Science in One Health最新文献

The food safety of livestock is a critical issue between animals and humans due to their complex interactions. Pathogens have the potential to spread at every stage of the animal food handling process, including breeding, processing, packaging, storage, transportation, marketing and consumption. In addition, application of the antibiotic usage in domestic animals is a controversial issue because, while they can combat food-borne zoonotic pathogens and promote animal growth and productivity, they can also lead to the transmission of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and antibiotic-resistant genes across species and habitats. Coevolution of microbiomes may occur in humans and animals as well which may alter the structure of the human microbiome through animal food consumption. One Health is a holistic approach to systematically understand the complex relationships among humans, animals and environments which may provide effective countermeasures to solve food safety problems aforementioned. This paper depicts the main pathogen spectrum of livestock and animal products, summarizes the flow of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes between humans and livestock along the food-chain production, and the correlation of their microbiome is reviewed as well to advocate for deeper interdisciplinary communication and collaboration among researchers in medicine, epidemiology, veterinary medicine and ecology to promote One Health approaches to address the global food safety challenges.

Dog bites are a major cause for transmission of rabies virus to humans. Pakistan ranks fifth among most rabies affected countries in the world. There are a few regional (ecological) studies that investigated factors that explain geographic disparities in incidence of dog bite injuries. The main objective of this research was to document findings of spatial exploratory data analysis of incidence of reported cases of dog bite in Punjab province of Pakistan (2016–2019). In addition, we have quantified the association between incidence of dog bites and a set of selected socio-economic and demographic variables. District-wise data about reported cases of dog bites from 2016 to 2019 were used to map annual crude incidence per 100,000 of population. There was an obvious spatial variation in incidence of dog bites but there was no evidence of spatial autocorrelation. The risk of dog bite attacks was relatively higher in districts with low human population density (per sq. km), poor literacy rate, more rural population (% of total population), and lower median nighttime lights.

The global pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 not only exposed the fragility of global preparedness and response to public health emergence, but also illustrated the fragmentation and gaps of research and development ecosystem. This emphasizes the need for planned actions against the potentiality of new pandemics and requires research to better understand how viruses bridge the animal/human divide making human-to-human transmission of new diseases possible. Major challenges to response to new epidemics under the current health framework reside in the so called 4-CC approach that focuses on Concept, Communication, Coherence, and Continuity. There is a need to also add a One Health perspective with emphasis on governance, surveillance, capacity building and multi-disciplinary research to achieve a holistic and better integrated system. Using a regulatory framework to equip professionals might facilitate the function of a multi-sector approach that recognizes the value of their mandates and a One Health approach in their work. Collaborative, multisectoral actions under the global regulations and guidance would make evidence-based One Health approaches sustainable and accessible to everyone.

Malaria and schistosomiasis are highly prevalent in Burkina Faso, whereas China has successfully eliminated malaria as well as schistosomiasis as a public health problem. To implement the China-Africa health cooperation initiative, a series of activities were launched since 2019 to enhance understanding and cooperation among malaria and schistosomiasis professionals in China and Burkina Faso. This study described the achievements of the First Virtual Symposium of China-Burkina Faso Cooperation on Schistosomiasis and Malaria Control. Pre- and post-test questionnaires were employed to study the knowledge changes of participants regarding malaria and schistosomiasis control and elimination, explore capacity-building priorities, and identify potential challenges. Chi-squared statistics were used to compare the differences between sub-groups, and p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Participants ranked their preferences for challenges and capacity-building priorities in future cooperation. The responses of participants from both China and Burkina Faso indicated effective improvement in their general knowledge about the diseases whereas the improvement in professional knowledge on malaria and schistosomiasis was limited. The total correct response rate increased from 54.08% to 66.78%. Chinese participants had better schistosomiasis knowledge than Burkina Faso participants did, but the same result was not found for malaria. Diseases control strategies, surveillance and response system, and diagnostics techniques were identified as the top three priorities for future capacity building. Participants from China and Burkina Faso shared almost the same views about challenges except with respect to pathogens, which the former saw as a major challenge and the latter did not. The study findings will help policymakers, health managers, and researchers to understand the future cooperation between Burkina Faso and China on malaria and schistosomiasis.

Automobile exhaust contributes the largest sources of carbon monoxide (CO) into the environment. To control this CO pollution, the catalytic converters have been discovered. The catalytic converters have been invented for regulating the CO discharge. There are many types of catalysts have been investigated for CO emission control purposes. Inorganic perovskite-type oxides are fascinating nanomaterials for wide applications in catalysis, fuel cells, and electrochemical sensing. Perovskites prepared in the nanoscale have recently received more attention due to their catalytic nature when used as electrode modifiers. Perovskite catalysts show great potential for CO oxidation catalyst in a catalytic converter for their low cost, high thermal stability and tailoring flexibility. It is active for CO oxidation at a lower temperature. The catalytic activity of these oxides is higher than that of many transition metals compounds and even some precious metal oxides. They represents attractive physical and chemical characteristics such as electronic conductivity, electrically active structure, the oxide ions mobility through the crystal lattice, variations on the content of the oxygen, thermal and chemical stability, and supermagnetic, photocatalytic, thermoelectric and dielectric properties. The surface sites and lattice oxygen species present in perovskite catalysts play an important role in chemical transformations. The partial replacement of cations A and B by different elements, which changes the atomic distance, causes unit cell disturbances, stabilizes various oxidation states or added cationic or anionic vacancies inside the lattice. The novel things disturb the solid reactivity by varying the reaction mechanism on the catalyst surface. Thus, the better cations replacement may represent more activity. There are lots of papers available to CO oxidation over perovskite catalysts but no review paper available in the literature that is represented to CO oxidation.

