Beth N. Licitra, Ximena A. Olarte‐Castillo, Gary R Whit-taker
Feline coronavirus infection causes feline infectious peritonitis in a subset of cats, but can also result in persistent infection. The tissue reservoirs of feline coronavirus and the role of viral persistence in pathogenesis are poorly understood. This study aimed to identify sites of feline coronavirus persistence in a naturally infected cat, identify disease correlates and characterise within-host viral evolution. The study followed a 5-year-old Bengal cat for 6 years and collected non-invasive samples, including faeces and conjunctival, oropharyngeal and saliva swabs. At 11-years-old, the patient was euthanised as a result of respiratory distress, and tissue samples were collected. The authors used hybridisation capture and next-generation sequencing methodologies focused on the feline coronavirus S gene, along with RNA in-situ hybridisation. During the study, the patient was diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease, alimentary small cell lymphoma, chronic rhinitis and mitral valve regurgitation. Feline coronavirus was detected in the nasal cavity, intestine, faeces and conjunctiva in 2017, and in the intestine, faeces and heart in 2022. Sequence analysis showed that the virus adapted to tissue reservoirs over time. This study identifies potential feline coronavirus reservoirs. The relationship of persistent feline coronavirus infection to chronic conditions warrants further investigation.
{"title":"Persistent feline coronavirus infection in a cat with cardiac and gastrointestinal signs","authors":"Beth N. Licitra, Ximena A. Olarte‐Castillo, Gary R Whit-taker","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0054","url":null,"abstract":"Feline coronavirus infection causes feline infectious peritonitis in a subset of cats, but can also result in persistent infection. The tissue reservoirs of feline coronavirus and the role of viral persistence in pathogenesis are poorly understood. This study aimed to identify sites of feline coronavirus persistence in a naturally infected cat, identify disease correlates and characterise within-host viral evolution. The study followed a 5-year-old Bengal cat for 6 years and collected non-invasive samples, including faeces and conjunctival, oropharyngeal and saliva swabs. At 11-years-old, the patient was euthanised as a result of respiratory distress, and tissue samples were collected. The authors used hybridisation capture and next-generation sequencing methodologies focused on the feline coronavirus S gene, along with RNA in-situ hybridisation. During the study, the patient was diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease, alimentary small cell lymphoma, chronic rhinitis and mitral valve regurgitation. Feline coronavirus was detected in the nasal cavity, intestine, faeces and conjunctiva in 2017, and in the intestine, faeces and heart in 2022. Sequence analysis showed that the virus adapted to tissue reservoirs over time. This study identifies potential feline coronavirus reservoirs. The relationship of persistent feline coronavirus infection to chronic conditions warrants further investigation.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"30 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141021796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-02DOI: 10.12968/coan.2024.0003.1
S. Miles
Rabbit surgery, as well as owner expectations, are constantly evolving and increasing. It is essential that the unique anatomical and physiological differences between rabbits and more frequently seen mammalian patients are fully understood before undertaking any surgery. All patients should undergo a full clinical examination and be stabilised before surgery where possible. All essential equipment should be ready at hand. It is important to optimise patient and surgeon positioning, as well as to use appropriately sized suture material, haemostasis, magnification and lighting to improve surgical technique, regardless of the procedure or organ system being operated on. This first of two articles discussing rabbit surgery takes the reader through pre-operative essentials for rabbits, as well as skin, nasal, oral, ophthalmological and aural surgery in rabbits.
{"title":"A surgical approach to the rabbit patient: part 1","authors":"S. Miles","doi":"10.12968/coan.2024.0003.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2024.0003.1","url":null,"abstract":"Rabbit surgery, as well as owner expectations, are constantly evolving and increasing. It is essential that the unique anatomical and physiological differences between rabbits and more frequently seen mammalian patients are fully understood before undertaking any surgery. All patients should undergo a full clinical examination and be stabilised before surgery where possible. All essential equipment should be ready at hand. It is important to optimise patient and surgeon positioning, as well as to use appropriately sized suture material, haemostasis, magnification and lighting to improve surgical technique, regardless of the procedure or organ system being operated on. This first of two articles discussing rabbit surgery takes the reader through pre-operative essentials for rabbits, as well as skin, nasal, oral, ophthalmological and aural surgery in rabbits.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"22 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141023150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gastrointestinal signs including inappetence, vomiting, diarrhoea and weight loss that persist for more than 3 weeks are described as chronic enteropathy. Chronic enteropathies are further classified as food-responsive enteropathy, antimicrobial-responsive enteropathy, immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy and non-responsive enteropathy. Diagnosis of each type of enteropathy relies on the exclusion of other causes, along with the response to various therapeutic interventions including diet trials, use of therapies directed towards the microbiome and/or immunosuppressant medications. Chronic inflammatory enteropathy is a diagnosis based on the chronicity of clinical signs while inflammatory bowel disease can only be confirmed by obtaining tissue biopsy demonstrating histopathological evidence of intestinal mucosal inflammation. Diet may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic enteropathies, but it is critical to the management of these patients. Since between 50% and 66% of cases are food responsive, diet trials are essential in the management of these patients. The selection of appropriate therapeutic diets relies on thorough patient nutritional assessment, detailed dietary history (including both historical diets and current diet) and inventory of feeding management practices and the patient's environment.
