Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1038/s42005-024-01703-9
Ashish Chapagain, In Ho Cho
Nature finds ways to realize multi-functional surfaces by modulating nano-scale patterns on their surfaces, enjoying transparent, bactericidal, and/or anti-fogging features. Therein height distributions of nanopatterns play a key role. Recent advancements in nanotechnologies can reach that ability via chemical, mechanical, or optical fabrications. However, they require laborious complex procedures, prohibiting fast mass manufacturing. This paper presents a computational framework to help design multi-functional nano patterns by light. The framework behaves as a surrogate model for the inverse design of nano distributions. The framework’s hybrid (i.e., human and artificial) intelligence-based approach helps learn plausible rules of multi-physics processes behind the UV-controlled nano patterning and enriches training data sets. Then the framework’s inverse machine learning (ML) model can describe the required UV doses for the target heights of liquid in nano templates. Thereby, the framework can realize multiple functionalities including the desired nano-scale color, frictions, and bactericidal properties. Feasibility test results demonstrate the promising capability of the framework to realize the desired height distributions that can potentially enable multi-functional nano-scale surface properties. This computational framework will serve as a multi-physics surrogate model to help accelerate fast fabrications of nanopatterns with light and ML. Modulating the height distribution of nanostructures imparts multiple functions to the surface, but the recent methods are too complex for rapid mass production. This paper introduces a framework combining human and artificial intelligence to design multi-functional surfaces with tailored properties like color, friction, and bactericidal effects using capillary force lithography.
自然界想方设法通过调节表面的纳米级图案来实现多功能表面，使其具有透明、杀菌和/或防雾功能。其中，纳米图案的高度分布起着关键作用。纳米技术的最新进展可以通过化学、机械或光学制造达到这种能力。然而，这些方法需要复杂的工序，无法快速大规模制造。本文提出了一个计算框架，以帮助利用光设计多功能纳米图案。该框架是纳米分布反向设计的替代模型。该框架基于人类和人工智能的混合方法有助于学习紫外光控制纳米图案背后的多物理过程的合理规则，并丰富训练数据集。然后，该框架的逆机器学习（ML）模型可以描述纳米模板中液体目标高度所需的紫外线剂量。因此，该框架可以实现多种功能，包括所需的纳米级颜色、摩擦和杀菌特性。可行性测试结果表明，该框架有能力实现所需的高度分布，从而有可能实现多功能纳米级表面特性。该计算框架将作为多物理场代用模型，帮助加快用光和 ML 快速制造纳米图案。调节纳米结构的高度分布可赋予表面多种功能，但最近的方法过于复杂，无法实现快速量产。本文介绍了一种结合人类和人工智能的框架，利用毛细力光刻技术设计出具有颜色、摩擦力和杀菌效果等定制特性的多功能表面。
{"title":"Multiphysics machine learning framework for on-demand multi-functional nano pattern design by light-controlled capillary force lithography","authors":"Ashish Chapagain, In Ho Cho","doi":"10.1038/s42005-024-01703-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42005-024-01703-9","url":null,"abstract":"Nature finds ways to realize multi-functional surfaces by modulating nano-scale patterns on their surfaces, enjoying transparent, bactericidal, and/or anti-fogging features. Therein height distributions of nanopatterns play a key role. Recent advancements in nanotechnologies can reach that ability via chemical, mechanical, or optical fabrications. However, they require laborious complex procedures, prohibiting fast mass manufacturing. This paper presents a computational framework to help design multi-functional nano patterns by light. The framework behaves as a surrogate model for the inverse design of nano distributions. The framework’s hybrid (i.e., human and artificial) intelligence-based approach helps learn plausible rules of multi-physics processes behind the UV-controlled nano patterning and enriches training data sets. Then the framework’s inverse machine learning (ML) model can describe the required UV doses for the target heights of liquid in nano templates. Thereby, the framework can realize multiple functionalities including the desired nano-scale color, frictions, and bactericidal properties. Feasibility test results demonstrate the promising capability of the framework to realize the desired height distributions that can potentially enable multi-functional nano-scale surface properties. This computational framework will serve as a multi-physics surrogate model to help accelerate fast fabrications of nanopatterns with light and ML. Modulating the height distribution of nanostructures imparts multiple functions to the surface, but the recent methods are too complex for rapid mass production. This paper introduces a framework combining human and artificial intelligence to design multi-functional surfaces with tailored properties like color, friction, and bactericidal effects using capillary force lithography.","PeriodicalId":10540,"journal":{"name":"Communications Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01703-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soft