes for non-invasive bioimaging, fluorescence-guided tumor identification, and early-stage cancer detection. The photophysical properties of CDs- including excitation-dependent emission and size-tunable fluorescence enable high-contrast imaging with reduced photobleaching, which is critical for real-time monitoring of tumor microenvironments. Additionally, CDs offer significant promise in biosensing platforms for detecting cancer biomarkers such as nucleic acids, proteins, and specific antigens with high sensitivity and specificity. Their functionalized surfaces facilitate conjugation with targeting ligands, enabling selective cellular uptake and tumor localization. This review also highlights the advantages of CDs over conventional contrast agents, including reduced toxicity, deeper tissue penetration in the near-infrared range, and the capability for multimodal imaging. Key synthetic routes are compared in terms of yield, scalability, and control over optical properties. Despite these advantages, translational challenges remain, particularly in terms of standardizing synthesis, ensuring reproducibility, and evaluating long-term biocompatibility. Overall, CDs represent a promising frontier in precision diagnostics, offering the potential for integration into next-generation diagnostic nanoplatforms that aim for early, accurate, and minimally invasive cancer detection.
{"title":"Carbon-based quantum dots in oncology: Properties and applications in cancer therapy and diagnosis","authors":"Kayeen Vadakkan , Sreeshna Karippali","doi":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dots (CDs) are emerging as transformative nanomaterials in the field of cancer diagnostics due to their unique photoluminescence, high biocompatibility, aqueous solubility, and facile surface functionalization. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of recent advancements in the application of multifunctional CDs for cancer diagnosis. Emphasis is placed on their potential as optical probes for non-invasive bioimaging, fluorescence-guided tumor identification, and early-stage cancer detection. The photophysical properties of CDs- including excitation-dependent emission and size-tunable fluorescence enable high-contrast imaging with reduced photobleaching, which is critical for real-time monitoring of tumor microenvironments. Additionally, CDs offer significant promise in biosensing platforms for detecting cancer biomarkers such as nucleic acids, proteins, and specific antigens with high sensitivity and specificity. Their functionalized surfaces facilitate conjugation with targeting ligands, enabling selective cellular uptake and tumor localization. This review also highlights the advantages of CDs over conventional contrast agents, including reduced toxicity, deeper tissue penetration in the near-infrared range, and the capability for multimodal imaging. Key synthetic routes are compared in terms of yield, scalability, and control over optical properties. Despite these advantages, translational challenges remain, particularly in terms of standardizing synthesis, ensuring reproducibility, and evaluating long-term biocompatibility. Overall, CDs represent a promising frontier in precision diagnostics, offering the potential for integration into next-generation diagnostic nanoplatforms that aim for early, accurate, and minimally invasive cancer detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100959,"journal":{"name":"Next Nanotechnology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100324
P.R. Nithiasri, J. Aarthi, B. Karthikeyan
Algaes are potential bioprospecting agents due to their abundance secondary metabolites that have antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties. In addition, they are frequently employed to remove oils, toxic colors, and heavy metals. Recently in this study, we have investigated the environment friendly production of gold nanoclusters utilizing Turbinaria conoides algae extract. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles is preliminarily confirmed by color change from yellow to ruby red in the reaction mixture, and the broad surface plasmon resonance band centered at 525 nm which indicates the formation of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized Au NPs. FT-IR confirmed the presence of carboxylic, amine, and polyphenolic groups in the algae extract used for the biosynthesis. FE-SEM results reveal the spherical morphology of the Au NPs. Algae extract can act as reducing agent as well stabilizing agent due to its organic molecules like fucoidan and polyphenolic compounds. The produced Au Nps is tested for the photocatalytic degradation of toxic dye and found to be promising. Since the metallic nanoparticles shows less band gap due to the metallic nature the mechanism is discussed WITH combined photocatalytic and inter band transitions. The production of biomedically useful gold nanoclusters using algae-mediated synthesis is therefore one-step, easy, and environmentally benign procedure for the bioprospecting of seaweed algae.