{"title":"Selecting appropriate diets for management of chronic enteropathies","authors":"Laura Gaylord, Katie Tolbert","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0071","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrointestinal signs including inappetence, vomiting, diarrhoea and weight loss that persist for more than 3 weeks are described as chronic enteropathy. Chronic enteropathies are further classified as food-responsive enteropathy, antimicrobial-responsive enteropathy, immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy and non-responsive enteropathy. Diagnosis of each type of enteropathy relies on the exclusion of other causes, along with the response to various therapeutic interventions including diet trials, use of therapies directed towards the microbiome and/or immunosuppressant medications. Chronic inflammatory enteropathy is a diagnosis based on the chronicity of clinical signs while inflammatory bowel disease can only be confirmed by obtaining tissue biopsy demonstrating histopathological evidence of intestinal mucosal inflammation. Diet may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic enteropathies, but it is critical to the management of these patients. Since between 50% and 66% of cases are food responsive, diet trials are essential in the management of these patients. The selection of appropriate therapeutic diets relies on thorough patient nutritional assessment, detailed dietary history (including both historical diets and current diet) and inventory of feeding management practices and the patient's environment.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"29 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140352686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
‘Canine separation-related problems’ cover a range of behavioural presentations that occur while a dog is separated from its carer. These problems can result from activity in an array of emotional networks and can be motivated by various factors within the dog's environment and social relationships. Given the broad range of factors that are associated with separation-related problems, assisting carers in supporting their dogs as they develop the capacity to cope during carer absence can be complex, exhausting and time consuming for both the rehabilitation team and carer. Yet, supporting carers as they create an underlying sense of safety for their dog is a common requirement that is critical to all rehabilitation plans. For some dogs, an improved sense of coping and safety may be all that is required to enable the dog to progress to spending time independently of their owner.
{"title":"Canine separation-related problems: Part 4: first steps in resolving owner absent problems","authors":"C. Hargrave","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0035","url":null,"abstract":"‘Canine separation-related problems’ cover a range of behavioural presentations that occur while a dog is separated from its carer. These problems can result from activity in an array of emotional networks and can be motivated by various factors within the dog's environment and social relationships. Given the broad range of factors that are associated with separation-related problems, assisting carers in supporting their dogs as they develop the capacity to cope during carer absence can be complex, exhausting and time consuming for both the rehabilitation team and carer. Yet, supporting carers as they create an underlying sense of safety for their dog is a common requirement that is critical to all rehabilitation plans. For some dogs, an improved sense of coping and safety may be all that is required to enable the dog to progress to spending time independently of their owner.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"28 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140352542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Septic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in a broad age range of patients. Diagnosis is based on a combination of the clinical presentation, arthrocentesis sampling and exclusion of alternative causes of lameness. In-house cytology can likely provide a presumptive diagnosis and enable treatment initiation while awaiting a culture result. Although there is poor evidence for treatment recommendations, the prognosis is likely good with prompt treatment. However, clinicians should make owners aware that there is a risk of recurrence and there may be a limited recovery in patients with pre-existing osteoarthritis.
{"title":"Canine septic arthritis","authors":"Philippa Wells, Paul Aldridge","doi":"10.12968/coan.2024.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2024.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Septic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in a broad age range of patients. Diagnosis is based on a combination of the clinical presentation, arthrocentesis sampling and exclusion of alternative causes of lameness. In-house cytology can likely provide a presumptive diagnosis and enable treatment initiation while awaiting a culture result. Although there is poor evidence for treatment recommendations, the prognosis is likely good with prompt treatment. However, clinicians should make owners aware that there is a risk of recurrence and there may be a limited recovery in patients with pre-existing osteoarthritis.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"35 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140352632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ammonia is an important nitrogen source required for amino acid, protein and nucleic acid synthesis. In addition, it plays an essential role in the kidney's maintenance of acid–base balance. However, high concentrations of ammonia are cytotoxic and clinical signs primarily reflect neurotoxicity. The body detoxifies ammonia through the urea cycle in the liver or by consuming ammonia in the conversion of glutamate to glutamine in the liver, brain and muscle tissue. The most common cause of hyperammonaemia in cats is congenital portosystemic shunting. Additional causes include cobalamin or arginine deficiency, disruption of the urea cycle by congenital enzyme deficiencies or acute liver failure, excessive muscle activity, infections with urease-producing bacteria, kidney disease and multiple acquired portosystemic shunts.