glassy materials experience a significant reduction in viscosity η when subjected to shear flow, known as shear thinning. This phenomenon is characterized by a power-law scaling of η with the shear rate $$dot{gamma }$$ , $$eta propto {dot{gamma }}^{-nu }$$ , where the exponent ν is typically around 0.7 to 0.8 across different materials. Two decades ago, the mode-coupling theory (MCT) suggested that shear thinning occurs due to the advection. However, it predicts too large ν = 1 ( > 0.7 to 0.8) and overestimates the onset shear rate by orders of magnitude. Recently, it was claimed that a minute distortion of the particle configuration is responsible for shear thinning. Here we extend the MCT to include the distortion, and find that both advection and distortion contribute to shear thinning, but the latter is dominant. Our formulation works quantitatively for several different glass formers. We explain why shear thinning is universal for many glassy materials. Despite the importance of shear-thinning rheology which many glassy materials universally experience under shear flow, significant discrepancies between theoretical explanations and experimental observations have remained unaddressed for over two decades. Here the authors renovate the theory to address these discrepancies and establish a universal mechanism of shear thinning.
{"title":"Universal mechanism of shear thinning in supercooled liquids","authors":"Hideyuki Mizuno, Atsushi Ikeda, Takeshi Kawasaki, Kunimasa Miyazaki","doi":"10.1038/s42005-024-01685-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42005-024-01685-8","url":null,"abstract":"Soft glassy materials experience a significant reduction in viscosity η when subjected to shear flow, known as shear thinning. This phenomenon is characterized by a power-law scaling of η with the shear rate $$dot{gamma }$$ , $$eta propto {dot{gamma }}^{-nu }$$ , where the exponent ν is typically around 0.7 to 0.8 across different materials. Two decades ago, the mode-coupling theory (MCT) suggested that shear thinning occurs due to the advection. However, it predicts too large ν = 1 ( > 0.7 to 0.8) and overestimates the onset shear rate by orders of magnitude. Recently, it was claimed that a minute distortion of the particle configuration is responsible for shear thinning. Here we extend the MCT to include the distortion, and find that both advection and distortion contribute to shear thinning, but the latter is dominant. Our formulation works quantitatively for several different glass formers. We explain why shear thinning is universal for many glassy materials. Despite the importance of shear-thinning rheology which many glassy materials universally experience under shear flow, significant discrepancies between theoretical explanations and experimental observations have remained unaddressed for over two decades. Here the authors renovate the theory to address these discrepancies and establish a universal mechanism of shear thinning.","PeriodicalId":10540,"journal":{"name":"Communications Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01685-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-29DOI: 10.1038/s42005-024-01663-0
Ling-Feng Zhang, Zhi Wang, Xiao Hu
A recent Little-Parks experiment in Kagome-structured superconductor CsV3Sb5 demonstrated resistance oscillations with period $${phi }_{0}/3={hc}/6e$$ . Here, we perform analysis based on a theory involving three $$2{{{{{rm{e}}}}}}$$ superconductivity (SC) order parameters associated with the three reciprocal lattice vectors which connect M points of the hexagonal Brillouin zone. In a ring geometry we find that, as a series of intermediate states, phase of one SC order parameter winds 2π more or less than the other two ones around the ring, which yields local free-energy minima at integer multiples of $${phi }_{0}/3$$ . It is unveiled that the ground-state degeneracy associated with a Z2 chirality is crucial, and the Higgs-Leggett mechanism stabilizes domain walls (DWs) between chiral domains. At low temperatures DWs are expelled from the system resulting in free-energy minima only at integer multiples of $${phi }_{0}$$ . Our theory explains successfully the fractional quantization of magnetic flux $${phi }_{0}/3$$ observed in experiments, which opens a door for approaching rich physics of Kagome superconductors. Recent experiments on the Kagome superconductor (SC) CsV3Sb5 indicated 6e-charge flux quantization, which may impact our understanding of the electron pairing in SCs. The authors propose a multicomponent Landau-Ginzburg theory to explain the observed phenomenon, concluding that it is likely related to an exotic Higgs-Leggett collective mode involving three Cooper pairs in an intermediate phase.