Background

One Health is an integrated concept of health that aims to optimize the health of humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Identifying research gaps and specific expertise areas is important for understanding the role of One Health in practice. This information on One Health could be used to promote collaboration and research, inspire innovative ideas, and accelerate the translation of evidence-based practices into policies.

Methods

We searched the Scopus database for publications related to One Health between 2012 and 2021 to extract bibliometric information and investigate the possibility of establishing a dedicated expertise database. We matched scholarly information using SciVal to exclude duplicate information and identify scholars’ affiliations, countries, and academic profiles. Individual academic contributions to One Health were evaluated according to their citations, publication impact, publication type, and author contributions.

Results

A total of 8,313 publications on One Health over a ten-year period were identified, with the number of publications increasing over time. The largest number of publications came from the United States and the United Kingdom. These countries also had the highest number of experts and a high level of international collaboration. We identified 500 scholars from 53 countries and 313 affiliations with a median Hirsch Index of 20 who could be included in a One Health expert database. These scientists had a median of six publications on One Health, with topics mostly focusing on dengue and antimicrobial resistance.

Conclusion

A One Health information database could be used as a third-party reference for scholars, a source to track the ongoing academic progress, and support for active scholars in this field of research.

Despite the advent of new diagnostics, drugs and regimens, multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-PTB) remains a global health threat. It has a long treatment cycle, low cure rate and heavy disease burden. Factors such as demographics, disease characteristics, lung imaging, biomarkers, therapeutic schedule and adherence to medications are associated with MDR-PTB prognosis. However, thus far, the majority of existing studies have focused on predicting treatment outcomes through static single-scale or low dimensional information. Hence, multi-modal deep learning based on dynamic data for multiple dimensions can provide a deeper understanding of personalized treatment plans to aid in the clinical management of patients.

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) may be successfully used to comprehensively monitor and determine the scale and dynamics of some infections in the community. We monitored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in raw wastewater samples from Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. The samples were collected and analyzed every week between May 2020 to May 2021. Meanwhile, different social restrictions were applied according to the number of hospitalized patients in the region. Weekly samples were obtained from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), named Navegantes and Serraria. To determine the SARS-CoV-2 RNA titers in wastewater, we performed RT-qPCR analysis targeting the N gene (N1). The highest titer of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was observed between epidemiological weeks (EWs) 33–37 (August), 42–43 (October), 45–46 (November), 49–51 (December) in 2020, and 1–3 (January), 7–13 (February to March) in 2021, with viral loads ranging from 1 × 10⁶–3 × 10⁶ genomic copies/Liter. An increase in positive confirmed cases followed such high viral loads. Depending on the sampling method used, positive cases increased in 6–7 days and 15 days after the rise of viral RNA titers in wastewater, with composite sampling methods showing a lower time lag and a higher resolution on the analyses. The results showed a direct relation between strict social restrictions and the loads of detected RNA reduction in wastewater, corroborating the number of confirmed cases. Differences in viral loads between different sampling points and methods were observed, as composite samples showed more stable results during the analyzed period. Besides, viral loads obtained from samples collected at Serraria WWTP were consistently higher than the ones obtained at Navegantes WWTP, indicating differences in local dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spread in different regions of Porto Alegre. In conclusion, wastewater sampling to monitor SARS-CoV-2 is a robust tool to evaluate the viral loads contributing to hospitalized patients’ data and confirmed cases. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 detection in sewage may inform and alert the government when there are asymptomatic or non-tested patients.

In 2022 a report was published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) into the causes and implications of the pandemic. This adds to an earlier UNEP report into the pandemic. Each of these reports identifies a small number of important drivers for zoonotic emergence. While the two reports substantially agree, there are also some divergences, the discussion of which is the main purpose of this letter. Each report agrees that the farming of livestock to supply meat and other animal products is an underlying driver of potential zoonotic spillover. The chief difference between these reports, with regard to this aspect, concerns the word “protein”. The other important difference is that the later report identifies a potential role of laboratory and medical procedures contributing to zoonotic outbreaks and even to pandemics. Each of these differences are described. The letter concludes by discussing a recent WHO report that also warns of the risk of viral manipulation, and argues that this is an emerging topic relevant to One Health.