{"title":"Hyperammonaemia in cats","authors":"Cynthia RL Webster","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0056","url":null,"abstract":"Ammonia is an important nitrogen source required for amino acid, protein and nucleic acid synthesis. In addition, it plays an essential role in the kidney's maintenance of acid–base balance. However, high concentrations of ammonia are cytotoxic and clinical signs primarily reflect neurotoxicity. The body detoxifies ammonia through the urea cycle in the liver or by consuming ammonia in the conversion of glutamate to glutamine in the liver, brain and muscle tissue. The most common cause of hyperammonaemia in cats is congenital portosystemic shunting. Additional causes include cobalamin or arginine deficiency, disruption of the urea cycle by congenital enzyme deficiencies or acute liver failure, excessive muscle activity, infections with urease-producing bacteria, kidney disease and multiple acquired portosystemic shunts.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"24 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140352436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From 10 June 2024, all owned cats in England must be microchipped with correct registration details by law.
从 2024 年 6 月 10 日起，英格兰所有饲养的猫都必须植入芯片，并依法登记正确的详细信息。
{"title":"New legislation set to improve the safety and welfare of cats in England","authors":"Tammie O'Leary","doi":"10.12968/coan.2024.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2024.0015","url":null,"abstract":"From 10 June 2024, all owned cats in England must be microchipped with correct registration details by law.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140267804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anti-parasitics are very frequently used in companion animals for both prevention and treatment of parasites. When compared with practices related to parasite control in farmed animals, strategic, risk-based use of anti-parasitics in pet dogs and cats instead of precautionary and calendar-based treatment, is not a mainstream approach. Evidence of growing drug resistance in parasites of these hosts and a realisation of the potential adverse environmental consequences of anti-parasitics used in pets provide reasons to re-evaluate the use of anti-parasitics in companion animals. In order to achieve this, consultation and dialogue with industry stakeholders, as well as animal owners, is required.
{"title":"Is it time to re-evaluate anti-parasitic use in companion animals?","authors":"Grace Mulcahy","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0067","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-parasitics are very frequently used in companion animals for both prevention and treatment of parasites. When compared with practices related to parasite control in farmed animals, strategic, risk-based use of anti-parasitics in pet dogs and cats instead of precautionary and calendar-based treatment, is not a mainstream approach. Evidence of growing drug resistance in parasites of these hosts and a realisation of the potential adverse environmental consequences of anti-parasitics used in pets provide reasons to re-evaluate the use of anti-parasitics in companion animals. In order to achieve this, consultation and dialogue with industry stakeholders, as well as animal owners, is required.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"20 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140267873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osteoarthritis is a painful condition which affects the majority of older cats but is often not recognised because of differences in the ways that affected cats exhibit the signs of chronic joint pain compared to dogs. There are also inherent challenges to the physical examination of cats which add to the difficulty of reaching a diagnosis, including the small size of their appendicular joints and a reluctance to allow manipulation and palpation of painful joints. Furthermore, even when osteoarthritis is identified, it is frequently not treated or is not treated effectively, in part as a result of concerns regarding adverse effects and costs of treatment as well as the practical difficulties of daily dosing with medication. Understanding the gait and behaviour changes that are characteristic of osteoarthritis is a key part of the diagnostic process and is more sensitive than radiography in identifying the presence of the disease. Once the condition has been diagnosed, a wide range of well-tolerated treatment options exist, allowing a multi-modal treatment approach to be adopted and tailored to the needs of the cat and the owner, which will deliver effective pain management in an affordable way and will not become a daily stressor to either party.
{"title":"Current insights into feline osteoarthritis","authors":"Martha Cannon","doi":"10.12968/coan.2023.0070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0070","url":null,"abstract":"Osteoarthritis is a painful condition which affects the majority of older cats but is often not recognised because of differences in the ways that affected cats exhibit the signs of chronic joint pain compared to dogs. There are also inherent challenges to the physical examination of cats which add to the difficulty of reaching a diagnosis, including the small size of their appendicular joints and a reluctance to allow manipulation and palpation of painful joints. Furthermore, even when osteoarthritis is identified, it is frequently not treated or is not treated effectively, in part as a result of concerns regarding adverse effects and costs of treatment as well as the practical difficulties of daily dosing with medication. Understanding the gait and behaviour changes that are characteristic of osteoarthritis is a key part of the diagnostic process and is more sensitive than radiography in identifying the presence of the disease. Once the condition has been diagnosed, a wide range of well-tolerated treatment options exist, allowing a multi-modal treatment approach to be adopted and tailored to the needs of the cat and the owner, which will deliver effective pain management in an affordable way and will not become a daily stressor to either party.","PeriodicalId":10606,"journal":{"name":"Companion Animal","volume":"10 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140267805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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