{"title":"Higgs-Leggett mechanism for the elusive $${phi }_{0}/3={hc}/6e$$ oscillation in Little-Parks setup of Kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5","authors":"Ling-Feng Zhang, Zhi Wang, Xiao Hu","doi":"10.1038/s42005-024-01663-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42005-024-01663-0","url":null,"abstract":"A recent Little-Parks experiment in Kagome-structured superconductor CsV3Sb5 demonstrated resistance oscillations with period $${phi }_{0}/3={hc}/6e$$ . Here, we perform analysis based on a theory involving three $$2{{{{{rm{e}}}}}}$$ superconductivity (SC) order parameters associated with the three reciprocal lattice vectors which connect M points of the hexagonal Brillouin zone. In a ring geometry we find that, as a series of intermediate states, phase of one SC order parameter winds 2π more or less than the other two ones around the ring, which yields local free-energy minima at integer multiples of $${phi }_{0}/3$$ . It is unveiled that the ground-state degeneracy associated with a Z2 chirality is crucial, and the Higgs-Leggett mechanism stabilizes domain walls (DWs) between chiral domains. At low temperatures DWs are expelled from the system resulting in free-energy minima only at integer multiples of $${phi }_{0}$$ . Our theory explains successfully the fractional quantization of magnetic flux $${phi }_{0}/3$$ observed in experiments, which opens a door for approaching rich physics of Kagome superconductors. Recent experiments on the Kagome superconductor (SC) CsV3Sb5 indicated 6e-charge flux quantization, which may impact our understanding of the electron pairing in SCs. The authors propose a multicomponent Landau-Ginzburg theory to explain the observed phenomenon, concluding that it is likely related to an exotic Higgs-Leggett collective mode involving three Cooper pairs in an intermediate phase.","PeriodicalId":10540,"journal":{"name":"Communications Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01663-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-29DOI: 10.1038/s42005-024-01706-6
Doron Shenhav Feigin, Oriel Shoshani
Synchronized oscillators are ubiquitous in nature and engineering. Despite several models that have been proposed to treat synchronized oscillators beyond weak coupling, the widely accepted paradigm holds that synchronization occurs due to weak interactions between oscillating objects, hence limiting the predictive power of such models to the weak coupling limit. Here, we report a theoretical modeling and experimental observation of a synchronized pair of non-weakly coupled aeroelastic oscillators. We find quantitative agreement between the experiments and our theoretical higher-order phase model of non-weak coupling. Our results establish that synchronization experiments can be accurately reproduced and interpreted by theoretical modeling of non-weakly coupled oscillators, extending the range of validity and prediction power of theoretical phase models beyond the weak coupling limit. Synchronization between self-sustained oscillators is ubiquitous in nature and engineering, and it is generally accepted to occur due to weak interactions between the oscillating objects. The authors challenge this paradigm by presenting a theoretical higher-order phase model for non-weak coupling validated through experiments.