{"title":"Bioprospecting of seaweed: Au nanocluster synthesis, characterization and theoretical studies","authors":"P.R. Nithiasri, J. Aarthi, B. Karthikeyan","doi":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Algaes are potential bioprospecting agents due to their abundance secondary metabolites that have antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties. In addition, they are frequently employed to remove oils, toxic colors, and heavy metals. Recently in this study, we have investigated the environment friendly production of gold nanoclusters utilizing <em>Turbinaria conoides</em> algae extract. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles is preliminarily confirmed by color change from yellow to ruby red in the reaction mixture, and the broad surface plasmon resonance band centered at 525 nm which indicates the formation of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized Au NPs. FT-IR confirmed the presence of carboxylic, amine, and polyphenolic groups in the algae extract used for the biosynthesis. FE-SEM results reveal the spherical morphology of the Au NPs. Algae extract can act as reducing agent as well stabilizing agent due to its organic molecules like fucoidan and polyphenolic compounds. The produced Au Nps is tested for the photocatalytic degradation of toxic dye and found to be promising. Since the metallic nanoparticles shows less band gap due to the metallic nature the mechanism is discussed WITH combined photocatalytic and inter band transitions. The production of biomedically useful gold nanoclusters using algae-mediated synthesis is therefore one-step, easy, and environmentally benign procedure for the bioprospecting of seaweed algae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100959,"journal":{"name":"Next Nanotechnology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the research was to evaluate the utilization of starch acetate nanoparticles (SANPs) as drug delivery carriers for antitubercular drugs (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, and Pyrazinamide). The SANPs were synthesized employing ultrasonic-assisted double emulsification solvent evaporation method, permitting effective drug encapsulation. Chemical modification of native starch strengthened its hydrophobicity, as indicated by lower crystallinity in XRD analysis. The TGA validated the thermal stability of SANPs. Morphological investigation indicated a beehive-like structure with constant porosity changed to evenly dispersed spherical nanoparticles when Starch acetate is converted into SANPs. Dynamic light scattering measured the particle sizes of SANPs to be 161 nm. Drug encapsulation brought up the SANPs particle size to 249 nm. Isoniazid, Rifampicin, and Pyrazinamide exhibited 72 %, 83 %, and 75 % encapsulation efficiency at a 2:1 polymer-drug ratio, respectively. In phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), drug release behavior exhibited 55 %, 30 %, and 45 % release of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide over 24 hours. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model demonstrated non-Fickian diffusion for all drug-encapsulated SANPs. Thus, these results contribute to the development of biopolymer-based drug delivery systems for sustainable release of antitubercular drugs.
{"title":"Hydrophobic starch acetate nanoparticles: A biopolymer-based system for sustained antitubercular drug release","authors":"Gaurang Rami , Pruthviraj Limbachiya , Mohyuddin Maradiya , Girish Acharya , Jabali Vora","doi":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2024.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2024.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of the research was to evaluate the utilization of starch acetate nanoparticles (SANPs) as drug delivery carriers for antitubercular drugs (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, and Pyrazinamide). The SANPs were synthesized employing ultrasonic-assisted double emulsification solvent evaporation method, permitting effective drug encapsulation. Chemical modification of native starch strengthened its hydrophobicity, as indicated by lower crystallinity in XRD analysis. The TGA validated the thermal stability of SANPs. Morphological investigation indicated a beehive-like structure with constant porosity changed to evenly dispersed spherical nanoparticles when Starch acetate is converted into SANPs. Dynamic light scattering measured the particle sizes of SANPs to be 161 nm. Drug encapsulation brought up the SANPs particle size to 249 nm. Isoniazid, Rifampicin, and Pyrazinamide exhibited 72 %, 83 %, and 75 % encapsulation efficiency at a 2:1 polymer-drug ratio, respectively. In phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), drug release behavior exhibited 55 %, 30 %, and 45 % release of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide over 24 hours. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model demonstrated non-Fickian diffusion for all drug-encapsulated SANPs. Thus, these results contribute to the development of biopolymer-based drug delivery systems for sustainable release of antitubercular drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100959,"journal":{"name":"Next Nanotechnology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultra-lightweight foam (ULF) materials have emerged as transformative solutions across many industries, driven by the increasing demand for lightweight yet high-performance materials. Characterized by their low density, high porosity, and remarkable thermal insulation properties, including exceptional cushioning and shock absorption capabilities. These attributes make them essential in the aerospace, automotive, medical, and construction sectors, where efficiency and performance are paramount. Current trends in ULF materials highlight a strong commitment to sustainability by utilizing bio-based resources and recycled materials. The ULF materials revolutionize various industries by providing lightweight solutions, contributing to energy savings and reducing environmental impact. As industries increasingly prioritize sustainability and performance, ULF materials stand at the forefront of material science innovation, promising a future marked by enhanced efficiency and environmental responsibility. This review explores the classifications, manufacturing techniques, properties, applications, advantages, and challenges associated with ULF materials. This exploration aims to lighten the enormous possibilities that ULF materials present in achieving a more sustainable and high-performance future across diverse applications.
{"title":"Critical review of ultra-lightweight foam materials","authors":"Ridhi Saini , Dipen Kumar Rajak , Tilak Joshi , Dwesh Kumar Singh , Venkat A.N. Chilla , Sriram Sathaiah","doi":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-lightweight foam (ULF) materials have emerged as transformative solutions across many industries, driven by the increasing demand for lightweight yet high-performance materials. Characterized by their low density, high porosity, and remarkable thermal insulation properties, including exceptional cushioning and shock absorption capabilities. These attributes make them essential in the aerospace, automotive, medical, and construction sectors, where efficiency and performance are paramount. Current trends in ULF materials highlight a strong commitment to sustainability by utilizing bio-based resources and recycled materials. The ULF materials revolutionize various industries by providing lightweight solutions, contributing to energy savings and reducing environmental impact. As industries increasingly prioritize sustainability and performance, ULF materials stand at the forefront of material science innovation, promising a future marked by enhanced efficiency and environmental responsibility. This review explores the classifications, manufacturing techniques, properties, applications, advantages, and challenges associated with ULF materials. This exploration aims to lighten the enormous possibilities that ULF materials present in achieving a more sustainable and high-performance future across diverse applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100959,"journal":{"name":"Next Nanotechnology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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