Deviated lysis (d. l.) activity, i. e. lysis of unsensitized cells by lytic C activity, was generated via the classical pathway of C activation (ag ab complexes) and via the alternative pathway (inulin). The activity was observed on the surface of the activating particles and in the fluid phase. The activity was relatively stable at 32°C. Its generation involved the C components C6 through C9 and possibly also C5.
The practicability of the platelet aggregation test (PAT) in routine antibody assays for adenoviruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae is demonstrated. An increase in reliability and sensitivity was achieved by employment of EDTA for washing the platelets and by addition of albumin to the test medium. Various lots of platelets yielded reproducible PAT titres which attained 1 : 156,250 in positive patients' sera. Commercially available antigens assigned for complement-fixation (CF) tests proved to be appropriate for the PAT. Checkerboard titrations revealed that the platelet reactivity of immune complexes formed was maintained in a range of up to 625-fold alterations of the antibody: antigen ratio. The fact that PAT and CF titres did not always correlate is interpreted as being due to the differences between complement-fixing and platelet reactivities of various immunoglobulin classes.
The effect of protamine sulphate on Rh antisera causes agglutination also in saline milieu and is time-dependend. Synchronous to the serologically demonstrable decrease of the protamine concentration a normalization of the immunoelectrophoretic picture (especially of the albumin arc) and a decline of the precipitate formation by heparin occur. These effects are based on enzymatic degradation of protamine by a protaminolytic enzyme contained in human serum. This enzyme could not be inhibited by sodium fluoride, sodium azide, ammonium oxalate, EDTA or α,α'-dipyridyl to a serologically desired degree. The change of the behaviour with regard to agglutination of human erythrocytes in the system Rh antibody - protamine sulphate results primarily from blocking acid groups on the erythrocyte surface and not from chemical modification of IgG antibodies. In this system protamine sulphate leads to the formation of agglutinates but it does not represent an obligate constituent of the formed agglutinate.
PHA and pokeweed mitogen increase the RNA-synthesis and decrease the electrophoretic mobility (e.m.) of normal peripheral lymphocytes. The increase in RNA-synthesis is not observed culturing lymphocytes from some patients with chronic lymphocytec leukaemia. In these cases the electrophoretic mobility remains unchanged.
In some patients with CLL an increase in RNA-synthesis develops later than in normal controls. Correspondingly the decrease of the e.m. can be observed with delay. Erythrocytes and thrombocytes are not influenced by the mitogens.
Since an increase in RNA-synthesis and decrease of the e.m. is also observed in mixed lymphocyte cultures without the presence of mitogens it is followed that the increase in RNA-synthesis is responsible for the decrease of the e.m.
Skin-tests, patch-tests, Prausnitz-Küstner reactions, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs according to Ovary and lymphocyte proliferation tests in vitro using thymidine 2-C14 have been carried out in 31 patients with aspirin intolerance. Acetylsalicylic acid, aspiryl-polylysine, lysine acetylsalicylate, and sodium salicylate were used as antigens in these investigations. Collageninduced platelet aggregation according to BORN in the presence of aspirin was also studied.
An immunological mechanism was revealed in only a small percentage of the patients studied, indicating in the remaining cases the possible role of nonimmunological processes or the inadequacy of the test techniques employed.
Formulas for the computation of the Y/X likelihood ratio will be given when in view of a biostatistical evaluation of blood group findings frequencies other than Central European ones should be used for all participants concerned. The given formulas are applicable to all common blood group systems and factors currently used in blood group expertises, except the Rh and HL-A systems which are too complex for simple arithmetic formulas.
The assumption that immune and normal alloantibodies of the AB0 system could be distinguished by partial neutralization with soluble specific blood group substance (Witebsky test) has been reexamined. The following results were presented:
AB0 alloantibodies in both normal and immune sera as well as their IgG and IgM preparations were inhibited by their homologous soluble specific blood group substances.
Anti-A and anti-B immune antibodies as well as normal antibodies of the IgG class were found to be strong hemagglutinins in a saline medium; therefore they have to be called «complete» hemagglutinins as have anti-A and anti-B antibodies of the class IgM too.
AB0 alloantibodies in both IgG and IgM preparations were able to form precipitation pellets with their homologous soluble specific blood group substances. IgM revealed a stronger precipitation power as IgG.
Agglutination reaction in saline was inhibited by the 50-200-fold blood group substance concentration needed for a optimal precipitation reaction, where as agglutination of enzyme treated erythrocytes or red cells tested with antiglobulin (Coombs) sera was inhibited by a 20,000-80,000-fold concentration of the blood group substances.
Soluble antigen-antibody complexes, prepared from solubilized precipitates or from Witebsky test mixtures using chromatography, ultracentrifuge or ultrafiltration for separation were able to agglutinate erythrocytes in the antiglobulin or papain test
Following conclusions were drawn:
Soluble antigen-antibody complexes are the main component leading to a positive Witebsky test.
The mechanism of the Witebsky test as it has to be assumed in respect to our findings do not allow to distinguish immune and normal alloantibodies resp. IgG and IgM alloagglutinins in the AB0 system
A previously described computer programme designed to include any given relatives was modified to such an extent that also the plausibility of paternity with blood group findings can be computed for cases involving aliens.
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