{"title":"Synchronization of non-weakly coupled aeroelastic oscillators","authors":"Doron Shenhav Feigin, Oriel Shoshani","doi":"10.1038/s42005-024-01706-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42005-024-01706-6","url":null,"abstract":"Synchronized oscillators are ubiquitous in nature and engineering. Despite several models that have been proposed to treat synchronized oscillators beyond weak coupling, the widely accepted paradigm holds that synchronization occurs due to weak interactions between oscillating objects, hence limiting the predictive power of such models to the weak coupling limit. Here, we report a theoretical modeling and experimental observation of a synchronized pair of non-weakly coupled aeroelastic oscillators. We find quantitative agreement between the experiments and our theoretical higher-order phase model of non-weak coupling. Our results establish that synchronization experiments can be accurately reproduced and interpreted by theoretical modeling of non-weakly coupled oscillators, extending the range of validity and prediction power of theoretical phase models beyond the weak coupling limit. Synchronization between self-sustained oscillators is ubiquitous in nature and engineering, and it is generally accepted to occur due to weak interactions between the oscillating objects. The authors challenge this paradigm by presenting a theoretical higher-order phase model for non-weak coupling validated through experiments.","PeriodicalId":10540,"journal":{"name":"Communications Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01706-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Similar to optical spin-orbit interactions (SOIs), acoustic SOIs are anticipated to offer fresh perspectives and capabilities for acoustic manipulation beyond conventional scalar degrees of freedom. However, the acoustic extrinsic SOIs caused by particular properties of the medium were seldom explored. Here, the acoustic extrinsic SOI is observed in a double spiral acoustic beam (DSAB), as evidenced by the rotation of the spatial intensity pattern along the propagation axis. The interaction of the acoustic plane wave with the well-designed artificial flat structure generates two non-paraxial focused acoustic vortices (NFAVs) with different spin angular momentums. The coaxial coupling between them leads to acoustic spin-controlled orbital rotation (SOR). Theoretical formulations, supported by numerical simulations and experimental results, are provided to demonstrate the validity of acoustic SOR. Our work provides new perspectives and capabilities for understanding sound processing, and may open an avenue for the development of spin-orbit acoustics. Similar to optical spin-orbit interactions (SOIs), acoustic SOIs are anticipated to offer fresh perspectives and capabilities for acoustic manipulation beyond conventional scalar degrees of freedom. Here, the acoustic extrinsic SOI is observed in a double spiral acoustic beam (DSAB), as evidenced by the rotation of the spatial intensity pattern along the propagation axis.
声学自旋轨道相互作用（SOIs）与光学自旋轨道相互作用（SOIs）类似，有望为声学操纵提供超越传统标量自由度的全新视角和能力。然而，由介质的特殊性质引起的声外 SOI 却很少被探索。在这里，我们在双螺旋声束（DSAB）中观察到了声学本征 SOI，其表现为空间强度模式沿传播轴的旋转。声平面波与精心设计的人工平面结构相互作用，产生了两个具有不同自旋角动量的非同轴聚焦声漩涡（NFAV）。它们之间的同轴耦合导致了声学自旋控制轨道旋转（SOR）。我们通过数值模拟和实验结果来证明声学自旋控制轨道旋转（SOR）的有效性。我们的工作为理解声音处理提供了新的视角和能力，并可能为自旋轨道声学的发展开辟一条途径。与光学自旋轨道相互作用（SOIs）类似，声学 SOIs 预计将为声学操纵提供超越传统标量自由度的全新视角和能力。在这里，我们在双螺旋声波束（DSAB）中观察到了声学外自旋轨道相互作用（SOI），沿传播轴旋转的空间强度模式就是证明。
{"title":"Acoustic spin-controlled orbital rotations in double spiral acoustic beams","authors":"Di-Chao Chen, Xie Liu, Da-Jian Wu, Xing-Feng Zhu, Qi Wei, Ying Cheng, Xiao-Jun Liu","doi":"10.1038/s42005-024-01702-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42005-024-01702-w","url":null,"abstract":"Similar to optical spin-orbit interactions (SOIs), acoustic SOIs are anticipated to offer fresh perspectives and capabilities for acoustic manipulation beyond conventional scalar degrees of freedom. However, the acoustic extrinsic SOIs caused by particular properties of the medium were seldom explored. Here, the acoustic extrinsic SOI is observed in a double spiral acoustic beam (DSAB), as evidenced by the rotation of the spatial intensity pattern along the propagation axis. The interaction of the acoustic plane wave with the well-designed artificial flat structure generates two non-paraxial focused acoustic vortices (NFAVs) with different spin angular momentums. The coaxial coupling between them leads to acoustic spin-controlled orbital rotation (SOR). Theoretical formulations, supported by numerical simulations and experimental results, are provided to demonstrate the validity of acoustic SOR. Our work provides new perspectives and capabilities for understanding sound processing, and may open an avenue for the development of spin-orbit acoustics. Similar to optical spin-orbit interactions (SOIs), acoustic SOIs are anticipated to offer fresh perspectives and capabilities for acoustic manipulation beyond conventional scalar degrees of freedom. Here, the acoustic extrinsic SOI is observed in a double spiral acoustic beam (DSAB), as evidenced by the rotation of the spatial intensity pattern along the propagation axis.","PeriodicalId":10540,"journal":{"name":"Communications Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01702-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-29DOI: 10.1038/s42005-024-01710-w
Jiangzhi Chen, Zi Wang, Yu-Tao Tan, Ce Wang, Jie Ren
The deep connection among braids, knots and topological physics has provided valuable insights into studying topological states in various physical systems. However, identifying distinct braid groups and knot topology embedded in non-Hermitian systems is challenging and requires significant efforts. Here, we demonstrate that an unsupervised learning with the representation basis of su(n) Lie algebra on n-fold extended non-Hermitian bands can fully classify braid group and knot topology therein, without requiring any prior mathematical knowledge or any pre-defined topological invariants. We demonstrate that the approach successfully identifies different topological elements, such as unlink, unknot, Hopf link, Solomon ring, trefoil, and so on, by employing generalized Gell-Mann matrices in non-Hermitian models with n=2 and n=3 energy bands. Moreover, since eigenstate information of non-Hermitian bands is incorporated in addition to eigenvalues, the approach distinguishes the different parity-time symmetry and breaking phases, recognizes the opposite chirality of braids and knots, and identifies out distinct topological phases that were overlooked before. Our study shows significant potential of machine learning in classification of knots, braid groups, and non-Hermitian topological phases. The topology of braids and knots plays a central role in the understanding of many physical systems. In this paper, the authors demonstrate that unsupervised learning can be used to fully classify the braid group and knot topology associated with the bands of non-Hermitian systems, without requiring any prior information such as mathematical knowledge of topological invariants
{"title":"Machine learning of knot topology in non-Hermitian band braids","authors":"Jiangzhi Chen, Zi Wang, Yu-Tao Tan, Ce Wang, Jie Ren","doi":"10.1038/s42005-024-01710-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42005-024-01710-w","url":null,"abstract":"The deep connection among braids, knots and topological physics has provided valuable insights into studying topological states in various physical systems. However, identifying distinct braid groups and knot topology embedded in non-Hermitian systems is challenging and requires significant efforts. Here, we demonstrate that an unsupervised learning with the representation basis of su(n) Lie algebra on n-fold extended non-Hermitian bands can fully classify braid group and knot topology therein, without requiring any prior mathematical knowledge or any pre-defined topological invariants. We demonstrate that the approach successfully identifies different topological elements, such as unlink, unknot, Hopf link, Solomon ring, trefoil, and so on, by employing generalized Gell-Mann matrices in non-Hermitian models with n=2 and n=3 energy bands. Moreover, since eigenstate information of non-Hermitian bands is incorporated in addition to eigenvalues, the approach distinguishes the different parity-time symmetry and breaking phases, recognizes the opposite chirality of braids and knots, and identifies out distinct topological phases that were overlooked before. Our study shows significant potential of machine learning in classification of knots, braid groups, and non-Hermitian topological phases. The topology of braids and knots plays a central role in the understanding of many physical systems. In this paper, the authors demonstrate that unsupervised learning can be used to fully classify the braid group and knot topology associated with the bands of non-Hermitian systems, without requiring any prior information such as mathematical knowledge of topological invariants","PeriodicalId":10540,"journal":{"name":"Communications Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01710-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1038/s42005-024-01697-4
Ali H. Z. Kavaki, Randy Lewis
Lattice gauge theory should be able to address significant new scientific questions when implemented on quantum computers. In practice, error-mitigation techniques have already allowed encouraging progress on small lattices. In this work we focus on a truncated version of SU(2) gauge theory, which is a familiar non-Abelian step toward quantum chromodynamics. First, we demonstrate effective error mitigation for imaginary time evolution on a lattice having two square plaquettes, obtaining the ground state using an IBM quantum computer and observing that this would have been impossible without error mitigation. Then we propose the triamond lattice as an expedient approach to lattice gauge theories in three spatial dimensions and we derive the Hamiltonian. Finally, error-mitigated imaginary time evolution is applied to the three-dimensional triamond unit cell, and its ground state is obtained from an IBM quantum computer. Future work will want to relax the truncation on the gauge fields, and the triamond lattice is increasingly valuable for such studies. When implemented on quantum computers, lattice gauge theory should be able to address significant new scientific questions about quarks and gluons. The authors of this paper replace the traditional Cartesian lattice by one that has unique symmetry properties, and they use this new lattice to perform an error-mitigated quantum computer calculation.
在量子计算机上实现晶格规理论，应该能够解决重要的新科学问题。在实践中，误差缓解技术已经在小型晶格上取得了令人鼓舞的进展。在这项工作中，我们将重点放在 SU(2) 规理论的截断版本上，这是我们熟悉的迈向量子色动力学的非阿贝尔步骤。首先，我们在一个有两个正方形格子的晶格上演示了虚时间演化的有效误差缓解，利用 IBM 量子计算机获得了基态，并观察到如果没有误差缓解，这是不可能实现的。然后，我们提出了三金刚石晶格，作为在三个空间维度上实现晶格规理论的权宜之计，并推导出了哈密顿。最后，我们将误差缓解的虚时间演化应用于三维三金刚单元格，并通过 IBM 量子计算机获得了它的基态。未来的工作需要放宽对规量场的截断，而三元晶格对此类研究的价值与日俱增。在量子计算机上实现后，格规理论应该能够解决有关夸克和胶子的重大新科学问题。本文作者用一个具有独特对称特性的晶格取代了传统的笛卡尔晶格，并用这个新晶格进行了误差减弱的量子计算机计算。
{"title":"From square plaquettes to triamond lattices for SU(2) gauge theory","authors":"Ali H. Z. Kavaki, Randy Lewis","doi":"10.1038/s42005-024-01697-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42005-024-01697-4","url":null,"abstract":"Lattice gauge theory should be able to address significant new scientific questions when implemented on quantum computers. In practice, error-mitigation techniques have already allowed encouraging progress on small lattices. In this work we focus on a truncated version of SU(2) gauge theory, which is a familiar non-Abelian step toward quantum chromodynamics. First, we demonstrate effective error mitigation for imaginary time evolution on a lattice having two square plaquettes, obtaining the ground state using an IBM quantum computer and observing that this would have been impossible without error mitigation. Then we propose the triamond lattice as an expedient approach to lattice gauge theories in three spatial dimensions and we derive the Hamiltonian. Finally, error-mitigated imaginary time evolution is applied to the three-dimensional triamond unit cell, and its ground state is obtained from an IBM quantum computer. Future work will want to relax the truncation on the gauge fields, and the triamond lattice is increasingly valuable for such studies. When implemented on quantum computers, lattice gauge theory should be able to address significant new scientific questions about quarks and gluons. The authors of this paper replace the traditional Cartesian lattice by one that has unique symmetry properties, and they use this new lattice to perform an error-mitigated quantum computer calculation.","PeriodicalId":10540,"journal":{"name":"Communications Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01697-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1038/s42005-024-01684-9
Maria Chiara Braidotti, Martino Lovisetto, Radivoje Prizia, Claire Michel, Clamond Didier, Matthieu Bellec, Ewan M. Wright, Bruno Marcos, Daniele Faccio
Structures in the Universe, ranging from globular clusters to entire galaxies, are not described by standard statistical mechanics at equilibrium. Instead, they are formed through a process of a very different nature, called violent relaxation that is now known to be possible also in other systems that exhibit long-range interactions. This mechanism was proposed theoretically and modelled numerically, but never directly observed in any physical system. Here, we develop a table-top experiment allowing us to directly observe violent relaxation in an optical setting. The resulting optical dynamics can also be likened to the formation of an analogue 2D-galaxy through the analogy of the underlying equations, where we can control a range of parameters, including the nonlocal interacting potential, allowing us to emulate the physics of gravitational quantum and classical dark matter models. Large structure in the Universe, such as galaxies, are believed to form by a process called violent relaxation, which occurs over millions of years. The authors present a nonlinear optics experiment which shows direct observation of violent relaxation, whose evolution can be related to the equations governing galaxy formation.
{"title":"Experimental observation of violent relaxation","authors":"Maria Chiara Braidotti, Martino Lovisetto, Radivoje Prizia, Claire Michel, Clamond Didier, Matthieu Bellec, Ewan M. Wright, Bruno Marcos, Daniele Faccio","doi":"10.1038/s42005-024-01684-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42005-024-01684-9","url":null,"abstract":"Structures in the Universe, ranging from globular clusters to entire galaxies, are not described by standard statistical mechanics at equilibrium. Instead, they are formed through a process of a very different nature, called violent relaxation that is now known to be possible also in other systems that exhibit long-range interactions. This mechanism was proposed theoretically and modelled numerically, but never directly observed in any physical system. Here, we develop a table-top experiment allowing us to directly observe violent relaxation in an optical setting. The resulting optical dynamics can also be likened to the formation of an analogue 2D-galaxy through the analogy of the underlying equations, where we can control a range of parameters, including the nonlocal interacting potential, allowing us to emulate the physics of gravitational quantum and classical dark matter models. Large structure in the Universe, such as galaxies, are believed to form by a process called violent relaxation, which occurs over millions of years. The authors present a nonlinear optics experiment which shows direct observation of violent relaxation, whose evolution can be related to the equations governing galaxy formation.","PeriodicalId":10540,"journal":{"name":"Communications Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01684-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1038/s42005-024-01680-z
Xiaoxue Ran, Zheng Yan, Yan-Cheng Wang, Rhine Samajdar, Junchen Rong, Subir Sachdev, Yang Qi, Zi Yang Meng
Quantum loop and dimer models are prototypical correlated systems with local constraints, which are not only intimately connected to lattice gauge theories and topological orders but are also widely applicable to the broad research areas of quantum materials and quantum simulation. Employing our sweeping cluster quantum Monte Carlo algorithm, we reveal the complete phase diagram of the triangular-lattice fully packed quantum loop model. Apart from the known lattice nematic (LN) solid and the even $${{mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$ quantum spin liquid (QSL) phases, we discover a hidden vison plaquette (VP) phase, which had been overlooked and misinterpreted as a QSL for more than a decade. Moreover, the VP-to-QSL continuous transition belongs to the (2 + 1)D cubic* universality class, which offers a lattice realization of the (fractionalized) cubic fixed point that had long been considered as irrelevant towards the O(3) symmetry until corrected recently by conformal bootstrap calculations. Our results are therefore of relevance to recent developments in both experiments and theory, and facilitate further investigations of hidden phases and transitions. By using the sweeping cluster quantum Monte Carlo algorithm, the authors reveal the complete ground-state phase diagram of the triangular-lattice fully packed quantum loop model. They discover a hidden vison plaquette phase between the known lattice nematic solid and the even $${{mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$ quantum spin liquid (QSL) phase, which had been previously misinterpreted as the QSL, and explain how to detect it experimentally.
{"title":"Hidden orders and phase transitions for the fully packed quantum loop model on the triangular lattice","authors":"Xiaoxue Ran, Zheng Yan, Yan-Cheng Wang, Rhine Samajdar, Junchen Rong, Subir Sachdev, Yang Qi, Zi Yang Meng","doi":"10.1038/s42005-024-01680-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42005-024-01680-z","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum loop and dimer models are prototypical correlated systems with local constraints, which are not only intimately connected to lattice gauge theories and topological orders but are also widely applicable to the broad research areas of quantum materials and quantum simulation. Employing our sweeping cluster quantum Monte Carlo algorithm, we reveal the complete phase diagram of the triangular-lattice fully packed quantum loop model. Apart from the known lattice nematic (LN) solid and the even $${{mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$ quantum spin liquid (QSL) phases, we discover a hidden vison plaquette (VP) phase, which had been overlooked and misinterpreted as a QSL for more than a decade. Moreover, the VP-to-QSL continuous transition belongs to the (2 + 1)D cubic* universality class, which offers a lattice realization of the (fractionalized) cubic fixed point that had long been considered as irrelevant towards the O(3) symmetry until corrected recently by conformal bootstrap calculations. Our results are therefore of relevance to recent developments in both experiments and theory, and facilitate further investigations of hidden phases and transitions. By using the sweeping cluster quantum Monte Carlo algorithm, the authors reveal the complete ground-state phase diagram of the triangular-lattice fully packed quantum loop model. They discover a hidden vison plaquette phase between the known lattice nematic solid and the even $${{mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$ quantum spin liquid (QSL) phase, which had been previously misinterpreted as the QSL, and explain how to detect it experimentally.","PeriodicalId":10540,"journal":{"name":"Communications Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01680-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ability to confine and guide wave makes topological physics a promising platform for large local field enhancement and strong scattering immunity, which enables efficient nonlinear processes. In this research, we employ a mirror-stacking approach to achieve resonance through two distinct frequency localized states (LSs) in one-dimensional topological circuits, introducing a novel method for validating topological states to facilitate harmonic enhancement. Experimental results reveal that the harmonic wave power increases significantly, by two orders of magnitude, when both the fundamental and harmonic waves are in LSs, in contrast to cases where only one wave is localized. The conversion efficiency is 15.7 times that when the fundamental wave is in a localized state and the harmonic is in a transmission mode. This method, leveraging double-resonance in topological LSs, not only advances harmonic generation in topolectrical circuits but also opens up possibilities for innovative applications in the broader field of photonic technology. This paper presents a study on topologically enhanced third harmonic generation within resonant nonlinear topolectrical circuits. The authors demonstrate that the implementation of a mirror-stacking approach in one-dimensional topological circuits enables achieving significant harmonic wave power increase, leading to efficient nonlinear processes.
拓扑物理具有限制和引导波的能力，这使得它成为一个很有前途的平台，可以增强大局部场并具有很强的抗散射能力，从而实现高效的非线性过程。在这项研究中，我们采用镜像堆叠方法，通过一维拓扑电路中两个不同频率的局部态（LS）实现共振，引入了一种验证拓扑态的新方法，以促进谐波增强。实验结果表明，当基波和谐波都处于局部态时，谐波功率会显著增加两个数量级，与只局部化一个波的情况形成鲜明对比。当基波处于局部化状态而谐波处于传输模式时，转换效率是基波的 15.7 倍。这种利用拓扑 LS 双共振的方法不仅推动了拓扑电路中谐波的产生，还为光子技术更广泛领域的创新应用提供了可能性。本文介绍了在谐振非线性拓扑电气电路中拓扑增强三次谐波产生的研究。作者证明，在一维拓扑电路中实施镜像堆叠方法能够显著提高谐波功率，从而实现高效的非线性过程。
{"title":"Observation of topologically enhanced third harmonic generation in doubly resonant nonlinear topolectrical circuits","authors":"Weipeng Hu, Banxian Ruan, Wei Lin, Chao Liu, Xiaoyu Dai, Shuangchun Wen, Yuanjiang Xiang","doi":"10.1038/s42005-024-01696-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42005-024-01696-5","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to confine and guide wave makes topological physics a promising platform for large local field enhancement and strong scattering immunity, which enables efficient nonlinear processes. In this research, we employ a mirror-stacking approach to achieve resonance through two distinct frequency localized states (LSs) in one-dimensional topological circuits, introducing a novel method for validating topological states to facilitate harmonic enhancement. Experimental results reveal that the harmonic wave power increases significantly, by two orders of magnitude, when both the fundamental and harmonic waves are in LSs, in contrast to cases where only one wave is localized. The conversion efficiency is 15.7 times that when the fundamental wave is in a localized state and the harmonic is in a transmission mode. This method, leveraging double-resonance in topological LSs, not only advances harmonic generation in topolectrical circuits but also opens up possibilities for innovative applications in the broader field of photonic technology. This paper presents a study on topologically enhanced third harmonic generation within resonant nonlinear topolectrical circuits. The authors demonstrate that the implementation of a mirror-stacking approach in one-dimensional topological circuits enables achieving significant harmonic wave power increase, leading to efficient nonlinear processes.","PeriodicalId":10540,"journal":{"name":"Communications Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-024-01696-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141452735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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